نشریه علوم اجتماعی
سال هجدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 38، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Since human resources has a great role in fulfilling organizational goals, the presence of high qualified workforces requires considering work ethics and managing tangible and intangible assets. The study tried to sociologically explore the relationship between capital factors, work ethics, and job performance among the employees of Kalat Industrial Town, Mashhad. The statistical population of the applied survey were all employees of Kalat Industrial Town, among of which 280 were randomly selected. A researcher-made questionnaire was designed for measuring social capital, cultural capital, economic capital, work ethics, and job performance variables. Measured the content validity and construct validity, and using internal consistency by the alpha Cronbach, its validity and reliability was confirmed. The results reported that:  a) only social capital has a significant and positive effect on employees’ work ethics; b) social and cultural capital have also a significant and positive effect on job performance; c) economic capital has no significant effect; d) work ethics has a significant effect on job performance of employees. The square of the multiple correlation coefficient of the structural equation model showed that the independent variables explain 33%, and the variance of work ethics as dependent variable 39% of the variance of the dependent variable of job performance. Accordingly, to boost job performance of employees, while considering work ethics, CEOs and staff of the companies should pay attention to capital factors of employees, especially social and cultural capital.

A moral value ​​as an interdisciplinary concept is a set of rules and principles that humans use in life. This research aimed to standardize, validate and measure the reliability of the tool for measuring moral values. In line with the purpose of this survey, after studying and examining tools available in the world (standard tools) and also completing the gaps in these tools (by the researchers in the process of conducting the research), a comprehensive tool was taken and out of all the citizens over 20 years of age in Kermanshah in 2019, 440 people were selected. The selection and data of this study were collected by cluster random sampling method. SPSS and AMOS software were used for data analysis. Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.936, the correlation between test halves is equal to 0.554, Guttman coefficient is 0.709, Spearman-Brown coefficient is 0.703, and the total explained variance of all dimensions together by factor analysis is 87.72. The results of the measurement model show that the CMIN/DF index is 4.58, the relative fit of CFI is 0.85, the Lewis coefficient is 0.80, and the RMSEA index is 0.08 that confirm the fit of the model. The results of this study showed that the validity of the tool used is confirmed by the use of formal and structural validity to estimate the reliability of Cronbach's alpha results, bisecting method and Spearman-Brown. Since some items of the studied questionnaires were not appropriate for the local culture, they were modified and normalized based on the opinions of experts to make the appropriate for the cultural situation of the Iranian society.

The purpose of this study was to present a model of ethnic-cultural empathy in virtual social networks with a national cohesion approach. To achieve this goal, qualitative methodology based on data theory (including open, axial and selective coding steps) using the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin was applied. In this regard, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with theoretical sampling and continuing the snowball technique with experts on the subject. The number of samples continued until the responses reached saturation (30 owners). To evaluate the reliability of data and interpretations, the criteria of interpretive research including reliability, transferability, reliability, verifiability (Lincolnogoba, 1998) and criteria of data theory including conformity, comprehensibility, generality and controllability (Strauss and Corbin) were used. The main phenomenon of the research was called “ethnic-cultural empathy in virtual social networks with a national cohesion approach”. Causal conditions for creating ethnic-cultural empathy in virtual social networks include social health, education and self-awareness, social initiative, ethnic justice, national unity, pluralism, coexistence and ethnicity. Substrate factors were ethnic activism, ethnic attitudes, ethnic identity and ethnic values. Intervening factors were cultural education, symbolism, management of ethnic differences and intercultural interventions. Strategies were the revival of ethnic rights, justice and development, content production, ethnic representation, branding, the use of religious teachings and education. Positive consequences were improving national security and economic development and negative consequences were reducing national cohesion, threat to national security and national divergence. They were concluded as the consequences of ethnic-cultural empathy in virtual social networks with the national cohesion approach in the paradigm model of the foundation data theory.

Informal economy is a manifestation of developments in the capitalist world is an important aspect of the urban economy. The primary goal of this research was to conduct a sociological analysis of the informal economy in Mashhad's outskirts, as well as a case study of the Qala-e-Khiaban neighborhood. To reach the goal, informal occupations were first classified and described while identifying informal occupations in the Qala-e-Khiaban neighborhood. A qualitative research method, semi-structured interview techniques, observation, and focus groups were used in this study. Residents, merchants, members of local community councils, and neighborhood elites who lived in the investigated region consisted the statistical population of this study. The most important findings indicated that 84 jobs in the informal economy sector are located in 21 occupational groups in the Qala-e-Khiaban neighborhood. Sociological analysis of informal occupations was done based on eight variables, including poverty persistence, the presence of women and children, social status, social exclusion, job specificity, social health, job instability, and a sense of powerlessness. The results showed that based on the quantity presented for these variables using factor analysis and cluster analysis, the jobs identified in this neighborhood were categorized into two main types: including informal jobs and semi-formal jobs.

The study tried to provide the readers with a better understanding of the social grounds, causes, and processes affecting mental disorders. The study was done using grounded theory. Deep interviews were conducted with 23 healed patients suffering from mental disorders and five members of their families. The analysis of the data resulted in the following categories: 1) life concerns, counseling and practical trainings, ignoring justice, and intra-group social capital are background conditions; 2) arguments and tension among members of family, emotionally sensitive personality, economical problems, and using drugs are causal conditions; 3) gullibility, lack of cognitive awareness, and inability in controlling social and personal feelings are intervening conditions; 4) emotional and encouraging supports and efficiency of treatments are interactions; 5) making tension and fear among family members, lack of responsibility for family and society, increased costs of family, and personal influences are the consequences. Finally, “vulnerable sensitive personality” was chosen as the main concept. The study showed that mental pressure has social roots and very close relationship with social structures and systems. Such factors as marriage, education, family relationships, economical problems, unemployment, and failed marriages make people more vulnerable against mental disorders.

According to theoretical and empirical studies, the factor of religion or religious orientation is one of the decisive factors in electoral behavior. In Iran, after the victory of the Revolution, religion was able to influence a larger area of life by controlling the institution of politics. Considering the importance of religion and the religious political system in Iran, lack of explanations from the side of religion, the theoretical biases regarding religion in society, and the empirical disturbances regarding the effects of religiosity on voter turnout in the prevailing foreign texts, and the lack of specific and reliable studies on this topic, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between religiosity and voter turnout in the cities of Iran in the 12th presidential elections in the cities of Iran. Comparison at the level of country was uses, secondary documents (second hand) and previous surveys were also used. The targeted statistical population includes all documented data in the cities of the country. The unit of analysis is the cities of the country and the statistical population of the study was 426 cities. The data of this study is aggregated data. The research showed that the effect of religious affiliation on turnout is influenced by the ethnicity of the city, and that the ethnicity of the city increases or decreases turnout, not religious affiliation. The research also showed that religiosity does not have a significant and fundamental impact on turnout; however, this does not mean that religiosity does not have an impact on election outcomes and voting preference. Religiosity indicators are more effective than turnout; they influence voting preference.

Though females are not presented positively Persian literature, and poets usually ignore them, but when they get the role of a wife they are somehow praised, even in classical literature that again their presence is not so clear. Women in contemporary sonnets have a lofty place. They are constantly praised by poets. Men usually do not appear in Persian sonnets, whether classic or contemporary, but when they appear, they usually are not praised but criticized by women. The study tried to investigate and analyze the praise and criticism of spouse (male-female) in Persian poetry and literature. Library resources were used and a descriptive-analytical method was applied. The results showed that in classical poetry, poets do not usually speak about their spouses and even if they praised them, the poems are so limited and mostly briefly praise them in the mourning of their deaths. Men even do not appear in these poems. In contemporary Persian sonnets, however, patriarchal or man oriented thoughts have been greatly reduced, so that poets’ wives are praised and even men are sometimes praised and sometimes criticized for just being spouse. Contemporarily, poets’ lyrical thoughts has changed as not only they praise their wives, they even mention their names in sonnets. This is not seen at all in Persian classical poetry. This issue is so tangible in contemporary poetry. Spouses get sometimes the position of the poets' lovers. No more do they praise an imaginary lover. Spouses only are praised by poets.