فصلنامه پژوهش های حفاظتی - امنیتی
پیاپی 38 (تابستان 1400)

Focusing on core competencies of human powers will improve the performance of today’s organizations. Now, if focusing on the competencies of the human power is so important that it makes the organization’s performance superior, identifying and focusing on the competencies of managers should be at the top of the priorities; If we add to this prioritization and importance, the important area of the mission and the scope of influence of the counter-intelligence organizations of the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran; It will definitely lead the mind of every fair investigator to the increasing importance of identifying and rating the competencies of managers and commanders. In the meantime, one of the most important factors of the preference of the competency pattern of managers over other patterns in an ideological country with a divine and religious nature is first the difference in values and then specialized knowledge, professional skills, and etc. In the conventional view of social science thinkers and experts in the West, most of the instrumentalist view is towards qualitative concepts and factors, and of course human-centered development is devoid of spiritual and holy values and outside the values of monotheistic and divine system. From this point of view, a better understanding of the security managers’ qualifications according to Islamic teachings seems necessary. This research aims to identify the value competencies of security managers, which is appropriate to that, through the case-contextual method, in addition to collecting information from the library and field method, 13 security experts have been interviewed. The results obtained with a questionnaire based on the Likert scale including 44 indicators were completed by 133 members of the statistical community, whose validity was confirmed through the judgment of experts and its reliability through Cronbach’s alpha, and in the analysis and weighting Its merits have been exploited by the software (SPSS). The indicators of self-confidence and self-belief, insight (political, social and revolutionary), religious and ideological beliefs, and the proud of being an anonymous soldier of Imam Zaman (p.b.u.h.), from the viewpoint of members of the statistical sample play a role as the most important influencing factors in the value competencies of security managers.

The purpose of this research is to design and explain the security intelligence model of senior governance managers. The current research is exploratory-applicative in terms of its purpose, descriptive-survey in terms of method, and qualitative-quantitative in terms of the nature of the data. It has been completed at three main stages. In the first stage, using the theoretical sampling method, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 experts, then, using the grounded theory approach and with the help of NVivo Plus2020 software, the interviews were analyzed and recoded 252 cases as primary concepts from the text. The interviews were identified and classified in the form of 22 main indicators and 150 sub-indexes and in five dimensions. In the quantitative research phase, the model was confirmed after the test. In the second phase of the quantitative part of the research, the statistical population was 280 people, whose sample size was estimated to be 162 people based on Cochran’s formula, and the questionnaires were distributed in multi-stage and random strata. In the third step, after completing the questionnaire, they were analyzed through the data analysis algorithm in PLS software. The results of the qualitative research showed the importance of causal conditions (4 main indicators and 32 sub-indices), intervening conditions (7 main indicators and 46 sub-indices), contextual conditions (3 main indicators and 20 sub-indices), strategic conditions (5 main indicators and 26 sub-indices), and consequent conditions with (3 main indexes and 25 sub-indexes) have been investigated. Also, according to the results of the measurement and structural model, quantitative research, it can be concluded that the model developed in the qualitative part has acceptable validity and reliability and it can be used as a reliable model to explain the security intelligence model of senior governance managers.

After 2003 and in a situation where the new political order based on democratic principles has replaced the previous political order in Iraq, this country has witnessed the emergence and expansion of terrorist groups with different approaches. In the early years after the fall of Saddam, the core of ISIS was formed as one of the most terrifying terrorist groups in history in Iraq, and after this group succeeded in capturing large parts of Iraq and Syria by announcing the formation of the Islamic caliphate, they chose Mosul as the capital of the caliphate. In 2018, with the loss of Mosul in Iraq and Raqqa in Syria, ISIS practically lost its quasi-state existence and became an underground terrorist organization, as it was in the years before 2012. However, the Iraqi society and government are still at risk of the resurgence of terrorist groups. This research seeks to answer the question, “What are the requirements for dealing with terrorism in Iraq?” by using the descriptive-analytical method in the analysis of findings and the library method in data collection. To answer this question, the causes of the origin and the rest of the terrorist groups in Iraq were investigated in order to identify the strategic needs of countering terrorism in Iraq. The findings of the research show that “social gaps”, “lack of formation of national identity”, “geo-political and geo-economic imbalance”, “weakness, inefficiency and degradation of the central government” and “totalitarian culture of Sunni Iraq”, the factors of emergence and growth (causes and the rest) are terrorist groups in this country. Therefore, in order to effectively deal with terrorism in Iraq, it is necessary to move in the direction of creating a comprehensive national identity through the creation of “socialized security” and appropriate response to the identity needs of Iraqi social groups, and while attracting the participation of Iraqis and the balanced distribution of resources, disabled the active social gaps.

The Islamic government has been established in Iran with the philosophy of negation of tyranny, arrogance, implementation of Islamic rules, setting the scene for emergence, worldly and afterlife happiness of mankind. The factors of its victory are the leadership, the people, the central religion and the obstacles are the enemies, and at the top of them is the arrogance of the world and the United States of America. From the first days of Imam Khomeini’s campaigns, the United States of America opposed the actions of Imam Khomeini and the efforts of the people. Imam Khamenei as his rightful successor emphasizes on the foresight, recognition of enemy and that the United States of America is the main enemy of the Islamic government and mentions the consequences of not recognizing the enemy. The absence of a pattern while disrupting the actions of the officials of the government will have a negative effect on the preservation of the Islamic government. The purpose of this research is to achieve the pattern of knowing the enemy from the perspective of Imam Khamenei with an emphasis on the United States of America. The research method is applied in terms of practical purpose, is qualitative and grounded theory in terms of conduction method. In the implementation, after choosing the title of the research, the word mining was done from the original texts and the desired data was determined, and in the first place, open coding and 985 concepts or open codes were extracted.  In axial coding, 57 axial categories were obtained by comparing and categorizing the titles. In the selective coding with a more general classification, the data organized in the form of dimensions or themes reached the number of 5 items, the results of which include factors affecting the recognition of enemies (causal, strengthening, weakening factors), dimensions of enmity, strategic factors of recognition and In the end, the results of enemy recognition were presented in the fourth stage by consulting with experts and implementing the multi-voting technique of modeling and the final pattern.

Covert diplomacy is a kind of real conflict; So that today the diplomatic activities of all countries, especially the western countries, are based on covert diplomacy to create relations between countries and governments, as well as at the international level. In fact, covert diplomacy is a manifestation of diplomacy that has established a link with the level of national strategy; it is also a manifestation of strategy that is related to software warfare. Therefore, covert diplomacy is a type of intertwining soft war whose executors must be selected from among intelligent and sophisticated people. In this way, those whose mission is carried out based on covert diplomacy, must have special characteristics and have a proper understanding and theoretical knowledge regarding the issues of foreign policy and covert diplomacy. This research, with the question of what the theoretical approaches to covert diplomacy in intelligence organizations should be, by using the descriptive and analytical method derived from the views of some academic experts and the limited theoretical foundations that have been explained in this regard, believes that Intelligence organizations should be based on strategic management levels; Realize the goals of covert intelligence diplomacy with combined and multiple intertwined methods such as discourse creation at the strategic level, concealment at the operational level, surprise at the tactical level, and pragmatism at the technical level. Nevertheless, it should be noted that covert diplomacy is located in the fluid space of theoretical and practical fields, which always suffers from uncertainty and slips in the direction of other forms of diplomacy (both public and official diplomacy) and its alienating borders in order to achieve its hidden goals. It is decided that it should move in the correct and guided path with correct and purposeful planning and realize its hidden art in realizing national goals through intelligence channels with pre-planned scenarios; otherwise it will face challenges and calculation errors and fragility. .

The current research was conducted with the aim of designing and constructing a tool for the evaluation of cyber security culture and awareness in 1401 in a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) method to answer the question of what items the cyber security culture and awareness evaluation tool consists of? In the qualitative part, the upstream texts of the last three years and the opinions of the experts in this field were used to get the basic structure of the tool, and in the quantitative part, the basic structure of the tool was given to a small sample of the target community to determine the validity and reliability of the tool based on the obtained data. In order to check the validity, content validity, discriminant validity and internal consistency and intra-cluster correlation were used to check the validity of the data. The error percentage of the identification algorithm was 4%, which was calculated with the Holstie coefficient. The findings from the qualitative part showed the number of 75 effective components in cyber security culture and awareness, based on which the initial pool was prepared with 98 items. After placing the initial pool of items at the disposal of the experts, the findings of the content validity check showed that 56 items did not have the required quality and were removed. Examining the differential power showed that the power was higher than 1 for all the items, except item number 41. The validity results showed that item number 8 lacked acceptable correlation, so it was removed from the final form. The upper limit of the ICC confidence interval also indicated a very good agreement between the judges. In general, it can be said that Form 41 of the prepared questionnaires has acceptable content validity and reliability, therefore, it has the necessary conditions for examination at the level of the main sample of the target group and it can be used in a large sample of the target group, in order to achieve the final structure and Norm scores were used..