نشریه احسن الحدیث
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 8، پاییز و زمستان 1398)

Today, in addition to pursuing welfare and material issues and progress in various fields, human beings are always in search of spirituality and religious knowledge. Many scholars and scholars in Islamic and Eastern countries are working on religious issues. Orientalists have always paid attention to this issue for many centuries and have presented different, opposing and even distorted views and works, and sometimes in accordance with religious foundations. This contradiction has many causes, one of the most important of which is the lack of access to firsthand sources and Muslim scholars. The main subject of this research is comparing the views of Professor Henry Carbon with Allameh Jafari on the issue of waiting for the Twelfth Imam of Shiites and proving this indisputable principle of Shiite belief in their views, which has been done comparatively and analytically by library studies. If the originality of the sources is observed, almost the same opinions for fair scholars can be obtained with the opinions of Islamic scholars, as compared to the issue of waiting for Imam Mahdi (as) from the point of view of these two thinkers, this assumption has been proven.

The debate over natural rights has been going on in various forms among thinkers for twenty-five centuries. The tradition of natural law has been introduced in different cultures and has undergone changes. Belief in this tradition has been discussed not only in religious traditions and theological and theological spheres, but also in the framework of secular rationalism.Proponents of natural rights in all periods have been concerned with the defense of human rights and have considered the three characteristics of universality, necessity and stability as characteristic of natural rights. In this article, an attempt has been made to explain and study the theory of natural rights in John Locke thought after stating his ontological, anthropological, methodological, axiological and epistemological principles. And finally use these principles to determine what changes and differences are achieved. Is the conventional theory the same or different from the Islamic theory?.

Traditions are the second source of knowledge of religion after the Quran, but since it is not a miracle and lacks immunity from distortion, with the passage of time from the time of issuance, there have been damaged, tamed and falsified, and the main way of revelation of the correct narrations from the non-supplying of the Quran And not to oppose it Considering the concept of contentment and the importance of consciousness from the viewpoint of the infallible in this regard, in the present research, the roots of the Qur'an and the typology of some of these narratives, which have sufficed in one of the most important Shi'a episodes, namely the book, have been considered. In addition, from among the eleven hadiths of this book, after removing the concepts repeatedly, eight hadiths were examined. In addition, the eighteen verses were introduced as Quranic roots of these narrations it was revealed that the relationship of these traditions with the verses mentioned It is more of a kind of jerry than matching, interpretive, and degrading.

This research tackled the manuscripts of the early Quran (through the data of Hijazi calligraphy and archaeological evidence), reviewing the spelling phenomena that characterized Quran writing in close relation to the reality of Arabic writing. It also attempted to enlist the characteristics of calligraphy in early Quran copies as influenced by Nabataean script or what might be called early Arabic calligraphy (Hijazi calligraphy), comparing it with early Arabic inscriptions. Moreover, the study identified the relationship between the spelling system used in writing early Quran copies and the one used in early Arabic inscriptions, and attempted to conceive ways of identifying and dating the early Quran manuscripts preserved in regional and international libraries. The study is mainly based on five copies of the Quran manuscripts preserved in international libraries and book houses; namely The Quran manuscript preserved in Berlin National Library (Berlin Quran), the Quran preserved in Birmingham University Library (Birmingham Quran), Tübingen University Library Quran (Tübingen Quran), the Quran preserved in the National Library in Paris (Paris Quran), and the Quran preserved in the British Library in London (London Quran). This is in 1. Bachelor's student of the Holy Quran University of Sciences and Education, Tehran. Nahidahmadi1377@yahoo.com 2. Doctoral student of Quran and Hadith Sciences, Arak University. Majidnabavi1366@gmail.com, 115 Abstracts addition to a collection of stone inscriptions and early dated papyrus received. The identification of the origin of Arabic calligraphy is significant for researchers of ancient Arabic inscriptions and of the Quran, whether in terms of the manuscripts or the drawings and other related sciences. Such identifications also enables identifying the characteristics of this calligraphy, especially the early ones with which the first Quran was written to explain those sciences and others, and to resolve the debate on the origin of the calligraphy with which the Quran in the era of the Prophet peace be upon him was written and copied in the era of the Caliphs, may Allah be pleased with them all. There are many trends and theories in determining the origin of the Hijazi Arabic calligraphy with which the Quran was written. A researcher of early dated Arabic inscriptions can easily identify a well-established writing system that writers followed, no matter how well that system resulted in conformity between what is written and what is pronounced. The study concluded with a set of findings and recommendations, the most important of which are: The study proved that the early Quran copies received (samples of study) were copied and written in soft Hijazi calligraphy. The study and the models of Quran manuscripts used proved the authenticity of the Holy Quran, despite the claims of Orientalists and skeptics. The study revealed that most of the tithing marks were later on added in the early Quran manuscripts after their copying The study proved that among the main criteria that assist in dating the Quran manuscripts, especially the early ones, are their technical standards, as well as the linguistic standards in comparison with the cultural heritage, and then the radioactive carbon (C14) examination.

From the beginning of creation, animals have always been a part of human life and have been mentioned many times in the Holy Quran as signs of divine power and greatness. On this occasion, man is not only the bird from kingdom in the cage of the body, but also a happy beginning to know how all creatures, including animals, were created, evolved and lived. Therefore, many rules have been enacted regarding the observance of animal rights, which are based on the three principles including basic health and function maintenance, natural life and emotional states. Here, cooperation and knowledgeable actions in animal communities are mentioned, as well as the broad aspects of animal rights from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence, the constitution, research studies and global statements of international organizations and various countries. Animal rights cover a wide range from providing their basic needs for food, hygiene, health, freedom, comfort and reproduction to preventing mistreatment, harming, excessive exploitation, etc. The behaviors and conscious decisions of animals indicate the existence of their thoughts and consciousness. Animals have minds, the ability to suffer, sentience and emotions, emotions that can be hurt, so they need care, respect and fair treatment.