فصلنامه روستا و توسعه
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 98، تابستان 1401)

Agriculture as the main source of livelihood for rural residents of the developing countries is inherently sensitive to climate variability and change. Among different climatic events, drought is frequently identified as a major threat to agricultural. In order to reduce the negative impacts of drought on livelihoods, increasing the resilience of farmers is necessary. Improving the sustainable livelihoods of rural people has received growing attention during last decades and is one of the main goals of sustainable rural development. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate and analyze the resilience of farmers and provide livelihood strategies in the central part of Shazand County based on random sampling of 12 villages. The aforementioned villages to assess the resilience, the four dimensions of economic, social, and institutional infrastructure based environmental were used based on the sustainable livelihood framework, was used. The findings of the study showed that the farmers' resilience to drought conditions is in unsustainable economic and institutional dimensions and in the environmental and social indicators of a stable situation. The results of cluster analysis method, five livelihood strategies for compensating and resilient farmers against drought including the first strategy for deep-seated agriculture and increasing productivity, second, third and fourth strategies for diversification into non-agricultural and domestic activities and ultimately the strategy. Fifth, based on the desire to migrate, was identified and presented.

the present study uses a descriptive-analytic approach to investigate the satisfaction level of quality of life in the rural areas of northern Savadkouh County. In order to achieve this goal, a questionnaire containing criteria and variables related to quality of life was first set up. its validity was measured by experts' opinion and its reliability was measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.863). Then, through sampling (Cochran method) and according to the number of households (2496 households), 346 questionnaires were distributed to answer the research questions among the households' supervisors. Finally, in order to analyze the data collected from the questionnaire in the first stage, the weight of the criteria of the research using the Shanon Entropy technique In the second stage, the status of the rating and satisfaction of residents with quality of life was determined using the copra's technique. The results of the research show that among the 15 villages studied, the highest numbers of villages (8 villages) are dissatisfied with the quality of life situation in their villages. The two villages of Faramarz Kola and Berenjestanak were 56.24% and 43.8%, respectively, with a moderate satisfaction of quality of life, Also, 20 percent of the studied villages, three of Iwak villages, Burkhill and Bachell, were ranked first to third with a score of 100, 98.56, and 39.92 percent in a state of complete satisfaction with quality of life.

The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of B2B e-business portal among Moghan plain’s gardeners in 2020. In present study, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by Cronbach's coefficient alpha (higher that 0.7) and experts’ viewpoint, respectively.The statistical population of the study included all gardeners in Moghan plain (N = 1250), 267 of whom were studied based on Cochran's formula and using stratified sampling technique with proportional assignment. In this study, the Jaworski’s 7Cs framework (includes the elements of context, communication, content, customisation, commerce, community, and connection) was analyzed using the analytic hierarchy process technique and by partial least squares method. The results indicated that among the seven elements studied, commerce in an electronic portal is the most important one and then there are the elements of content, community, customisation, communication, context and connections, respectively. In general, gardeners at first emphasize the services that are needed during the formation of a transaction. These services may include trust between the parties to sell the products, the availability of product delivery support, the ability of track the products, the security of the products sold and so on.

One of the basic preconditions for achieving sustainable development and the most basic criteria of welfare in any society is promoting social health.The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of social capital as one of the most important social factors affecting social health in rural households, which on the one hand, measures the various dimensions of social health and, on the other hand, analyzes the relationship between this phenomenon and social capital and its dimensions. This research is a descriptive-survey study that has investigated the structural relations of social health with five dimensions based on the theoretical foundations of Keyes theory and social capital with three dimensions of Nahapiet, and Ghoshal. The statistical population included rural households (384 people) in Shiraz. To estimate the reliability of the indicators, and measuring the reliability of each indicator using the Cronbach's alpha test, the comosite reliability index of social capital and social health was calculated to a desirable level (CR=0.72 and 0.82). The results showed that factors such as age, level of education, number of household members, amount of arable land and number of training courses had a significant relationship with social health and there was a causal relationship between the components of social capital and health with desirable indicators (RMSEA=0.07). The promotion of structural, communication and cognitive indicators of social capital are effective in the development of social health indicators in the society.

Sustainable development researchers believe in the irreplaceable role of institutions in the effectiveness of the development process. The importance and effectiveness of institutions is such that in the new approaches of sustainable development, it is considered as one of the four basic dimensions of sustainable development, and it is placed next to the economic, social and environmental dimensions. The present study examines the importance and effectiveness of institutions affecting the development of rural tourism using the application of network analysis. The present research method is descriptive-analytical. The main research tool is the questionnaire. The statistical population of this study is the households of the villages in four tourist target villages in Torqabeh district, Binalood county in Khorasan Razavi province. Necessary data were collected from 200 rural households in Torqabeh district. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the research tool (questionnaire) and KMO coefficient was used for the validity of the questionnaire. The results of the network analysis showed that the six effective institutions in the development of rural tourism are: the council, the villager, the private sector, the organization of cultural heritage, handicrafts and tourism, the district administration, NGOs and other government departments. Also, the results of the research showed that from the point of view of the villagers, the importance and effectiveness of local institutions such as the council, the villager and specialized institutions such as the private sector and the organization of cultural heritage, handicrafts and tourism in the development of tourism is more than other institutions involved in the development of rural tourism. Also, the willingness of villagers to participate with local and specialized institutions is more than with government institutions.

Though it is important, insufficient attention has been paid to explore rural facilitator women’s pro-environmental behaviors and understand its formation process. To narrow the research gap, this research built a theoretical research model by adding environmental knowledge into the theory of planned behavior to explore rural facilitator women’s pro-environmental behaviors. Data have been collected through questionnaire from 120 rural female facilitators in the Organization Agriculture-Jahad of Qom province, who were studied by the complete enumeration method. Validity of the questionnaire was approved based on the opinions of faculty members at Bu-Ali Sina University. The reliability of the research instrument was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficients. The results of structural equation modelling indicated that subjective norms and environmental attitude were positively and significantly related to pro-environmental intentions. In addition, pro-environmental intentions and perceived behavioral control were found to be significantly associated with pro-environmental behaviors. The results revealed that environmental knowledge was positively related to subjective norms, environmental attitude, perceived behavioral control and pro-environmental intentions. It is, therefore, concluded that environmental knowledge plays an important role in determining pro-environmental intentions and behaviors among rural facilitator women.

In development theories, local leaders play a crucial role in rural development. However, having effective leadership is one of the challenges that rural communities face. Some believe that building a cohesive network of local leaders can help address this challenge. In this regard, the present study examines the effect of a rural development program called the carbon sequestration project on strengthening the cooperation network of local leaders in Golestan province. Using the social network analysis method, the communication network of local leaders of the three villages covered by this project was examined. The data collection tool was a questionnaire in which the cooperation link between local leaders before and after the implementation of the project was assessed. The results showed that the implementation of the carbon sequestration project has increased the parameters of the cooperation network of local leaders such as density, bonding ties, bridging ties, reciprocity, transitivity, and EI index. Besides, geodesic distance mean and network centralization have decreased. These findings show that after the implementation of the carbon sequestration project, the network of cooperation between local leaders has been strengthened, and therefore the network has more social capital and stability.

The sudden outbreak of Covid-19 has severely affected different sectors of the economy of each country, especially the agricultural sector, and has caused widespread disruptions in food systems, exports and imports of goods and agricultural production which shows the necessity to study these effects in order to adapt and deal with them. The study was aimed to analyze the effects of coronavirus outbreak on the rural economy of Nehbandan county in South Khorasan province. The statistical population of the study was all farmers in Nehbandan county which by calculating the Cochran's formula, about 232 farmers’ households were determined as the sample population. To select cases through the county, the multi-stage sampling and among villages, random sampling was used and data collection was done through a questionnaire. Data analysis was done through exploratory factor analysis approach. The results showed that due to the outbreak of Corona virus, both supply and demand for agricultural products have decreased. In contrast, the purchase price of agricultural inputs, the selling price of products, labor wages and rents of agricultural land have increased, which indicates the increase in agricultural costs. On the other hand, the access to agricultural inputs such as machinery and especially agricultural labor has been greatly reduced, which has increased the time of planting and harvesting. Furthermore, agricultural and even non-agricultural incomes have decreased and along with increasing in living expenses and unemployment, have led to a decrease in the welfare and livelihood of rural households. It is suggested that government and officials provide credit and training packages to support farmers during the outbreak of the covid-19.

Despite the importance of handicrafts in the rural economy, these industries have lost their initial position in many parts of the country, including the village of Oramanat Takht. One of the solutions to this problem is to improve the handicraft market. Given that tourists are the main buyers of handicrafts in touristic rural areas, investigating their buying behavior can help improve the handicraft market. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the role of factors related to helping behavior on tourists' buying behavior towards rural handicrafts. The statistical population of the study was tourists who had traveled to Oramanat Takht village in Sarvabad county located in Kurdistan province in June of 2020 (N= 300). Using a table of Karajsi and Morgan and Convenience Sampling method 173 tourists were selected as sample. The data-gathering tool was a questionnaire, which its validity was evaluated in three ways: Form, construct (By university professors) and discriminant; and its reliability were investigated through the composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha Using SmartPLS software. The results of data analysis showed that the factors related to helping behavior (Empathic concern, Perceived similarity, Local patriotism, and Social concern) have positive and significant impact of on tourists' attitude towards rural handicrafts. In addition, attitude towards handicrafts had a positive and significant effect on the intention and buying behavior of tourist towards rural handicrafts. Therefore, it is suggested that the necessary platform be provided to stimulate the helping behavior of tourists in order to support rural handicrafts through various media.

In recent years, improvement of rural sustainable livelihood has been the focus of attention for many researchers. Doing business and the ability to earn the livelihood for family is vital especially for the residents of rural areas; and creating opportunities for sustainable livelihood with appropriate income is the best way to lift people out of poverty. Increasing job opportunities is a complicated challenge; and the private sector can be the best source of economic growth and employment creation because of its activity in the free market. This survey has been prepared with analyzing the effects of development of poultry industry on improving the sustainable livelihood of rural families in Aq Qala. It is an applied survey that uses descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population includes all 675 rural workers in the poultry industry out of which 250 individuals were determined as the sample size by the use of Cochrane's formula. Data collections tool were researcher-made questionnaire including 66 variables whose content validity was achieved by professors and reliability was achieved 0.93 by the use of Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was conducted by the use of Chi-square correlation analysis, Friedman mean value comparison and Spearman correlation coefficient in SPSS software, and the maps were prepared by the use of ArcGIS. The results achieved from tests show that there is a significant relationship with up to 99% confidence between development of poultry industry and dimensions of sustainable livelihood; and development of poultry industry has improved the indicators of sustainable livelihood. Its result is employment and income increase, improvement of training and food security, improvement of welfare, decrease of villagers' immigration to cities, decrease of vulnerability and regaining human dignity. Therefore, for the development and expansion of this industry, it is recommended to attract investments and use the capacity of knowledge-based companies to breed poultry.