نشریه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی
پیاپی 81 (پاییز 1401)

Urbanologists have long held the view that the physical and social dynamics of public space play a central role in shaping public affairs and public culture. Identity of place is a prerequisite and precondition for sustainable planning and management for the value chain, social cohesion, formation and strengthening of civic and democratic culture, creating vitality and urban life at the level of individual and social actions of citizens in space. All of which are the building blocks of a good city and a meaningful urban identity. The purpose of this article is a comparative study of the components of identity of place in Abresan and Shariati street spaces of Tabriz.

The present paper is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data were collected using documentary sources (libraries) and field studies (researcher-made questionnaire). The statistical population of this study included the total users of both streets studied, in which 400 people were identified as the sample size. The research samples were selected using simple random sampling method in Abresan and Shariati street spaces. Two samples of Leven test and t-test were used to analyze the data.

Findings show that in total, Shariati Street in nine of the ten variables studied means the aesthetic and visual quality of space with an average (3.85), mental image of space with an average (3.78), the quality of city furniture with an average (3.75) ), The feeling of security in the street space with an average (3.66), the sense of belonging to a place with an average (3.60), the experimental and psychological space of people with an average (3.83), the lifestyle of residents with an average (3.54), the variety of people's activities in space With average (3.52), accessibility and permeability (3.50), sociability and population with average (3.35) have higher mean than water supply, respectively, the only variable in which Abresan has the upper hand, the variable of accessibility and permeability with average (3.75) in favor of Abresan Street and (3.50) in Shariati. In other words, such an arrangement is in fact the rank of each variable in Shariati and Abresan streets, which is based on the opinions of their street users..

 The general results of this study showed that of the three components in the form of ten categories studied identity of place, in general, Shariati Street in the traditional context of Tabriz produces more identity than modern Abresan in the modern context.

Inclusive city approach seeks to increase citizens' access to urban services and infrastructure through targeted and accessible investments.The city of Tabriz facing a major challenge in terms of the three basic dimensions of the inclusive city (spatial, social and economic inclusion); Because access to affordable infrastructure, land and housing (spatial dimension), the right to the city and participation in the urban management process (social dimension) and access to equal opportunities has become a major issue for urban development managers. Therefore, considering the issues and problems raised, the present study seeks to identify the factors affecting the inclusion of the city of Tabriz, to level the ten regions in terms of indicators.

The research method is descriptive-analytical. The steps and methods of conducting research, can be summarized in three steps. In the first step, the Delphi method has been used to identify the key factors of inclusive city. In the second step, Vensim model was used to find the cause and effect relationship between key factors. Then, VIKOR model was used to identify areas in terms of having the characteristics of an inclusive city and their ranking.

Based on the Delphi model, the key and influential factors on the formation of an inclusive city in the metropolis of Tabriz by thematic axes are presented in the table below.Table 1-1. Factors affecting the formation of an inclusive city in the metropolis of Tabriz Source: Results of the author's studies After identifying the effective factors and confirming their relationship to the formation of the inclusive city, these factors were modeled through Vensim software. The purpose of this software is to find optimal solutions in different situations that need to be analyzed. This software has the ability to simulate the dynamic behavior of systems by identifying causal loops and finding leverage points. Then, in order to analyze the cause-and-effect relationship (factors extracted in the Delphi model), key factors were entered into the relevant software. Findings obtained from Vensim model, show the effectiveness of two factors of spatial justice and resilience in the inclusive development of Tabriz.Then, in order to ranking the ten districts of Tabriz, the VIKOR model was used. Research indicators have been extracted according to the review of theoretical foundations and studies conducted in the field of inclusive city and urban sustainability. Therefore, after collecting the data and combining them, the raw data matrix of each criterion was defined in the study area. The decision matrix consists of options (rows) and criteria (columns). Our options are the ten districts of Tabriz metropolis and our criteria are 14 criteria that are given in the raw data table. The results of VIKOR model indicate that the comprehensiveness indicators of Tabriz city areas do not depend on the location of urban areas according to the north and south of the city. So that regions 9, 6, 2 and 8 have a good situation in terms of inclusive indicators. Areas 10, 1 and 4 are in the worst condition.

The study of inclusive cities, requires study the city in all economic, social and spatial dimensions. Accordingly, the Delphi model was used to investigate the factors affecting the inclusiveness of the city of Tabriz. The results of the Delphi model show that the main factors of the inclusiveness of Tabriz city, can be divided into four main categories. Part of the factors is related to the economic situation of the city (or community) which includes economic growth, unemployment, land and housing prices and other economic and financial factors. Another part is related to structural issues, laws and regulations and general policies and even infrastructures and popular institutions that affect the formation of an inclusive city in the city of Tabriz. Social and environmental causes are other factors that affect the future of these developments. In order to identify the most influential factors and cause and effect relationships between factors, the Venice model was used. The results of Vensim model show that the two factors of resilience and spatial justice have the greatest impact on leading the city of Tabriz to inclusiveness. The results of VIKOR model show that the inclusive indicators of Tabriz city areas do not depend on the location of urban areas with respect to the north and south of the city. So that regions 9, 6, 2 and 8 have a good situation in terms of inclusive indicators and regions 10, 1 and 4 are in the worst condition.

 Due to the expansion of cities and population growth, the study of residential satisfaction of residents to meet future needs and achieve sustainable development, has found a special place in various studies. Residential satisfaction is examined on the basis of many components and is considered as a tool for decision making and policy making. In this regard, the study of residential satisfaction in the city of Rasht as the largest and most populous city in Gilan province is important. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the components of good urban governance in creating residential satisfaction in Rasht with a future study approach. The present study has been applied in terms of descriptive-analytical and exploratory methods. Data collection is by documentary method as well as survey based on Delphi technique. First, 35 factors were identified as effective factors in residential satisfaction in Rasht according to the components of good urban governance and in the next step, Micmac software was used to analyze the data and the type of questionnaire was a matrix of interactions and According to the opinions of experts and specialists in urban planning in Rasht. The weighting of this questionnaire is measured by pairwise comparisons and the relationship between variables and numbers between zero and three. Finally, 13 key factors were identified and 29 possible situations were considered for key factors. The Wizard Scenario Questionnaire was also designed as an interaction matrix and provided to experts. the questionnaire ranges from +3 to -3 varying. management and integrated urban planning, participation of local citizens and communities, the existence of infrastructure and mechanisms necessary for citizen intervention and cooperation with the municipality has the highest consistency value among key factors in improving the quality of the Rasht city's residential satisfaction within the framework of good urban governance.the study of residential satisfaction of residents has been one of the most important research topics in various fields.  Residential satisfaction assessment is based on many components and covers a wide range; Such as social-components, cultural-components, physical-components, service-components, and economic-components There are several main reasons for paying special attention to this issue. From the first point of view, residents' evaluation of residential environments can be considered as one of the most important criteria for measuring the achievement of goals and evaluating the success rate of any project. From the second point of view, residential satisfaction is considered as one of the important indicators of the general quality of life of individuals. Rasht is the most populous city in Gilan province. For this reason, the existence of components of good urban governance in meeting the needs of this population and housing satisfaction of people is necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the components of good urban governance in creating residential satisfaction.

The present study is applied in terms of descriptive-analytical method, which in line with the basics of futures science, research on the situation of residential satisfaction in the framework of good urban governance in Rasht. In this regard, data collection in the theoretical part by documentary method and in the practical part by survey, has been based on the Delphi technique. Due to the fact that Mick Mac software and Scenario Wizard have been used to analyze the data, the type of questionnaire is in the form of a matrix of interactions and is based on the opinions of experts and specialists. To identify the key factors by Mick Mac software, after identifying the factors affecting residential satisfaction, an interaction questionnaire was designed. Its validity was conducted by experts in the form of interviews. The statistical population of the study is 20 experts and specialists (geography and urban planning of Rasht). The weighting of this questionnaire is measured by pairwise comparisons and the relationship between variables and numbers between zero and three. Then, different possible situations were considered for each of the key factors and interaction effects were designed in the form of a questionnaire. Then the questionnaire was completed by the statistical community and through the Ensemble feature in the Scenario Wizard software, the questionnaires were entered into the software.

 Mick Mac software and cross-matrix analysis have been used to extract the key factors affecting residential satisfaction in Rasht within the framework of good urban governance and the output of this software (key factors) will be used as input to the Wizard scenario software. 35 factors as effective factors in residential satisfaction in Rasht in the framework of good urban governance have been identified and studied with Mick Mac software to extract the main factors affecting residential satisfaction in Rasht (in this software the effect of variables on each other from zero to three Is valued). 29 possible situations were created for 13 key factors affecting the improvement of residential satisfaction in Rasht. The scenarios provided by ScenarioWizard software were 10,000 scenarios, of which 1294 are valid and 2 scenarios are highly compatible. Of the two scenarios with high compatibility, the first scenario shows the favorable conditions and the second scenario shows the critical conditions for the future of residential satisfaction in Rasht within the framework of good urban governance. In order to improve the situation of residential satisfaction, the possible probable situation should be strengthened and the possible critical situation should be weakened.

 According to the obtained results, the first scenario is the best progressive scenario for improving the residential satisfaction situation in Rasht within the framework of good urban governance. With the realization of this scenario, 100% of the determinants of residential satisfaction in Rasht will be achieved. All 13 key factors in this scenario are among the possible probable situations and there are no critical and static factors in this scenario. The possible situations selected in this scenario have many positive effects on the factor of improving the residential satisfaction situation in Rasht within the framework of good urban governance. The second scenario is a critical scenario that with the realization of this scenario, the situation of influential factors in the future of residential satisfaction in Rasht will reach its worst. It is better for the initial measures to be in the direction of resolving the critical situations so that the system moves towards stability and the influential factors in the first scenario have their positive impact process. Integrated urban management and planning, citizen participation and local communities, the existence of necessary infrastructure and mechanisms for citizen intervention and cooperation of non-governmental organizations with the municipality are among the highest values of compatibility related to key factors in the future of residential satisfaction in Rasht.

The results of the study showed that the correlation headley cell and subtropical jet on the atmosphere Iran at the level 200 hPa has a positive correlation with a value of 0.4-0.7 to 35 ° latitude and also regression analysis showed that in latitudes between 15 35 degrees north of the subtropical jet 1(m/s) is higher than normal, although in 2017 up to latitudes 30 degrees north showed an increase of 2(m/s), which had a negative effect on rainfall.

The relationship between Hadley cell and olr in the southern, southwestern and southeastern regions of Iran with a value of 0.4 and the Zagros and northwestern heights of Iran with a value of 0.7 and regression with a value of (w/m2) 0.01 more than normal.

It acts as a tangible source of heat in the middle Wordspehr and the heat is added directly to the middle Wordspehr and causes heating of the upper half of the Wordspehr.

Regression 2 to 1 is shown. Low relative humidity along with the dried air mass is located below the descending branches of the headley cell, which has ruled the drought conditions (-0/7) showed that it creates conditions for lack of rainfall and drought.

Land subsidence is commonly referred to as vertical downward movements of the earth's surface that can be accompanied by a slight horizontal vector. Land subsidence is a global problem and a morphological phenomenon. This phenomenon is affected by human activities and natural factors that may become a threat to humans and human achievements. The phenomenon of subsidence, although imperceptible and gradual, but is associated with many risks, including the creation of potholes, failure and cracking of buildings, skewing of high facilities, damage to agricultural facilities, breakage and destruction of stairs Roads and network of urban thoroughfares. Therefore, this issue affects the urban areas more, which if not addressed can lead to many human and financial losses. Accordingly, monitoring the rate of land subsidence in order to reduce the negative effects as well as controlling its development process, will be very important and it is necessary to regularly estimate the area subsidence trend. Due to the importance of the issue, in recent years, various studies have been conducted in the field of subsidence and advances in the field of remote sensing have led to monitoring the phenomenon of subsidence, unlike in the past, with greater accuracy and speed. One of the methods that has received a lot of attention in recent years is the radar interference method, which has high accuracy and speed in processing information and monitoring land surface changes, so in this study, this method is used to monitor the situation. Subsidence of cities located in Hamedan-Bahar plain has been used.

In this study, in accordance with the intended objectives of Sentinel 1 radar images (73 radar images during the period 16/01/2015 to 14/01/20120), the information of piezometric wells in the region (related to the Water and Regional Organization of Hamadan Province ) And the 30 m SRTM digital elevation model have been used as research data. Important research tools also include GMT (for radar interference measurement and SBAS time series) and ARCGIS (for mapping). This research has been done in 2 general stages. In the first stage, the amount of subsidence in the area is assessed using radar images. In order to perform this step, radar interferometry and SBAS time series method have been used. In the second stage, the annual drop in groundwater in the region is evaluated. At this stage, in order to assess the annual drop in groundwater in the region, information about 25 piezometric wells located in the study area in the period of 1375 to 1395 has been used.

The study of subsidence results in the study cities indicates that the average annual subsidence in the urban area of Hamedan was about 23 mm, the highest amount of which was related to the western regions of the city. The average annual subsidence in the urban area of Bahar was about 9 mm, the highest rate of subsidence was in the southern areas of the urban area. The average annual subsidence in the urban area of Salehabad with 6 mm was lower than other cities, but the average annual subsidence of Lalejin with 47 mm was the highest among cities. Also, in this research, information related to 25 piezometric wells (statistical periods of wells related to the years 1375 to 1695) located in the study area has been used. Examination of the level of water level drop in the studied wells indicates that these wells have faced a lot of water level drop, so the average annual drop of wells is calculated between 100 to 2070 mm. The study of the spatial status of groundwater depletion indicates that the middle areas of the study area have the highest average annual groundwater level depletion.

The results obtained from the assessment of subsidence in the studied urban areas indicate that the highest amount of subsidence occurred in the urban area of Lalejin, so that this area during a period of 5 years (01/16/2015 to 01/14 / 2020) had a subsidence between 26 and 234 mm (average annual 47 mm). In this study, the situation of groundwater resources decline has also been evaluated. The results show that the average annual drop of wells in the region is between 100 to 2070 mm, which is the highest rate of decline in the middle areas of the study area, and given that in this region, the highest rate of subsidence also occurred. Given that there is a significant relationship between land subsidence and groundwater level decline (correlation 0.7). In fact, a study of the subsidence of cities in relation to the decline of groundwater resources indicates that the city of Lalejin, due to its location in the middle of the area and the high annual rate of groundwater decline, had the highest rate of subsidence. Also, the results of evaluations have shown that in addition to the decrease of groundwater resources, constructions have also played a role in increasing the rate of subsidence, so that the city of Hamedan has faced less groundwater loss than the city of Bahar, but it had more subsidence. Considering that the highest rate of subsidence occurred in the western, southern and eastern regions of Hamedan urban area and these areas have faced a lot of physical development in recent years, so it can be said that in addition to water loss Underground, the development of construction has also played an important role in the rate of subsidence in this city.

Precipitation is one of the most important and variable climatic elements that changes in time and place. Critical rainfall at various time scales, especially daily, causes severe damage to human communities in densely populated urban areas and natural ecosystems and affects many arid economies. Earth outgoing long-wave radiation is studied as a significant parameter to detect clouds and estimate this type of precipitation. The current study aims to examine the relationship and analysis of outgoing long-wave radiation variables and precipitation values in Arc GIS software environment for the four cold months 17 statistical years in Iran using AIRS sensor products of Aqua satellite and GPM satellite. Correlation and regression models and confidence interval estimation were used to measure the correlation of long-wave radiation output in predicting precipitation patterns and their changes. According to the results obtained in all months studied, In the whole country, except Caspian Sea basin in January, parts of the central and eastern plateau of eastern Iran, there is a negative correlation of 10 to 92%, Which indicates that the country's atmosphere is humid and prevents the release of outgoing long-wave radiation. In the western rainfall areas of the Zagros Mountains, negative correlations above 70% and outgoing long-wave radiation is less than 260 W⋅m−2 which is due to cloudy and humid atmosphere with precipitation.In December and February, the rainfall areas north of the Caspian Sea basin range have negative correlations of above 50% and OLR less than 235 W⋅m−2 of rainfall and the reason for the lower numerical value north of the Alborz mountain range to predict is the existence of high relative humidity in the region, which is the cause of less outgoing long-wave radiation output of the earth.

Land subsidence is commonly referred to as vertical downward movements of the earth's surface that can be accompanied by a slight horizontal vector. Land subsidence is a global problem and a morphological phenomenon. This phenomenon is affected by human activities and natural factors that may become a threat to humans and human achievements. The phenomenon of subsidence, although imperceptible and gradual, but is associated with many risks, including the creation of potholes, failure and cracking of buildings, skewing of high facilities, damage to agricultural facilities, breakage and destruction of stairs Roads and network of urban thoroughfares. Therefore, this issue affects the urban areas more, which if not addressed can lead to many human and financial losses. Accordingly, monitoring the rate of land subsidence in order to reduce the negative effects as well as controlling its development process, will be very important and it is necessary to regularly estimate the area subsidence trend. Due to the importance of the issue, in recent years, various studies have been conducted in the field of subsidence and advances in the field of remote sensing have led to monitoring the phenomenon of subsidence, unlike in the past, with greater accuracy and speed. One of the methods that has received a lot of attention in recent years is the radar interference method, which has high accuracy and speed in processing information and monitoring land surface changes, so in this study, this method is used to monitor the situation. Subsidence of cities located in Hamedan-Bahar plain has been used.

In this study, in accordance with the intended objectives of Sentinel 1 radar images (73 radar images during the period 16/01/2015 to 14/01/20120), the information of piezometric wells in the region (related to the Water and Regional Organization of Hamadan Province ) And the 30 m SRTM digital elevation model have been used as research data. Important research tools also include GMT (for radar interference measurement and SBAS time series) and ARCGIS (for mapping). This research has been done in 2 general stages. In the first stage, the amount of subsidence in the area is assessed using radar images. In order to perform this step, radar interferometry and SBAS time series method have been used. In the second stage, the annual drop in groundwater in the region is evaluated. At this stage, in order to assess the annual drop in groundwater in the region, information about 25 piezometric wells located in the study area in the period of 1375 to 1395 has been used.

The study of subsidence results in the study cities indicates that the average annual subsidence in the urban area of Hamedan was about 23 mm, the highest amount of which was related to the western regions of the city. The average annual subsidence in the urban area of Bahar was about 9 mm, the highest rate of subsidence was in the southern areas of the urban area. The average annual subsidence in the urban area of Salehabad with 6 mm was lower than other cities, but the average annual subsidence of Lalejin with 47 mm was the highest among cities. Also, in this research, information related to 25 piezometric wells (statistical periods of wells related to the years 1375 to 1695) located in the study area has been used. Examination of the level of water level drop in the studied wells indicates that these wells have faced a lot of water level drop, so the average annual drop of wells is calculated between 100 to 2070 mm. The study of the spatial status of groundwater depletion indicates that the middle areas of the study area have the highest average annual groundwater level depletion.

The results obtained from the assessment of subsidence in the studied urban areas indicate that the highest amount of subsidence occurred in the urban area of Lalejin, so that this area during a period of 5 years (01/16/2015 to 01/14 / 2020) had a subsidence between 26 and 234 mm (average annual 47 mm). In this study, the situation of groundwater resources decline has also been evaluated. The results show that the average annual drop of wells in the region is between 100 to 2070 mm, which is the highest rate of decline in the middle areas of the study area, and given that in this region, the highest rate of subsidence also occurred. Given that there is a significant relationship between land subsidence and groundwater level decline (correlation 0.7). In fact, a study of the subsidence of cities in relation to the decline of groundwater resources indicates that the city of Lalejin, due to its location in the middle of the area and the high annual rate of groundwater decline, had the highest rate of subsidence. Also, the results of evaluations have shown that in addition to the decrease of groundwater resources, constructions have also played a role in increasing the rate of subsidence, so that the city of Hamedan has faced less groundwater loss than the city of Bahar, but it had more subsidence. Considering that the highest rate of subsidence occurred in the western, southern and eastern regions of Hamedan urban area and these areas have faced a lot of physical development in recent years, so it can be said that in addition to water loss Underground, the development of construction has also played an important role in the rate of subsidence in this city.

Perhaps housing can also Introduced as the main factor and objective of shaping skeleton and structure of the city, because firstly whatever of cities explicitly at citizenry possession, are homes and housing; secondary, home is a space for birth and growth and maturation of man at individual or among the family situation; Third, home is a place of activity establishment and growth of  family which that is the smallest social unit; Fourth, housing is the main and the most basic factor of identity of man and society and the basis of unification or vice versa Scattering of them (Naghi zadeh, 2013).Affordable Housing, is a housing that its features based on the cultural values and their regeneration and promotion in the society and toward the obliteration of self- alienation and return to itself; and cultural activities and the introduction of national identity and searching the special methods in format of qualitative policies and executive policies in it is necessary (Naghi zadeh, 2012). Codification of housing basics by using the foundations of Iranian- Islamic architecture of the past decades and Islam monotheism worldview principles and also requirement of  pay attention to improving the quality of housing and transformation in methods of construction of buildings is inevitable (Naghizadeh & Asadzadeh Birjandi, 2013). Consideration to muslim housing in Islam is knot with insight to divine verses and this matter sacredness of the human living place. Sacredness that explain the unique features of good home and at muslim human dignity; that pay attention to each of them provide human heavenly and earthly bliss (Hoseini & Samimi, 2015). City housing and residential context are as the main manifestation of appearance of Islamic values (because of filling major section of the city area) can be in the both of old and organic urban fabrics, that based on their period native and cultural conditions, and evolved over time and remained up to now and investigated and evaluated in new fabric of cities, which forms based on urbanism methods and new patterns. This research, look for two main objectives, firstly, analysis and assessment of the housing current status of old and new neighborhoods in Urmia city based on Islamic housing indicators, secondary, analysis and assessment of  Iranian- Islamic indicators status of old and new neighborhoods of Urmia city, so that this way able to achieve the strengths and weaknesses of observe of  Iranian-Islamic indicators with the matching of results.

  Islamic housing indicators classify in two categories of quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative indicators include: housing area, housing facades, housing quality, housing resistance and safety, housing orientation to the qibla, existence of green spaces in the neighborhood and qualitative indicators include: the use of natural light, comfort in housing, housing relation with nature, non- overlooking into housing, accessibility to housing. In the first stage, quantitative indicators were extracted through the library studies and in the next step housing quality indicators was evaluated through questionnaires. For this work, 330 number of questionnaires through Cochran formula was obtained that among residents of the studied neighborhoods were collected. Also, for weighting the Islamic housing indicators, 30 numbers of expert questionnaires were set, which 15 numbers of questionnaires were polled by experts of seminary courses and 15 numbers of questionnaires were polled by academic experts related to housing. AHP model also has been used for weighting the intended indicators by expert questionnaire. To analysis and assessment of the studied neighborhoods situation with the Islamic housing indicators and also for assessment of Islamic- Iranian housing indicators in the studied neighborhoods, TOPSIS method was used. After initial analysis and assessment of condition by using the output of TOPSIS, was proceed to the pathology and identify weaknesses of indicators, which finally was leaded to present solutions in order to reduce the problems related to having Iranian- Islamic indicators in the studied
neighborhoods.

According to TOPSIS method results, Behdari neighborhood as one of the new neighborhoods of the Urmia city, with consideration of Iranian- Islamic indicators toward the Mahdi- al- qadam neighborhood, which that is one of the old neighborhoods of the Urmia city, is more favorable. With the return to the indicators, respectively determine that, resistance and safety, housing area, comfort in housing and overlooking have the greatest impact in undesirable position of Mahdi- al- qadam. In other words, having weakness of mentioned indicators in the Mahdi- al- qadam neighborhood has caused that this neighborhood toward the Behdari neighborhood placed in a lower position. Therefore, in planning for the Mahdi- al- qadam neighborhood its necessary that solutions be explained to improvement of indicator status. Also, according to the results presented in table number 3 that shows the ranking of indicators in neighborhoods, resistance and safety indicator has been ranked first. Comparison between situation of the Mahdi- al- qadam neighborhood and resistance and safety indicator shows having major weakness of mentioned indicator in Mahdi- al- qadam neighborhood.

Conducted analyzes in this research showed that among the chosen indicators, overlooking indicator as the factor that covering visibility and Create privacy lies in itself, also it is important from the point of view of the Seminaries and academic experts, but unfortunately this indicator is among the weakest indicators in Mahdi- al- qadam and Behdari neighborhoods and needs more attention. In both neighborhoods, interesting point is located the resistance and safety indicator in the highest position among the other indicators, that shows favorable situation of this indicator among the other indicators. Also, the results of comparing two neighborhoods represents this point that Behdari neighborhood, with consideration of all Iranian- Islamic indicators, is in a more favorable situation toward the Mahdi- al- qadam neighborhood.

Typically, in developing countries, urban growth exceeds the capacity of governments and municipalities to provide services and infrastructure suitable for the population. This category will exacerbate urban poverty in cities, especially large cities in these countries.

 The purpose of this study is to empower poverty in the neighborhood of Ismail Abad, District 19 of Tehran Municipality. This research is applied in terms of purpose and part of descriptive-analytical research in terms of method. The statistical population of the present study is the Ismailabad neighborhood, District 19 of Tehran Municipality. First, using economic, socio-cultural, and physical indicators, the areas of urban poverty in the Ismail neighborhood, District 19 of Tehran Abad Municipality were identified.

The weighting of the research indices was taken using the Shannon entropy method, then the Vikor quantitative leveling model was used to rank the indices. ARC GIS software has been used to display and analyze the poor urban space in the neighborhood of Ismail Abad, District 19. Also, using the QSPM model, internal and external strategies were identified in which non-governmental organizations and non-governmental organizations were considered as the most important motivating factor in empowering poverty at the neighborhood level and after identifying the target neighborhood. The use of the SWOT technique has been done to improve this place due to planning problems and limitations.

The results indicate that urban poverty has been discovered in neighborhoods located on the outskirts of the city. To solve the problems of the residents of the target neighborhood, local spontaneous reinforcers in creating solidarity and maintaining the neighborhood identity, recognizing development potentials, educating residents and raising people's awareness, implementing empowerment plans to control the neighborhood.

In recent years, the issue of sustainable development in urban areas has been one of the most important topics among researchers, professors and urban planning experts, and although many questions have been focused on what should be done and how to solve these challenges and how to do it. (Pourmohammadi, 2003: 1) But in reality, effective solutions are few and the need to renew the attitude to the city and, of course, urban planning, is more evident than ever. Cities face many challenges in the economic, social and environmental fields. At the same time, the increase in population along with the increasing proportion of urbanization has brought harmful consequences for cities. Continuation of such urban growth with social, economic, and environmental problems is critical and is a warning of urban instability, which in turn has severely affected livability in cities (Sasanpour et al., 2014: 29). In this regard, reducing social, cultural, service problems, strengthening the spirit of citizen participation in urban affairs, restoring peace, comfort and beauty to urban environments, implementing social justice effectively and restoring security in various dimensions, all in the hands of management It is an optimal city (Hosseinzadeh Dalir et al., 2012: 161). In this study, which has been conducted with the aim of studying the situation of livability in the regions of Tabriz, while comparatively comparing the situation of regions based on objective and subjective approaches, has identified the key components affecting the promotion of livability. The main question of the research is what is the situation of different areas of Tabriz in terms of livability? And what factors affect the improvement of livability in these areas?

Descriptive-analytical method and questionnaire tools (at two levels of citizens and experts) have been used. In this regard, one-sample t-test in SPSS software environment, Vicker's multi-attribute decision model and interaction / structural impact analysis method were used using Mick Mac software to analyze the data. The statistical population of this study was the residents of 10 districts of Tabriz, and the statistical sample was selected based on stratified sampling method and the proportion of population share of the regions using simple random sampling method.

The physical dimension, based on the opinions of experts and the sample t-test, has an average of 3.28, which is above average. The value of this dimension, according to citizens, is equal to 3.20 above average (theoretical average of 3). According to the opinions of the citizens of District 9 and according to the opinions of experts, District 1 is in the first place. The results of Vickor analysis also show the first rank of Region 2 in terms of viability. Regarding the effective factors obtained from Mick Mac software, the results show that the renovation of worn tissue and the improvement of marginal tissue are key influential factors.

In the section of biodegradability analysis, based on objective criteria, 8 criteria were used and the areas were ranked according to their per capita related to urban uses using the Victor technique. The ranking of the regions is; Zones 2, 9, 5, 1, 6, 7, 3, 4, 9 and 10. Regarding the analysis of key factors affecting urban livability, cross-structural / structural analysis method was used. This was done in the Mic Mac software environment. The results show that in order of factors; Creating employment and sustainable income, renovating worn-out structures, improving suburban structures, providing adequate housing, developing green and open spaces, and providing infrastructure services are key factors. Considering this, it can be said that among the 10 areas of Tabriz metropolis, we are witnessing a spatial imbalance in terms of livability, and the optimal management of the mentioned cases plays an important role in eliminating this spatial imbalance. Based on this, it can be acknowledged that achieving viability requires an attitude similar to a living organism that people and place are two sides of this living organism.

Increase temperatures and decrease rainfall can lead to the drying up of wetlands, lakes and rivers, the formation of aerosol centers, which directly and indirectly change the structure of society and the ecological conditions of lakes around the world; As a result, it leads to changes in the distribution of animal and plant species, ecological diversity, changes in the plant phonological cycle, factors, growth and organisms, and ecological metabolism. These changes also severely affect vegetation in arid and semi-arid climates. Finally, changes in surface conditions caused by human activities may also affect various hydrological processes. Thus, the twenty-first century is facing many environmental problems, one of the most important of which is the variability of environmental and climatic parameters. Lake Urmia is one of the most important water areas in Iran and one of the largest salt lakes on earth. The lake plays an important role in the climatic, environmental and economic situation and a national and international natural heritage in the northwest of Iran.variability of environmental and climatic parameters is one of the most important challenges for human specific in arid and semiarid environment such as Iran. The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in environmental and climatic parameters in the catchment of ​​Lake Urmia in the last two decades. The purpose of the above was to answer the question of how the changes in environmental and climatic parameters in the basin and the relationship between these changes in the current conditions of the basin ​​Lake Urmia.

Research data includes six categories: 1) TOPEX and Jason 1 to 3 satellites data to study of changes in altitude level of Lake Urmia, 2) Landsat 7 satellite images of 2000 and Landsat 8 of 2019 for extract lake water area changes and 3) Precipitation data from GPM[1] satellite product (IMERG[2]) 4) Vegetation index products of Modis sensor (Mod13A3 v006) to identify vegetation changes, 5) LST Night and daytime of Modis sensor (MOD11A2 v006) and finally 6) gridded reanalysis data (ERA5) to detect of trend air temperature, were used.First, the changes in the water level of the lake were extracted using the data of TOPEX and Jason 1 to 3 satellites, and in the next step, the trend of changes in its was calculated. Landsat 7 images of 2000 and Landsat 8 of 2019 using the Normalized Differential Water Index (MNDWI) were used to achieve changes in the lake's water area. Then LST (day and night) of MOD11A2 v006 products were converted into monthly data using MATLAB software. Finally, the trend changes in precipitation data, 2 m air temperature, LST (day and night) and vegetation (NDVI) were investigated using Mann-Kendall test (Mann, 1945; Kendall, 1975).

The highest changes in water level in the last two decades are from 2000 to 2010. The decrease in level is evident from the year 2000, from that year to 2010, the water level of the lake decreased by 4 meters and the highest slope of the decrease in it observed in the same period. The change in the area obtained from the MNDWI index is 2740 km2, which has caused the lake to decrease from 5143km2 to 2400km2 in 2019. The decrease of the lake level in its southern and eastern part has been more than the western and northern part. The trend of monthly precipitation changes shows two different temporal and spatial patterns. It is important to note that there is a monthly decreasing trend every three months in January, August and December in the central and southern parts of the basin. In contrast, in May and July, a marked increasing trend is observed in the eastern and southern half of the basin. Spatial displacement of incremental changes in air temperature indicates a clockwise movement from north to east and then south and west from May to August. The trend of day of the LST changes indicates a spatial contrast between the Lake and around it. This behavioral contradiction is more pronounced with the increase of the lake surface temperature and the decreasing trend in the southern and western regions corresponding to the agricultural areas in August, September and October. Changes in LST at the basin level from November to February, in which scattered and small incremental zones are observed, can also be due to reduced vegetation in the cold period of the year. In contrast to the daytime LST, at night what is most noticeable is large zones of temperature rise, especially from June to September throughout the basin. NDVI in the period 2019-2000 has had an increasing trend in all months, but with varying intensity and extent. Three temporal patterns are understandable in the process of basin vegetation change. Increased from January to May, then start decreasing trend from June to August and again increasing trend that continued until December. The lowest increasing trend is observed during the summer months from June to August.

Lake Urmia has experienced a continuous decrease in water level since 2000, so that during the last twenty years, the water level has decreased by more than seven meters. The results of the present study also showed that there was a significant increasing trend in the NDVI index at the basin, especially with the southern of the basin. However, at the basin level, the trend of rainfall changes in this period (2000-2000) is not generally significant and also due to the occurrence of numerous droughts in the basin, which has also had an increasing trend and the expansion of irrigated lands, Demand for groundwater has increased. Therefore, this issue indicates various reasons other than changes in climatic parameters, especially precipitation in reducing the water level of Lake Urmia. In addition to the above, daytime and nighttime LST have increased during the warm period of the year as well as the air temperature on the lake. This increase increment evaporation, especially during periods when recharge is reduced due to seasonal dry. Although precipitation has increased at the end of spring, but with increasing temperature, precipitation increases with increasing evapotranspiration and water requirement of plants is neutralized. Therefore, the simultaneous change of environmental and atmospheric parameters can be considered as aggravating the conditions of hazardous events in this basin.

Based on the evaluation done in this study, it can be concluded that the basin of ​​Lake Urmia is vulnerable. Therefore, the three main and significant effects of environmental variability in these areas are increasing ground temperature, vegetation and reducing water resources. The result of these conditions on the one hand and the increase of water needs of plants on the other hand will increase the stress on water resources, especially groundwater. Decreasing the lake surface and increasing consumption and reducing water resources can lead to the spread of bare surfaces and the occurrence of dust.

 Urban areas as an important factor in enhancing energy consumption and CO2 emissions are the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions which are occurring in most cities all over the globe. (Herring, 2012), (Zubelzu & Fernandez, 2016). Cities consume 67 to 76 percent of energy and 71 to 76 percent of CO2, and this amount will increase significantly by 2050. (Van der Heijden, 2016), (Lehmann, 2014) 90 percent of urban population growth occurs in developing countries. Therefore, developing countries are more exposed to climate change. (Feliciano & Prosperi, 2011), (Colenbrander, 2015) Carbon footprint in cities depends specifically on factors such as living standards and income, socio-economic development, urban spatial structure and transportation systems, energy technology and local climate change factors. (Feliciano & Prosperi, 2011),(Huang and atel, 2016), ( Colenbrander, 2015) The collaborative process builds trust, new relationships, and interpersonal networks, and ultimately strengthens a higher degree of social, intellectual, and political capital among the actors who are being involved. The collaborative planning process creates new and more flexible institutions for the development of the low-carbon city (Agger & Löfgren, 2008). Considering the advantages of collaborative planning including promoting citizen participation, increasing transparency in the decision-making system and employing experts and specialists related to urban areas, this planning was considered by the researcher so that it could be used by the participation and cooperation of all stakeholders in the city in order to move toward integrated management.Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world. According to the annual reports of air quality in Tehran(Tehran Air Quality Control Company (AQCC)), it has been declared unhealthy for more than one third of the year during the last two decades. (Shahbazi and at el, 2019) In this research, we use the requirements of cooperative planning in Tehran due to achieve a low carbon city. Related to the political, financial, environmental and social situations of Tehran metropolis and its potentials to achieve a low carbon city, this city has been selected as a research case. Due to its political aspect, Tehran is the capital of Iran and all political and planning activities are carried out in it. As a result of this fact, this city always examines urban plans in the higher levels of the city, and in fact it is ruled by a top-down planning system. As a result, it has always paid less attention to participatory issues. From an environmental point of view, air pollution in Tehran, which is measured with a particle size of less than ten microns, is almost four times that of Los Angeles. It should be noted that some of these pollutions were due to tougher sanctions in 2010 due to Iran's inability to import higher quality additives used to produce car cleaning fuel. (Tahbaz, 2016)

 In this research, at the first stage, after analysing the quantitative indicators of the research and evaluating them, the research uncertainties will be identified. For this purpose, Micmac software is used to identify uncertainties; on the second stage, with the help of the uncertainty-impact matrix, the critical uncertainties of the research are introduced. These critical uncertainties should be used in the process of low-carbon Tehran development. In the continuation of the research process, variables for these critical uncertainties are defined and entered in the Scenario Wizard software to obtain possible scenarios. With the help of the scenarios which will be obtained from the software, the scenario writing process begins. In order to achieve a better portray in Tehran in the long run, the DPSIR model will also be used.

 The phenomena of global warming and climate change, on a scale beyond the city of Tehran, is in fact a matter of concern on a global scale. paying attention to these changes and controlling global temperature requires long-term and sustainable planning. As a result, segment and short-term measures cannot reduce the adverse effects of climate change alone. Since addressing climate change is a global issue, it requires holistic attitudes and cooperation with other global cities. Therefore, Tehran was chosen as the capital of Iran for this study. Because according to global statistics, Tehran is the sixth most polluted city in the world, and this highlights the importance to address the issue of low-carbon cities.

By institutional and organizational cooperation as well as the real participation of citizens, it is possible to move towards advancing Tehran's low-carbon goals. It is hoped that by using the principles of participation and strategies to achieve a low-carbon city, Tehran could play a small role in controlling climate change and in fact reducing urban pollutants. Finally, by implementing the strategies which are mentioned in the article, we can move towards a low-carbon Tehran. In this regard, urban institutions should participate and cooperate with each other and citizens should play an active role in urban decision-making. In general, the following suggestions are made in various financial, social, environmental and physical sectors: In the financial sector, the growth of start-ups and microeconomic sectors with the support of the government and private organizations In the social sector, creating spaces in urban parks in order to gather people and present their opinions on urban day topics.In the environmental sector, allocating municipal budgets for the construction of solar panels in public organizations and requiring urban industries to plant various green species around factories and urban workshops In the physical part, the supervision of Tehran Municipality on preventing dispersal and development of urban disorder It is hoped that by using this research, a step could be taken towards a low-carbon Tehran.

Social resilience plays an important role in social sustainability and solidarity in the face of urban crises. In this regard, the present study tried to use a "descriptive-analytical" method through a questionnaire of 383 people to make a comparative analysis of the quality of social resilience components in the twenty-first and twenty-first districts of Tehran. Citizens' opinions were collected according to Cochran's formula by sampling and relative allocation based on population size. The results showed that the quality of realization and enjoyment of social resilience components in the three study areas was different based on multivariate analysis of variance 1, and the results showed that the public trust index in region one as one of the most prosperous areas of Tehran. And informal participation index in the twelfth region as one of the middle-class regions and the index of the sense of spatial belonging in the twentieth region as one of the low-income regions had more priority, but in analyzing the priority of resilience components in the three regions Fuzzy TOPSIS 2 model and in all three regions, the knowledge index with (zone one with 0.555 fuzzy weight) (zone twelve with 0.576 fuzzy weight) and (zone twenty with 0.6451 fuzzy weight) had the greatest impact, respectively. Has accepted. As a result, it was found that the strategy to promote social resilience in the metropolis of Tehran should be in line with increasing the level of awareness and citizenship skills in all three areas of Tehran. Increase citizens in intra-group and social organizations. Also, improving the sense of spatial belonging and social identity in low-income urban areas should be a priority, in order to achieve a homogeneous and sustainable social resilience in the metropolis of Tehran. 

The present study has been carried out with applied purpose and descriptive-analytical methodology with the aim of comparative analysis of quality assessment of the realization of social resilience components in three areas 1, 12 and 20 of Tehran metropolis. To collect descriptive or theoretical information, content reading of basic scientific text documents (valid articles and books) was used and to collect analytical data, a survey method with a questionnaire was used. According to the main questions posed for the present study to answer and assess the differences in understanding and having social resilience indicators in selected areas of multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and to answer how planning priorities to achieve the indicators Social resilience has been used in selected areas of Tehran metropolis Fuzzy TOPSIS model (FTOPSIS).

The results showed that the quality of realization and enjoyment of social resilience components in the three regions was different based on multivariate analysis of variance. The informal participation index in District 12 as one of the middle-class areas and the Index of Spatiality in District 20 as one of the lower areas had higher priority.In the analysis of the priority of resilience components in the three mentioned areas based on the fuzzy TOPSIS model and in all three areas of Tehran metropolis, it was found that the awareness index has received the most impact. Therefore, it is suggested that urban planners pay attention to the role of awareness in cultural development and increase citizenship literacy and associate cultural, media and educational institutions with urban development programs. Social skills, increasing awareness of risk reduction, and citizenship lifestyle issues enhanced the cultural development of cities, as well as the level of social resilience of all urban areas.

In the present study, an attempt was made to study rich, relatively rich and low-income areas in the metropolis of Tehran by stratified sampling in terms of differences in having social resilience indicators and their priorities for realization in these areas. . Therefore, region1 was selected and studied as one of the prosperous regions, region 12 as one of the middle regions and region 20 as one of the socially inferior regions in Kalashahr, Tehran. The results showed that the quality of realization and enjoyment of social resilience components in the three regions was different based on multivariate analysis of variance. The informal participation index in District 12 as one of the middle-class areas and the Index of Spatiality in District 20 as one of the lower areas had higher priority, so it can be concluded that more urban culture development programs have the trust of low-income citizens. It has authority and the citizens of the middle and affluent classes in Tehran have less public trust in the goals of cultural and urban planning and their implementation by city and government managers. Also, the institutional trust of citizens in cultural and urban organizations and institutions is low. We see between cultural planning in the cities and strata of the middle and affluent class of Tehran, so attracting the trust of the middle and affluent classes of Tehran is one of the most important proposed strategies. And it is the duty of cultural creators and media managers to help city managers in increasing the public trust and institutional trust of the citizens of Tehran. Also, the level of citizen participation in urban development and management programs, especially in medium-sized urban areas such as District 12 is low, and the urban management system and structure of Tehran should be improved in favor of increasing formal and informal citizen participation and urban management models based on It is based on the participation of citizens, such as the model of urban governance in the metropolis of Tehran to be comprehensively developed and implemented. In the index of sense of spatial belonging, the feeling of satisfaction of the residents of region 1 is more than the 12th and 20th regions of Tehran, and the inhabitants of region 20 have less sense of spatial belonging, and this shows that Tehran And to create the citizenship relations of the residents between the middle, relatively rich and low-income classes of the city in a desirable way, and this causes a biological rift in the metropolis of Tehran, so paying attention to strengthening the sense of spatial belonging is also one of the strategies.However, in the analysis of the priority of resilience components in the three mentioned areas based on the fuzzy TOPSIS model and in all three areas of Tehran metropolis, it was found that the awareness index has received the most impact. Therefore, it is suggested that urban planners pay attention to the role of awareness in cultural development and increase citizenship literacy and associate cultural, media and educational institutions with urban development programs. Social skills, increasing awareness of risk reduction, and citizenship lifestyle issues enhanced the cultural development of cities, as well as the level of social resilience of all urban areas. Researchers and researchers in future studies can study the role and characteristics of resilience in achieving a sustainable urban ecosystem, especially in cities vulnerable to climate change. In the organizational dimension, media resilience and its relationship with cities can be a manifestation of future hypotheses for applied research.

Introduction :

Sistan region also has special environmental characteristics due to its location in arid and desert region. Low rainfall, high temperature and evaporation, poor vegetation, dependence of the region on the Helmand River water, intermittent reduction or cessation of the annual Helmand River water and the occurrence of droughts, the presence of alluvial soil with alternating layers of sand and clay and 120-day winds and the consequent occurrence of dust and the formation of quicksands, cause fragile and sensitive environmental conditions prevail in the region. In addition, in this region, after the closure of the border and the creation of a security wall at its periphery (which practically eliminated the concrete wall, the possibility of border crossings), water played the largest role in the economic, social and political development of the region. The reason for the increase in investment in the implementation of water control and diversion projects upstream (Afghanistan) and the restriction of water entering the Sistan plain, water should be considered as a very valuable commodity. Therefore, in the circumstances that the severity of water limitation in most villages of Sistan is a serious issue, paying attention to increasing water consumption efficiency and improving its productivity will be an inevitable necessity (Asghari Lafmajani and Naderianfar, 2012). According to studies, increasing water efficiency using pressurized and semi-pressurized systems from wells and reservoirs will increase from 20% to 90% and water transfer with piping system is more economically justified than water transmission system with It has open canals (Piri et al., 2014). The region is designed to increase the economic power of the villagers with the sustainability approach. The sustainability zone has been designed in 766 villages of Sistan in the form of 2137 groups of 20 hectares of water. An overview of scientific texts related to the subject of research shows that many researches have been done in relation to environmental issues and its effects; However, no research has been done on the impact of irrigation projects on environmental sustainability and there is a gap in studies in this field. Therefore, the present study, in the framework of a systemic approach, analyzes the spatial-spatial changes of the impact of the 46,000-hectare Sistan plain irrigation project on the environmental sustainability of rural areas of Hamoon city.

The statistical population of the study includes 159 villages of Hamoon city with a total population of 66,675 people and 19,133 households. To achieve the desired results, villages with a population of more than 20 households were identified and then among these villages, with the opinion of social and technical experts, 40 villages in which the irrigation network was implemented and operated (10 villages in each development area) with a total population of 10150 people. And 3477 households were surveyed as sample villages. The sample size of households living in villages was determined based on Cochran's formula of 346 households, which were finally distributed according to the number of households in the sample villages of the questionnaires.

Conclusion :                 

The study of the distribution of the studied villages in terms of the level of environmental sustainability before the implementation of the project shows that the villages with poor stability are mainly far from the wells and in low water years when the inflow of Helmand River to the region is somewhat reduced. He finds that the agricultural activities of these villages are completely stopped. Meanwhile, with the implementation of the water transfer plan to the agricultural lands of the villagers, there have been positive changes in the environmental stability of almost 30% of the villages compared to the past.

The water cycle in nature is directly related to the climate of that region. Reasonable and correct use of water resources requires accurate quantitative and qualitative knowledge and collection of appropriate climate data and information. Depletion of groundwater reservoirs, drying of canals and springs and even semi-deep wells and reduction of deep well discharge, change of groundwater flow direction, salinization of aquifers, salinization of soil due to irrigation with saline water, barren The emergence of fields, soil erosion, etc. has put most of the plains of the country at risk of further desertification (Tavousi, 2009: 14).Atmospheric precipitation is the main source of surface and groundwater and the study area is poor in terms of atmospheric precipitation and its amount is between 150 to 450 mm per year, which varies in plain and mountainous areas. The climate of the region is semi-arid and cold and is mostly influenced by the Mediterranean climate. Due to the fact that groundwater is the most important source of water consumption in the study area, the impact of climate change, especially precipitation on the water table of wells in the area was investigated in this study.

To study the trend of groundwater level changes in Marand plain, water table data of 23 piezometric wells and data of 8 rain gauge stations during the last 16 years of 1395-1395 were used. After using the correlation matrix method to select rainfall stations and considering the complete statistical data and appropriate coverage of the area by these stations, 4 stations were selected for the study and for each station, a piezometric well was selected within the station. This research was first calculated using precipitation data and water table of piezometric wells SPI and SWI values ​​and then NRMC values ​​for each index, respectively, in each method are briefly referred to:Calculate SPI and plot seasonal SPI variations of selected stations.The standardized rainfall index was provided by McKay et al. (1993, 1995) to provide a warning and help assess drought severity and is calculated by the following formula:  Relation 1:SPI = (X_ij-X_im) / σ In the above relation, X_ij is the seasonal rainfall at rainfall station i, with j number of observations, X_im is the long-term average rainfall and σ is the standard deviation Calculate SWI and plot the seasonal SWI of selected wells  The standard water level index was presented in 2004 by Bui Yan et al. (2006) to monitor fluctuations in groundwater aquifers in the study of hydrological droughts, which is calculated by the following formula:Relation 2:   SWI = (W_ij-W_im) / σ Where W_ij is the seasonal average of the water table of observation wells i to j, W_im is the long-term seasonal average and σ is the standard deviation. Calculate the NRMC values ​​of each indicator and plot the normalized distribution curve In this method, seasonal normalized distribution curves were adjusted for both SPI and SWI indices. Cumulative normalized curve is a kind of condensation diagram of a climatic or hydrological variable (such as precipitation and water table) that is extracted from the subtraction of each observation in the statistical series of the long-term average and its division by the average according to the following formula. (Rasooli, 1994) Relation 3:  NRMC xi = ( (Xi-X m) / ({(Xi-X ̅m) / X ̅m})  ) * 100  In the above formula, Xi represents the amount of each rainfall observation or the amount of water table and X ̅m is the long-term average in the series of observations.

Investigation of normalized distribution curves showed a correlation between precipitation changes and groundwater level in Marand plain. This correlation has a higher significance with a delay season. Shamsipoor (2003) in Hamedan plain achieved a 9-month delay between precipitation and water table. Mohammadi et al. (2012) in Arak plain expressed the impact of groundwater resources from drought with a delay of two months. The results of the study (Rudel and Lee 2014) in the study of groundwater drought index in the United States showed that the SPI drought index with a delay of 12 and 24 months had the highest correlation with the SWI index.

Considering the more fluctuations of the water table than the fluctuations of the rainfall, it can be concluded that human factors such as uncontrolled harvesting is an effective factor on the water level of wells. Komasi et al. (2016) stated the effect of human factors on the decrease of groundwater level before the factor of climate change in Silakhor plain. Calculations showed that the value of correlation for both SPI and SWI indices in the nonlinear multivariate equation is higher than the value of the linear equation, which indicates the effect of several other factors in addition to precipitation fluctuations on the groundwater level. According to the results of the study, it seems that the groundwater level in addition to precipitation depends on other factors such as geology, lithology, tectonic morphology, the shape of the aquifer, the distance of aquifers to the feeding site and .... And to achieve more complete results, it seems necessary to address these factors in future research.