فصلنامه محیط شناسی
سال چهل و هشتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 103، پاییز 1401)

The aim of the current research is to represent environmental education in the public education system as a step to solve environmental crises.The design of the current research was quantitative and the method was content analysis.The statistical population was primary school books, all books were selected as samples, and a total of 3961 pages were examined. The components and indicators of environmental education were extracted based on previous sources and examined in books.The tool of the current research was a checklist and included the components of protection of natural and human resources and the environment. Content validity was obtained using CVR, which was equal to 0.90 and confirmed, and reliability was obtained based on the agreement coefficient of 0.86. Based on the findings, the greatest amount of attention is paid to natural resource protection indicators related to the importance and preservation of the environment (reducing environmental pollution) and The least amount of attention is related to the index of correct exploitation of non-renewable resources, which has not been paid attention to. The highest amount of attention to human and environmental indicators is also related to the use of private vehicles instead of the public means of transportation and the least amount of attention has been in several indicators such as deforestation, ozone depletion, excessive consumption of disposable materials, increased energy consumption, and nuclear waste. The results show little attention to the field of environment in the primary school curriculum, and this issue is more worrying considering the environmental problems today

Effectiveness of the separate collection system is the most important thing in the production of high-quality compost. The present work aims to analyzed the mass balance of two separating machine components used in Babol composting facility (with capacity of 100 ton/day and 250 ton/day) based on recovery factor transfer function (RFTF) model to evaluate their efficiency. After sampling from the input and output of the processing line machines and quantitative and qualitative analysis of the waste, material balance was modeled based on RFTF. Calculations were performed for compost processing lines and a standard material balance diagram was prepared for both separation systems. Results showed that the new processing line of the Babol composting facility (with a capacity of 250 ton/day) has a more favorable performance compared to the old processing line (with a capacity of 100 ton/day). The new line reduced the amount of rejecting waste (refuse compost) by 19.84% compared to the old processing line. Also, by using this processing line, the amount of separated organic waste which will be later used in the fermentation and aeration phase of compost production was increased by 19.39%. In addition, the ratio of extracted materials with economic value was increased by 0.45%.

The current urban runoff management approach in Tehran is a structural approach which its main purpose is to collect and transfer runoff out of the city. However, nature-based approaches emphasize the maximum absorption as near as the source of runoff and apply interdisciplinary perspectives to achieve it. This research pursues two main goals in order to provide the basis for the application of nature-based approaches in the local streets of city of Tehran, Iran: 1) identifying of disciplines and main variables of the nature-based urban drainage approaches, and 2) identifying the role each variable plays in implementing these approaches in Tehran in the current situation. First, a theoretical model of the disciplines and variables has been develops based on literature review. Second, the role of each variable from the point of view of experts was investigated by using Cross Impact Analysis (CIA) method with the tool of MicMac software. The results show that in the current situation, ‘runoff speed and volume’ as an influential variable has the most important role on implementation of these new approaches in urban runoff management in Tehran local streets. And variables of ‘street profile’, ‘land use’, ‘activities’, and ‘planting’ as well as ‘economic feasibility’ are linkage variables. Other variables are either dependent or do not have high priority in the current situation. The results of the research place special emphasis on interdisciplinary teamwork between the specialties of water sciences and urban landscape as well as economics to provide the basis for the application of these approaches.IntroductionFlash Floods are intensified in Tehran and the change of natural permeable surfaces to impervious constructed areas is one of the main reasons. So, nature-base approaches investigated in this research. There are some different terms that represent nature-based approaches: Alternative Technique (AT), Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS), Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS), Low Impact Development (LID), Best Management Practices (BMPs), Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD), Green Infrastructure (GI), Sponge City. Investigating show that although each of them pursue different objectives but all of them are the same in these two aspects: a) applying interdisciplinary viewpoint and b) trying to runoff usage in place it produced. Regarding to these, the research is focused to maximize runoff penetration in local streets as a place that its flow start from there. Two main goals of this paper are: 1) identifying of disciplines and main variables of the nature-based urban drainage approaches, and 2) identifying the role each variable plays in implementing these approaches in Tehran in the current situation. Figure 1 shows the research structure diagram.Figure 1Research Structure Diagram, Source: (Authors)Materials and MethodsIdentifying of disciplines and main variables of the nature-based urban drainage approaches by Expert Panel MethodDisciplines and main variables of the nature-based urban runoff management approaches were extracted from literature review of new approaches and guidelines and finalized by Expert Panel Method as follow:• Urban landscape: Street Profile, Adjacent Land Use, Activity, Planting;• Facility: Underground Utilities, Overhead Utilities;• Soil: Surface Permeability, Ground Sinkhole;• Water: Runoff Pathway, Runoff Speed and Volume;• Environment : Runoff Purification, Garbage; and• Socio-economy: Social Acceptance, Social Participation, Social Behavior, Security, Economic Feasibility.Then a theoretical model of the disciplines and variables was developed. (Figure 2)Figure 2Proposed theoretical model of the disciplines and variables of implementing nature-based urban drainage approachesCross Impact Analysis with MicMac To identifying of disciplines and main variables of the nature-based urban drainage approaches, and the role each variable plays in implementing these approaches in Tehran in the current situation, a questionnaire was designed based on the proposed theoretical model. To test the content validity of the questionnaire, Content Validity Ratio (CVR) was used. The formula of content validity ratio is CVR=(Ne - N/2)/(N/2), in which the Ne is the number of panelists indicating "essential" and N is the total number of panelists. The numeric value of content validity ratio is determined by Lawshe Table. In this research CVR=0.75 and the panel size was 8. Therefore, the questionnaire had face validity. 16 urban runoff drainage specialist from different disciplines answered the questionnaire. Then collected data analyzed by Cross Impact Analysis (CIA) method using MicMac software tool. Hence, the research approach of this paper is mixed qualitative and quantitative. Discussion of ResultsUsing MicMac software, the runoff management variables have been categorized into four quarters based on their influential and dependence power, as shown in Figure 3.Figure 3Cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MicMac) analysis of variables of implementation of landscape-based urban runoff management approach in local streets of TehranAnalyzing figure 3 indicates: • Influential variable (top left quarter): runoff speed and volume;• Linkage variables (top right quarter): street profile, land use, activities, planting, and economic feasibility;• Dependence variables (bottom right): Social Behavior, Security, and Surface Permeability;• Autonomous variables (bottom left): Ground Sinkhole, Underground Utilities, Overhead Utilities, Runoff Pathway, and Runoff Purification; and• Regulative variables (center): Garbage, Social Acceptance, and Social Participation.ConclusionThe cross impact analizing results which taken by use of experts viewpoints and technically derived by MicMac, shown that ‘runoff speed and volume’ as influential variable with other five variables ‘street profile’, ‘land use’, ‘activities’, ‘planting’, and ‘economic feasibility’ as linkage variables that play important role in functionality and stability of nature-based methods, are the main variables which should be attended for runoff management in Tehran’s local streets. The results asserted the other variables are not determinant and priority and don’t play and important role in present situation. Overlapping the result of cross impact analyze and presented theoretical model in this research shows that water science discipline, because of runoff speed and volume defined as influential variable, and urban landscape discipline, according to determinant role of its variables on stability and function of nature-based approach, are two core disciplines which play an important role in implementation of nature based approach in local streets urban drainage. Also the results emphasis on use of economical knowledge for feasibility study of applying the mentioned methods. However should be considered that the result of research is just embraced the local streets of Tehran and could not be generalized for other type of streets and roads and for other cities.

In recent years, the construction of fish farms along the Qaleh Roudkhan river has increased significantly. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of effluent from these farms on benthic communities and their population structure in river water. A total of 6 study stations were selected, of which 2 stations are from Fusheh (Shahed) branch and 4 stations are from Qaleh Roudkhan branch. Among the stations, Station 2 of Qaleh Roudkhan is located at the exit of the effluent of the fish farm. The results of analysis of variance using SPSS for all biological indicators indicate that there is a significant difference between the stations. Also, according to Duncan's test at 5% level in Shannon-Wiener index between stations 1 and 2 of Fosheh and stations 1 and 2 of Qaleh Roudkhan, in Margalf index between stations 1 and 2 of Qaleh Roudkhan with other stations, in Simpson dominance index between all stations except station 1 Fusheh and 4 Qaleh Roudkhan, in Helsinghof and EPT index between all stations and in BMWP / ASPT index between 2 Qaleh Roudkhan stations and other stations, there are significant differences. Based on the results, the fish pond workshop has caused changes in the groups of benthic invertebrates during the study period, which indicates a sharp decline in water quality at the effluent outlet.

The analysis of communities and their physical changes reveals the participation of several variables, some of which are sometimes under the control of the residents and other times not. Villages are targeted by these elements from a variety of perspectives, and one of those perspectives and dimensions is transformation. One of the value concepts of a landscape is beauty, and understanding the mechanisms and processes that control the beauty of a village and the elements that make up a rural landscape, as well as the nature of the interaction between the two elements, can help us understand how such a complicated system works. As a result, this research is exploratory in nature and experimental-survey in terms of data analysis. The information needed for it was gathered by using documentary content analysis. The statistical population of this study is made up of professionals who are given a virtual tour of the surroundings of five fictitious communities utilizing virtual reality technology. Then, they are directly questioned using the Construction Researcher Questionnaire, and the exploratory test of infinite heuristic integration has been utilized with the Eviews program to discover the most crucial signs. The outcomes have been displayed after information retrieved from the structural equation model was analyzed using AMOS software. The route coefficients influenced by visibility, environmental factors, attractiveness, sharpness, and proportions, in that order, make up the traditional model of rural landscape beauty.

To investigate the role of wind and precipitation on air pollution in the metropolis of Tehran, daily NO2 data from the Sentinel satellite and daily wind and precipitation data from Mehrabad station from August 1, 2018, to December 31, 2021, were used. To examine the relationship between precipitation and wind data with air pollution, the correlation method and the existence of significant differences in air pollution in different conditions, t-test was used. The results showed the variance and mean NO2 of rainy days and days without rainfall were not equal and on rainy days the amount of air pollution was reduced by 31.06%. The average air pollution on rainy days is less than on days without rainfall, but no specific pattern was observed between the amount of rainfall and the reduction of air pollution. The results showed that increasing the wind speed to 2.5 m / s will reduce air pollution, but higher speeds will not necessarily reduce pollution further. The variance and mean NO2 are not equal on windy days of more than 2.5 meters per second. At speeds of more than 2.5 meters per second, the amount of air pollution is reduced by 59.25% with 99% confidence. The results show that the effect of wind in reducing air pollution in Tehran is more than rainfall and shows a more distinct pattern of air pollution.

spatial modeling is one of the method for understanding and predicting environmental variables .soil surface moisture is a key variable for drought description , water and energy exchanges between the earth and the earth .soil moisture can affect many environmental phenomena such as runoff , soil erosion and crop production , but because of the lack of spatial and temporal conditions of soil parameters , soil moisture is highly changeable .the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the overall regression model and geographically weighted regression in spatial modeling of soil moisture in Fars province . soil moisture distribution as dependent variable and precipitation, snow equivalent water, vegetation index and topographic wetness index were selected as independent variables and then, using the general regression model and geographically weighted regression is used to model the spatial modeling .based on the evaluation criteria, the results showed the GWR model has better explanatory power with the R2=0/71 and a better estimate than the overall regression model with the R2=0/66. The spatial factors of precipitation and topographic wetness have the most positive effect and evapotranspiration had negative effect on soil moisture in the study area.The spatial factors of precipitation and topographic wetness have the most positive effect and evapotranspiration had negative effect on soil moisture in the study area.

These days, contamination of sediment and water resources to heavy metals, especially cadmium, cause severe human health and other organism’s disorders due to its high toxicity. Remediation of cadmium-contaminated sediments is of particular importance and several studies have been carried out on various remedial techniques. Considering that the remedial actions of sediment are diverse and each of them has its own pros and cons, Choosing the suitable and proper method based on geographical, economical, and social conditions is not only challenging but also plays a key role in implementing a successful remediation action. In this study, multi-criteria decision making model and fuzzy hierarchical analysis were used to find the best approach for restoring polluted sediment. In this regard, important methods and indicators have been determined consisting literature review and experts’ opinions. Based on the Weights determination by FAHP, the cost with 46% of weight, the availability of technology (39%), the potential of Pollutant recovery (9%), and time (6%) were determined as the main indicators of decision-making process. Moreover, by using VIKOR as a multi-criteria decision making model, the best options for cadmium-contaminated sediment were identified. Ranking the options shows that the absorption method by using biological adsorbents (Q=0.002, S=0.274, R=0.205) and electrokinetic (Q=0.005, S=0.271, R=0.214) has been selected as the best possible approaches.