مجله طب پیشگیری
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 26، تابستان 1401)

Objective:

 Myiasis is caused by the invasion of eggs and larvae of some flies into living or dead tissues of the host. This study aims to determine the prevalence of human myiasis and its epidemiological aspects in Iran during 2013-2020.

Methods:

 This is a review study. A search was conducted in Google Scholar, Scopus, Scimago, PubMed, IranMedex, MagIran and ISC databases using the MeSH keywords for all studies reported the human myiasis cases in Iran during 2013-2020.

Results :

A total of 26 human myiasis cases were reported in Iran from 2013 to 2020. The most cases were reported in 2015 (n=5, 26.9%). Most of patients were at the age group >60 years (n=10, 38.5%); 50 %of patients were male and 50% were female; 88.5% lived in urban areas and 11.5% in rural areas. Oral myiasis (n=6, 23.1%) followed by ophtalmomyiasis and intestinal myiasis each with 5 cases (19.2%) were the most common types. The reported species were Megaselia scalaris, Sarchophaga Fertoni, oestrus ovis, Lucilia sericata, Chrysomia bezziana, Eristalis tenax, Lucilia illustris, Calliphora vicina, Sarchophaga argyrostoma, and two unidentified species from the Psychoda sp. and Sarcophaga sp. The species Lucilia sericata with 7 cases (26.9%) and Chrysomia bezziana with 5 cases (19.2%) were the most common species. The mean number of larvae removed from the patients was 21.5±5.4.

Conclusion:

  Human myiasis is an infectious disease. Therefore, it requires health interventions in the form of increasing public awareness to prevent the disease prevalence.

Objective :

This study aims to design a local community-oriented readiness model (CRM) for Iranian medical universities in providing healthcare services to earthquake victims.

Methods:

 This is an applied-exploratory study conducted at two phases: (1) Designing a CRM for Iranian medical universities in providing healthcare services to earthquake victims (Qualitative approach), (2) Fitting and assessing the CRM (Quantitative approach). In the qualitative phase, a panel of experts including university professors in crisis management, senior managers of medical universities, and consultants in the field of crisis management were considered as the study population. In this phase, a purposive sampling method was used and sampling continued until theoretical saturation was reached. In the quantitative phase, the study population consisted of senior, middle-level and operational managers of 50 medical universities (n=500). Using Krejcie and Morgan’s table, 217 were selected as samples by a cluster sampling method. Eleven interviews were conducted in this study. The data collection tool in the quantitative phase was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 40 items, which was distributed and collected online. In the quantitative phase, test the hypotheses were analyzed in LISREL software.

Results:

 It was found that causal conditions had a positive and significant effect on the necessity of community-oriented readiness of medical universities in providing healthcare services at the time of earthquakes (t=0.46). The necessity of community-oriented readiness of universities of medical sciences had a positive and significant effect on the implementation of strategies in providing healthcare services at the time of earthquakes (t=0.61). Environmental conditions had a positive and significant effect on the implementation of strategies in providing healthcare services at the time of earthquakes (t=0.20). Moreover, the implementation of community-oriented strategies by medical universities had a positive and significant effect on reducing costs (t=0.55) and casualties (t=0.68), and on social capital capability (t=0.74).

Conclusion:

 The presented CRM has a good fit and, therefore, can be suitable for evaluating the community-oriented readiness of medical universities in Iran for providing healthcare services to the earthquake victims.

Objective :

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of emotion regulation skills training to reduce perceived stress and increase self-efficacy and improve sleep quality in the elderly with type 2 diabetes.

Methods:

 The present study was an applied study and its method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The study population was all elderly people aged 65 years and older with type 2 diabetes living in Kish Island in the year 1400. Thirty of them were selected as a sample group by purposive sampling and then were randomly divided into experimental and control groups.
Then, the experimental group was exposed to 8 sessions of emotion regulation training and in three stages of pre-test-post-test and follow-up through Cohen et al. (2004) Perceived Stress Scale. Scherer et al. (1982) self-efficacy questionnaire and Pittsburgh (1989) sleep quality questionnaire were evaluated. Data analysis was performed by repeated measures analysis using SPSS software v. 26.

Results :

results showed that the interactive effect of time×group on perceived stress (P=0.001, F=42.02), on self-efficacy (P=0.001, F=81.845) And on the quality of sleep of the elderly (P=0.001, F=5.410) is significant at a significant level (P<0.01) and the effect of intervention leads to a reduction in stress, and increase self-efficacy and sleep quality in experimental group.

Conclusion:

 Based on the findings of this study, emotion regulation training can be used to reduce perceived stress and improve self-efficacy and sleep quality in the elderly with type 2 diabetes.

Objective :

The patients with myocardial ischemia gradually stop following their treatment and self-care behaviors due to high involvement with the treatment process. The present study aims to investigate the effect of an educational intervention based on the protection motivation theory (PMT) on the self-care of patients with myocardial ischemia.

Methods:

 This is a mixed-method (quantitative and qualitative) study. In the first phase, the qualitative approach using grounded theory was used. In the second phase (quantitative), a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test design and a control group was conducted. The study population included all patients with myocardial ischemia referred to the Payamabar-e-Azam Hospital in Bandar Abbas, Iran in 2020. Of whom, 82 were selected using a purposive sampling method and randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received the educational intervention at 6 sessions of 90 minutes. The self-care questionnaire of Miller et al. (1982) was used to collect data. The data were analyzed using MANCOVA in SPSS v. 23 software.

Results:

 The results showed that the intervention based on the PMT had significant effect on the self-care of patients (F=144.77, P<0001, eta squared=0.65) such that it led to the increase of self-care in patients.

Conclusion:

 The educational intervention based on the PMT, by relying on proper nutrition, self-care skills, increasing awareness, and relaxation exercises, can be used to increase the self-care of the patients with myocardial ischemia.

Objective:

 Infertility is affected by various factors. The hookah use can aggravate this problem. This study aims to determine the effect of hookah use on male infertility.

Methods :

This is a cross-sectional study on 40 men with hookah use and 40 non-users who referred to Imam Reza Hospital in Bandar Abbas, Iran in 2019. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, and semen parameters were analyzed. Independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Chi-square test were used to assess the relationship of hookah use with infertility-related parameters in abnormal and normal sperms of the two groups.

Results :

There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic parameters; hookah use was more in young and employed men with academic education. Means of sperm count,  motile sperm, sperms with progressive sperm motility, inactive sperms with progressive motility, and normal-shape sperms in the hookah users were 22±12, 35±10, 6±3, 21±6, 34±8 %, respectively, which were significantly lower than in non-users.

Conclusion:

 Given the adverse effects of hookah use on male fertility, health managers should increase the awareness of people about its effects.

Objective:

 The stress and anxiety following high-risk pregnancies can lead to adverse perinatal outcomes. Identifying effective predictors is one of the most important aspects of preventive measures. This study aims to determine the perceived stress and its predictors in pregnant women with gestational hypertension.

Methods:

 This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2021 on 100 pregnant women with gestational hypertension in Tabriz, Iran. Sampling was done by a convenience method.  Data were collected using a demographic-obstetric form, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Data analysis was performed in SPSS v. 22 software using statistical tests such as Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, and multivariate linear regression analysis. P<0.05 was statistically significant.

Results:

 The mean of age and number of pregnancies were 28.67±4.38 years and 2.30±0.822, respectively. Maternal education, infant gender, previous pregnancy problems (P<0.001), number of pregnancies (P= 0.037), and perceived social support (P=0.002) were the predictors of perceived stress. Among these variables, experience of problems in previous pregnancies (β=0.300) and perceived social support (β=-0.273) had the highest impact on perceived stress. Perceived social support had indirect effect on the perceived stress of women.

Conclusion:

 Due to the high perceived stress in pregnant women with hypertension, it is necessary to pay attention to appropriate sources to provide social supports to them. In addition, it seems logical to use adaptive coping strategies against pregnancy problems to reduce their stress.

Objective:

 Assessment of patients’ demographic characteristics and symptoms of pancreatic adenocarcinoma are of particular importance to find possible risk factors. This study aims to survey the demographic characteristics and disease manifestations in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Methods:

 This retrospective study was conducted on 600 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma referred to Firoozgar Hospital in Tehran, Iran in 2020. Disease manifestations and general characteristics of patients including family and personal history of disease, and blood group of patients were extracted from their files. Then, they were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results :

The Mean±SD age of patients was 62.02±13.31 years; 58.7% were male and 41.3% were female. The most common site of adenocarcinoma was in the head of the pancreas (65.2%). The most common blood group was O+ (9.5%), and the main disease symptom was abdominal pain (75.3%). Among the risk factors, the most common factors were cigarette smoking, family history of other cancers, opium use, diabetes, hypertension, history of gallstones, and history of gallbladder polyps. The least common risk factors were history of extrahepatic gallstones, history of primary sclerosing cholangitis, history of viral hepatitis, methadone use, alcohol use, and history of pancreatitis. None of the patients had a history of inflammatory bowel disease or gallbladder polyps.

Conclusion:

 Cigarette smoking, family history of other cancers, opium use, history of type 2 diabetes, and history of hypertension are the most common risk factors of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Objective :

This study aims to determine the effect of an educational intervention based on the health belief model (HBM) on physical activity of obese women.

Methods :

This is a quasi-experimental study that was conducted on 220 (110 in the intervention group and 110 in the control group) referred to comprehensive health centers in Minab, Iran, who were selected by a cluster sampling method. Information was collected by a three-part questionnaire, and the intervention was provided at 4 sessions of 45 minutes. Data were analyzed in SPSS v. 26 software using paired t-test, independent t-test, chi-square test, and McNemar’s test.

Results:

 There was no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups in mean score of knowledge, metabolic equivalent of task, and HBM constructs before the educational intervention. However, three months after the intervention, a statistically significant difference was observed. Before the intervention 3 women (2.7%) in the intervention group had appropriate physical activity; after the intervention, 22 women (20%) had appropriate physical activity and this difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). In the control group, 4 women (3.6%) had appropriate physical activity before the intervention and 2 women (1.8%) had appropriate physical activity after the intervention (P=0.500).

Conclusion:

 The educational intervention based on the HBM can increase physical activity and improve health belief in obese women.