نشریه معماری، مرمت و شهرسازی رف
پیاپی 3 (زمستان 1400)

Darb khane divani square in the historical context of Rasht, with its long history of economic, political and religious activities and its physical and functional relationship with other urban elements, is a valuable and identity field. In terms of original morphological qualities, according to the documents available after the Qajar period, the area has changed in several stages almost during the last century. During these changes, many physical and functional complications have been created for the field. The need for integration and reunification in the body, function and identity concepts creates the field. Considering the original physical and functional qualities present study explains the main etiquettes of revitalizing the darb khane divani square. physical and functional changes of historical sites that have undergone fundamental changes and transformations several times require the simultaneous combination of physical and functional changes, library studies, and field studies. In this article, to show a suitable model for achieving the plan of organizing a historical site, to periodize the course of developments in the Rasht Darb Khaneh divani Square as a sample, we have relied on field studies and studies of quality field libraries. After obtaining information from the two mentioned methods, field developments in physical, functional, and identity dimensions have been analyzed by interpretive-historical method, which is a qualitative method of comparing the similarities and differences of data with historical information. Finally, the basics of field revitalization have been extracted from them. In the framework of the mentioned goal and based on the theoretical foundations and periods of the fundamental transformation of this field, six-time intervals have been considered to study the changes in the original physical and functional qualities of this field. Library and field findings show that the courtyard door of the Divani house, despite having a unique historical identity in terms of body and function; But the changes in its structure causes the disappearance of historical traces and the creation of commercial and administrative activities in the edges of the square and turn it into a transit route. These changes in the physical and functional structure of the court weaken the identity content and landscape qualities. As a result, considering recognizing the original morphological attributes of the courtyard door and its developments, the principles of revitalizing the square based on morphological lines related to the Qajar period and preserving valuable physical elements of the first Pahlavi period to convey messages. Proper historical-cultural value of the square, including the transfer of historical-cultural values ​​of the square to audiences, both native and non-native, highlighting the historical originality and identity of the square, design based on the original morphological lines of the square, creating proper pedestrian circulation in the area, promotion of the values ​​adjacent to the square with Bazaar neighborhood, East-West historical passage and single historical buildings of the site (playing the role of community, extra-neighborhood and urban), pedestrianization of the area with the possibility of ambulances as The outlines of the basics of field regeneration have been considered.

The education system has shifted to training thoughtful learners who are creative, critical, scholarly, independent and active. In such a training known as constructivism Teachers are no longer seen as transmitters and learners as empty containers in a one-way education. Rather, it is student-centered education in which learners build and discover their knowledge in an active and participatory teaching process. Since participatory design is considered as one of the ways to achieve optimal design in architecture, In order to control this, stakeholder participation in all parts of the design process is considered a necessity. In this way, the effect of participation in different perceptions and methods is designed to achieve the appropriate perception in the process path. The present article has been done with the aim of explaining the participatory process-design of architectural spaces based on student-centered approaches in order to achieve a more complete model in order to provide the highest efficiency in educational spaces. Thus, the need for the presence of the user as a basic principle in the design process leads to the preservation of design values in the long run as well as responsive design in a deeper way. User participation in design in public and collective uses as well as educational spaces will be much less for various reasons Public spaces are the container of human social life; A container that should be created through the use of wisdom, thought and culture of the people of the society and with the participation between the relevant officials and the people. Thus, the task of the designer is no longer to produce unchangeable solutions, and the fact that the design process requires consultation with end users has been discussed in numerous studies. The present study is a qualitative research that uses descriptive-analytical method as a combination of inductive and deductive analysis and using content taken from specialized texts related to educational approaches and architectural design processes as well as user characteristics as an intermediate link between them by The content analysis of the theories of these areas and the relationships and effects of the components of these categories on each other. Studies show that the participatory design process alone cannot pave the way for a suitable platform for education according to the latest and most successful educational approaches in the world, because research in the field of educational approaches also emphasizes the individuality of each student and attention to distinct individual characteristics in education. Therefore, identifying individual characteristics along with the factors affecting the participatory design process can provide a more complete model of the design process. Thus, the results during the presentation of a proposed comprehensive model show that the designer needs to adapt several patterns in different layers to achieve an efficient and comprehensive design process. Which begins from the planning stage to decision-making and planning and in the stage of discovering the components of perception in three areas of individual, social and spatial distinction to the stage of designing and achieving the final body in eight layers.

This article includes a study of the sustainable concept in the field of architecture and evidence of human adaptation to the environment and the cultural and geographical components of indigenous lifestyles of nomadic tribes. The focus is on the architecture of nomadic communities as a perfect example of a way of life that is compatible with the natural geography of the environment. The development of the world and communications, on the one hand, lead to a uniform life, regardless of culture, geography, civilization, and other factors influencing the formation of indigenous lifestyles, and on the other hand, a serious threat to the environment and non-renewable resources. It counts. Therefore, addressing the components of sustainability and indigenous lifestyles in order to achieve sustainable architecture and subsequent sustainable development is essential. Therefore, the main question raised in this research is what are the dimensions of sustainability in the life and housing of nomads? This research examines the characteristics of nomadic settlements and their way of life through field observations and library studies, and by adapting these characteristics to sustainability criteria, studies the impact of each of these characteristics on sustainable development. In this research, first Bakhtiari nomads of Khuzestan province are studied as an example of nomadic society, then the definitions and indicators of sustainable development are studied and finally the sustainable components of nomadic life are introduced. The obtained results indicate that the indicators of sustainability in the life of nomads include environmental, social and economic components. Sustainable architecture is not a transient hobby and concept that includes only momentary emotions, but in its depth is a wise view that tries to connect nature, culture and architecture, which of course requires sustainability and value creation. Architecture and sustainable design in their native and traditional forms, such as the black tent used between nomadic tribes, etc. are examples of sustainable settlement design that has emerged to adapt to nature and efficiency in the face of nomadic lifestyles and in forms. Its variety has been developed. Nomadic housing or the black tent can be called a sustainable building. The nomads have special dwellings by nature and biological necessities that are designed in accordance with the climate and conditions of nomadism. This lightweight and portable structure has been used for centuries as the best shelter for nomads due to its ease of erection with minimal cost, very high efficiency and its high adaptation to climatic conditions. Therefore, the study of nomadic life indicates that the nomadic settlement system as a dynamic and flexible system is in harmony with the geographical conditions and the surrounding environment. An overview of the architecture of temporary nomadic settlements (black tents) in the past shows greater productivity. This system is made from cheap and clean energy sources . Adaptation to nature and the way black tents are built and set up indicate that the nomads have finally coexisted with nature in the face of the principles of sustainability.

There has been an increasing focus on culture in studies related to sociology scope in architecture in past years. The changes in people’s living styles and expectations by preplanned methods and allegorical manipulation in advertisements caused a tendency on masses of society and people’s willingness for using the products in urban planning and architecture scope that is on the way of the propagandist’s policy and goals. Since the "critical theory paradigm" is in search of discovering the essence of the social fact that is hidden in the infrastructure of society and declaring these facts as a result of cultural, political, economic, and moral factors during the time; the paradigm of this research is critical theory and focus on the layers of society. This research has investigated about three hypothesizes by a triangulation strategy which contains qualitative case study analysis, theoretical comparison, and logical reasoning by formalizing propositions and (with a hierarchical perspective) is in search of discovering the influencing mechanism of internet platforms and cyberspaces in contemporary man kind's essence and his needs in new-era societies and also along that, the way of influencing these factors on architecture typologies (and the measure of using digital-era human) in public urban spaces. It is necessary to have a logical mechanism for scrutinizing the discussed hypothesis. In other research that was about the role of propaganda in persuading people to use some specific architecture typology; There is no study that is in search of discovering a relationship between the hierarchical role of macro and micro policies of the government and evincing new concepts in architecture and there is a gap in this field of studies. In a temporary era, humans have an intense penchant for new communication technologies. According to this, contemporary man kind's essence has been transformed. Published content on cyberspace platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, Flicker and etc. can be under the effect of government policies and affect culture and people's expectations. The qualitative case study analysis shows that cyberspace is an appropriate context for persuading people to new types of architecture according to theoretical comparison it can be said that the government policy propagates new concepts in architecture by impressing the culture of society. Architecture affords many concepts in addition to the providing required context for a system of setting and celebrity architects schematize new concepts in that society through a new type of architecture. Finally, based on the Truth value of the hypothesis it can result that propaganda and the imposed policy of society have a role in controlling new types of architecture and the designed works of celebrity architects and also in evincing new concepts in architecture.

The contemporary designer relies heavily on his position as an "artist". Individual language and personal interests prevent him from being able to properly organize the complex amount of information he encounters in the project and give a comprehensive plan based on it; He hides his incompetence behind the turmoil of an artistic figure. Another mainstay of the contemporary designer is the mere use of digital tools in the design process. Turning to digital development has practically separated the processes of human thought and imagination from their inherent connection with memory, body, imagination and the concept of "being" and the sense of "self". What is the way for the intellectual organization of designers has been researched in two types, which due to the qualitative method of the subject, the research is based on the method of comparative research.A) Examining the theories of the author-architects - those who have created valuable works and have written their intellectual foundations -. Most of these architects are also influenced by philosophers. The point of interest in his theories is to pay attention to and emphasize the "lived experience", the experience of the past and the present, is something that is hidden in the body of the designer as a container and is transformed from the mind to the body of architecture. Today, the author-architect not only considers the object to be meaningful in relation to its surroundings, but also that the object itself carries many meanings. The basis of the thinking of expert architects in connection with the "theory of architectural form" is very close to each other.B) The individual characteristics of the designer inadvertently affect the production of the form. Thus, in the next step, the authors find it helpful to recognize personality traits based on psychological issues in organizing the designers' intellectual turmoil and avoiding pure individualism. The architect, in his individual position, must know that human beings, as biological beings, They are the product of tens of millions of years of adaptation and gradual growth through continuous interaction with the real living world.Based on comparative comparisons of the theories of different psychologists, it is concluded that the designer can explore the strengths and weaknesses in different parts of his personality (including self, transcendence and institution, collective unconscious and personal unconscious, conscious and unconscious). Self, sad and happy experiences, emotions and ... Examine and adjust your personality traits; In order to strengthen its strengths and reduce its weaknesses. The more balanced the designer in terms of personality, the less his false excitement in producing the form and the more comprehensive and complete the response of the architectural form produced by him. Also, organizations and employers, according to their personality categories, can attract qualified people by taking psychological tests, which in itself requires additional extensive research. It is hoped that this research will be a source of inspiration for the continuation of such manpower organizations.

The success in obtaining and the appropriate quality of the infill architectural structures mainly depends on the evaluation of different conditions as well as creativity, sensitivity and finally innovation in architecture. In order to properly and correctly implement the intermediate approach, the qualitative assessment of the current environment in which the building is supposed to be placed, and then the selection of a creative approach that enables optimal interaction between the building and the surrounding environment, should be carried out, which is a complex, multifaceted, It is interdepartmental and even transdepartmental. In this way, it is not possible to pay attention only to the physical dimension. The purpose of this research is to examine the basics of interdependence and its components in the majority of urban development and to use these concepts and components to achieve a specific model and structure in the target sample. A case example of this research is the Plasco building, which is located in the historical context of Tehran. Accordingly, its location has had a great impact on the research process. In this article, a comprehensive review of Plasco's new building has been attempted with regard to the principles of interfaith design, the type of approach to the building, its harmony and unity with the old buildings and context around it. In this research, an attempt has been made to explain Plasco's intermediate architecture in its historical context with regard to the relevant theoretical foundations, the surrounding landmark buildings and the historical lines of the context. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical. First, the background of the research and theoretical foundations, as well as the review and introduction of related definitions and concepts based on library studies, have been discussed. Then, based on the obtained concepts, the Plasco building model is described in detail based on the intermediate architectural criteria. Based on the obtained results, the new building of Plasco is a linear intermediate type and is located between two neighbors in a linear fashion. In the facade structure, it also has arrays of buildings around it, but it does not obey any of them completely.