مجله فنآوری زیستی در کشاورزی
سال نوزدهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Chrysanthemum is an ornamental-medicinal species with great economic value. Evaluation of genetic diversity of chrysanthemum cultivars has been critical to the effective management of breeding programs and the conservation of genetic resources. In this study, 13 ISSR primers were used to investigate the genetic diversity of 30 different chrysanthemum cultivars. The results of this study showed that of 86 bands that were produced, all bands were polymorphic, so that the number of polymorphic bands varied from 5 to 9 per primer. Primers marking index (MI) in cultivars ranged from 1.40 to 4.32 and the polymorphic information content (PIC) content of primers ranged from 0.28 to 0.48 in each primer fluctuated. The results of principal coordinate analysis showed that the first three components were able to explain 29.27% of the total variance. Also, genetic relationships between samples were calculated using Jaccard similarity coefficient and cluster analysis by UPGMA method divided 30 cultivars into six main groups. The less genetic distance 0.38 was observed among the cultivars of "Fariborz" and "Farahnaz" by a similarity of 0.38, and the highest genetic distance was observed among the cultivars of "Oran"' and "Taban3"' by a similarity of 0.91. Primers T (GA) 9 and (AGC) 5GA had the highest values of molecular markers that can be introduced as useful and desirable primers for differentiation of chrysanthemum cultivars.

Different genera of fungi coexist in Elaeagnus angustifolia plant. These fungi are able to produce some valuable extracellular enzymes, from a research and economic perspective. In this research, the presence of endophytic fungi and some of their enzymatic properties were investigated in Elaeagnus angustifolia tree. Sampling was performed from healthy tissues (leaf, fruit, Branch and bark) of Elaeagnus angustifolia trees of Hamedan city Initial identification of fungi was conducted using fungal identification keys. After isolation and purification, endophytic fungi were examined for the presence of some extracellular enzymes. Forty seven fungal isolates of different genera, such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria were isolated. The results showed that the activity of proteases, cellulase, pectinase and catalase enzymes of different fungi were different. No lipase activity was proven in these fungi. Amylase activity in these fungi showed that the enzyme activity varied depending on the type of consumed substrate. This is the first report of isolation of fungal endophytes of Elaeagnus angustifolia tree.

In this study the infection of common bean fields by Bean yellow mosaic virus, BYMV in some important regions of Zanjan province was investigated and phylogenetic and population relationship of Iranian BYMV isolates with other isolates from GenBank was studied. To detect BYMV from bean fields, 156 leaf samples were collected and divided in different groups based on symptoms and regions. Finally, 81 leaf samples were selected for total RNA extraction and BYMV infection assay by RT-PCR. Then, a specific primer pairs was applied to amplify 900 bp of coat protein gene using RT-PCR. Nine samples showed infection with BYMV and two representative amplified fragments were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGA 7 software and population parameters including recombination prediction, mutations and genetic diversity were calculated by RDP4, DnaSP and SDT softwares. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that the newly detected isolates were grouped in a cluster along with isolates from the South Korea, the USA and Australia that have been reported from different hosts. In addition, the most genetic distance was calculated among Iranian isolates and isolates from Australia and Japan. The results showed that the highest ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous mutations (dN/dS) is related to the Clade 1 and the highest nucleotide diversity and the lowest π is related to this group including Iranian isolates. In other sub-clades, there were correlation between isolates and geographical regions.

Plant rhizospheric microbes are diverse microorganisms which can be employed to assist plant health. Root exodates of potato as an edible plant can support many benefit bacteria, especially Bacillus spp. Awareness about diversity and phylogenetic of these bacteria has great potential to apply them as a plant growth promoting and antagonists against the root pathogens. For this purpose, healthy potato plants rhizospher samples were collected from Hamedan province and a total of 43 Gram and catalase positive bacterial strains were isolated. Antagonistic activity of the isolated strains towards Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) were evaluated on NA medium using dual culture in a complete randomized design, inhibition zone was recorded and analyzed. Results indicated that 11 strains were able to produce inhibitory zone against Pcc and showed significant differences at 1% level. Strain B57 with 3.16 centimeters and strain B4 with 1.16 centimeters inhibition zone, had the highest and lowest inhibitory respectively. Based on the phenotypic features antagonistic Bacillus strains were belongs to Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus and B. pumilus. Results of 16S rDNA gene sequencing from these three Bacillus species verified the results of phenotypic feature characterization. Phylogenetic position of the tested Bacillus strains showed that strain B34 clustered with 1000 bootstraps as B. cereus, strain B7 with 1000 bootstraps as B. subtilis and strain B57 with 1000 bootstraps as B. pumilus. Accession number for the 16S rDNA gene sequences of B7, B34 and B 57 Bacillus strains in NCBI are MG654658, MG654659 and MG654660 respectively. According to the litrature, one of the microbial factors that in the rhizosphere of potato plants prevents the establishment of pathogens is the diversity of bacilli in this area. Numerous studies have reported the role of rhizosphere bacilli in reducing root diseases of various plants.

Green Lacewing as one of the most important groups of insects with characteristics such as the possibility of mass production, geographical distribution and host range have been considered in biological control. The study about genetic diversity is one of the effective tools in genetic conservation of important species. Today, the production of barcode sequences for species identification is expanding. Mitochondrial genes are important tools for various studies in the fields of population genetics, evolution and phylogenetics. This study investigated the genetic diversity of populations of this species from seven provinces of Iran, using part of the mitochondrial DNA gene, cytochrome oxidase COI. Gene sequences of the samples were compared using MEGA5 and Bioedit7 softwares. The obtained sequences were analyzed with 517 bp for mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Genetic parameters related to 9 haplotypes in these populations were examined. Haplotypic diversity, number of nucleotide differences and nucleotide diversity in all populations were calculated as 0.91429, 1.93333, 0.00374, respectively. The highest nucleotide diversity was observed for Gilan and Kermanshah provinces, the highest number of nucleotide differences was observed in the population of East Azarbaijan province and the highest haplotypic diversity was observed in the population of Kermanshah, Gilan and East Azarbaijan provinces. The results of geographical grouping showed that the southern regions of the country have less haplotypic diversity than other regions.

Our objective was to investigate the effect of glyphosate in induction of resistance to two plant bacterial pathogens. To do so, glyphosate at an optimal concentration of 1.8 mg / l was used on the transgenic potato, Odyssay cultivar, to induce resistance to two strains of pathogenic bacteria (21A of Pectobacterium atrosepticum and ENA49 of Dickeya dadantii). Transgenic potato leaves infected with potato pathogenic bacteria, and then treated with glyphosate showed a high level of expression of pathogenesis-related genes (PR-2, PR-3, PR-5), especially PR-2 and defense response genes (HSR-203j, HIN1), especially HSR-203j. The expression of PR-2 gene in leaves infected with these two bacteria were 1.5 and 2.9 times for PR-3 gene, 1.7 and 1.7 times for PR-5 gene to 1.3 and 1.5 times and expression of HSR-203J gene to 2.5 and 2.4 times and for HIN1 gene to 1.7 and 1.7 times, with Dickeya dadantii and Pectobacterium atrosepticum infection, respectively. However; the plants infected with bacteria and non-treated by glyphosate did not significantly change the expression of these genes. The results showed that the treatment of plants by glyphosate may not only eliminate weeds of farmland but can also induces a systemic acquired resistance to pathogenic bacteria by expressing of PR proteins and defense response genes.

Water deficit is one of the most important abiotic stresses constraining crop production in rapeseed. Understanding the mechanisms of adaptation to this stress is essential for the development and production of drought tolerant cultivars. In this sense, this research study aims to investigate the importance of genetic diversity in identifying cultivars with a high degree of drought tolerance through assessing effectiveness of Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers on 14 cultivars of rapeseed in a factorial design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Morphological and physiological characteristics were studied after the early stages of culture. In order to evaluate the genetic diversity among cultivars, 18 different ISSR markers were used. A total of 106 clear and scalable loci were amplified, of which 60 bands (56.6%) were polymorphic. Polymorphism information content (PIC) belonged to marker number 9 with the amount of 0.365 (85.7%). Gene variation ranged from 0.081 to 0.365. The rapeseed cultivars were divided into 3 groups by cluster analysis (UPGMA method). The analysis of molecular variance showed that 70% of the total variation was observed within populations and 30% of this variation occurred among populations. Regarding the content of seed oil in the control group, Adriana had the highest amount of oil with 36.47%, whereas Karaj 2 had the lowest amount with 27.28, Cooper had the highest decrease in oil content percentage under stress conditions.