دو ماهنامه بررسی های بازرگانی
سال بیستم شماره 114 (امرداد و شهریور 1401)

Segmentation of International Markets of Saffron with Using Hierarchical Clustering TechniqueThe purpose of this study is segment of saffron product in different countries of the world on basis macro indicators selected in four demographic, economic, commercial and communication domains. research is a descriptive-correlational one and based on library studies. Selected communities include all UN member states and sample countries with populations above 500,000 or per capita income above $ 10,000 per year plus Getting into a strategic area constitutes a total of 143 countries used in the analysis. Hierarchical clustering method was used for data analysis by SPSS 25 software. The results show that there are eight clusters, with the highest number being in the second cluster with 100 countries and the lowest in the United States alone. Also, based on demographic results, the fifth, eighth and fourth clusters, which include China, India, the US, Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria and Pakistan, can be attractive clusters in targeting saffron stakeholders in market.

Setting up a pop-up retail meets a vast range of sales and marketing targets of FMCG businesses. This research’s main aim is to design a template for the outcomes of setting up a pop-up store in the retail industry of fast-moving consumer goods. With regard to purpose, it is an exploratory-applied study conducted through a mixed qualitative-quantitative approach; in the qualitative section, the conceptual model of the research was designed and developed with 6 categories, 42 concepts and 672 codes by relying on Glaser Foundation’s data theory and using open, axial, and theoretical coding strategies while conducting fourteen deep semi-structured interviews with some chosen managers and experts of active businesses in the fast-moving consumer goods industry as well as using the targeted judgmental sampling method to achieve the theoretical saturation point. In the quantitative section, based on the designed concepts, a questionnaire consisting of 129 sayings, compilation and statistical population; managers and experts of marketing, branding, sales, advertising, product development and communication with the customers of commercial companies of the fast-moving consumer goods industry; is conducted. Through targeted random sampling method,, 192 of which will be analyzed. To analyze the quantitative data and confirm the template, Multi-level Confirmatory Factor Analysis and One Sample T-Test through the Smart PLS software have been used to check the specified questions of the research in accordance with the conceptual model. The results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirm the concepts and categories detected in the format of the proposed research template.

Examining the export market of Iranian goods to the markets of the Eurasian Economic Union member countries has become important and necessary since 2018 due to the importance of this union for Iran and the implementation of the temporary preferential trade agreement between Iran and this union. In line with this need and necessity, the purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of expanding the export of Iranian goods to the member countries of this union using the annual data of 2015-2020 through Allen, UNCTAD, simple trade potential, comparative advantage and Drissdell indexes. The research findings show an increase in the intensity and possibility of expanding exports from Iran to the Eurasian Economic Union market since 2015. However, this is not the case for all goods, and some items such as heading 08 (nuts and edible fruits) have higher export potential than other goods. The results of the study also indicate that Iran's export potential to the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union is neglected, which also needs to be examined in more depth.

In recent decades the business environment has been one of the keywords in business, commerce, and economics. Efforts to enhance the indicators of business environment improvement have a significant role in the growth and development of employment, especially in the private sector. The diagnosis of the variables involved in this field can be effective in creating a suitable environment for businesses. Among the important variables in this field are informal employment and its important consequences for the business environment. If the barriers to production are to be removed, it is first necessary to identify the drivers and barriers, so that positive steps can be taken to remove the barriers and strengthen the drivers. Therefore, the focus of this study is to identify the causes of informal employment in Iran. This research has been done with the qualitative method. Data were collected through interviews with experts. The data were then analyzed by various methods including thematic analysis and Delphi. During three Delphi rounds, the data were validated and the final research framework was developed as a themes network. Based on the research findings, more than eighty factors were identified in the formation of informal employment and then classified into macro, legal, and individual factors.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of international entrepreneurial orientation on the international performance of knowledge-based organizations with the mediating role of international networks. This research is in terms of applied purpose and in terms of the nature and method of descriptive-survey. The statistical population includes managers and senior staff of knowledge-based organizations with small and medium size. For this purpose, a sample of 146 people was selected. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Its face validity was by experts and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Composite reliability. For descriptive analysis of data, SPSS 24 software and for analyzing the data and testing the hypotheses, Structural equation modeling and partial least squares approach and smart PLS 3 software were used. The results show that international entrepreneurial orientation and international networks have a positive and significant effect on the international performance of knowledge-based organizations. Also, the mediating role of international networks in the relationship between international entrepreneurial orientation and international performance was confirmed. According to the results, attention to domestic resources is very important and is one of the main factors in the internationalization of companies and improving their performance in international markets.

The research was conducted with the aim of identifying and presenting a practical solution to reduce production costs in the manufacturing cooperative companies of Ardabil province using grounded theory approach. In the first step, interview protocols were extracted from the review of the research literature. In the second step, the data obtained from the interview using the MAXQDA program was investigated to determine the conceptual model. Finally, a model of cost reduction strategies for production cooperatives was developed. According to the conceptual model, the cost of manufacturing cooperatives is achieved through two strategies: corporate strategies (collaborative, resource, activities, product, distribution channel, customer segments, cost structures, income flow and customer relationship strategies) and governmental cost reduction strategies (cultural, innovation, investment, financial and monetary and logistic strategies). If the above-mentioned strategies are adopted according to the structure, common values, core competencies, systems, staff and management of these cooperatives, it can increase the ten outcomes (reduced net price, stable employment, productivity of production factors, internal competitiveness, profitability, the competitiveness of exports, the development and expansion of cooperative companies, improving quality, reducing waste, reducing energy consumption based on productive cooperatives. Meanwhile, the resistance economy and competitive dynamics can be effective in realizing these implications

Identifying and prioritizing the dominant behavioral bias in the capital market makes it possible for investors and economic activists, with knowledge about them, to take appropriate measures to deal with the potential effects of these biases which disturbs the decision-making process. In order to overcome this, the present research has focused on prioritizing behavioral biases that affecting on investors decision making process in Tehran Stock Exchange. In the present study, in order to overcome the main objective of the research, in the first step of research, behavioral biases in this area were identified by reviewing the research literature and then, with the consensus of experts and investors who works in the capital market, 44 biases were identified for Tehran Stock Exchange and categorized into five groups like anomalous phenomena, cognitive, perceptual, intuitive and emotional. In the end, priority of behavioral biases in the Tehran Stock Exchange was investigated through Fuzzy-Analytic Network Process by using the extracted data from completed questionnaires by investors and investors of the capital market. The findings of the research indicate that the pleasure principle, illusion of control and self-control biases, with weights of 0.02983, 0.01654 and 0.0559, are three biases which have a higher priority than others. The result of this research shown that the pleasure principle bias in the emotional group and Home bias in the cognitive group, has the highest and lowest level of priority among the investors who works on the capital market.

Given that organizations' two-way relationships with their customers have changed significantly over the past few years, there is no long-term guarantee of business continuity. Therefore, in order to maintain competitiveness in this uncertain market, organizations should identify their customers well, anticipate their needs and wants, and equip themselves with this information and provide effective marketing strategies to maintain their survival. Given the importance and high share of Iranian port revenues in the domestic economy and the existence of fierce competition between ports in the region, the need to identify key customers and determine their needs and wants for the Ports and Maritime Organization is felt more than ever. On the other hand, data mining, which is the science of data analysis, is introduced as a bridge between parts of data. In this regard, there are tools in data mining such as clustering and classification that create the necessary conditions for the organization to provide the desired service to the customers of the target cluster and to establish a close relationship with them for the organization. Therefore, in this dissertation, RFM analysis is performed on the processed data of 595 customers of the Ports Organization during one year and the clustering process is performed using RFM analysis output and two clustering algorithms, K-means and SOM, in order to determine the optimal number of clusters is used from the silhouette index. The C4.5 tree algorithm is then implemented on the results of the two algorithms K-means and SOM and customer behavioral characteristics are identified. Finally, the quality of the clusters is evaluated using the standard deviation of the data within the clusters and the results obtained from the two methods are compared. Due to the fact that the quality of the clusters obtained from the SOM algorithm is better than k-means, based on the clusters obtained from the SOM algorithm, key and valuable customers are identified. Based on the analysis of the results, it was found that the customers of clusters 9 and 12 resulting from the SOM algorithm with the ↑ M ↑ F ↑ R model have the highest value and loyalty for the ports organization and are the most important customers of the ports organization and the customers of clusters 1 resulting from SOM algorithms with ↓ M ↓ F ↓ R model have the lowest value and loyalty for the port organization. In this way, key and valuable customers are identified.