فصلنامه جغرافیای طبیعی
پیاپی 56 (تابستان 1401)

The phenomenon of global warming and climate change may not only lead to climate change, but may also cause major changes in the tourism situation of the region and its sustainability, which will have far-reaching consequences and will destabilize the industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vulnerability to climate change and resilience of tourism destinations on the sustainability of tourism development. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method. The sample size corresponded to the statistical population was 185 people. The required data and information were collected in the form of library and field. Pls software was used to test the research hypotheses. The results showed that vulnerability to climate change has a negative effect on the sustainability of tourism development and resilience of tourism destinations has a negative effect on vulnerability to climate change. The results of this study also showed that the resilience of destinations has a positive effect on the sustainability of tourism development.

floods are known as one of the most important natural disasters. In practice, floods are one of the most devastating weather disasters in the world, both in terms of casualties and financial losses. The purpose of this study is to measure and evaluate the changes in flood zones using the weighting technique in the GIS environment. The method of the present study, according to the nature of the problem and the subject under study, is descriptive-analytical and applied studies. With emphasis on quantitative methods, in the present study, changes in flood zones in Gorganrood watershed based on the use of meteorological station information (synoptic) with a 30-year statistical period (1989 to 2018), land use, vegetation, topographic moisture index Slope, altitude, land lithology, distance from river, river density, erosion, soil science, runoff, simulated precipitation data from LARS-WG model have been modeled and estimated. The general kriging method with the lowest mean estimation error (0.004) and the square root mean error of 82.23 is the best method for interpolation in this study. Also, in combining fuzzy analysis methods with hierarchy to determine the expected estimate, both methods had higher estimates than expected. Findings showed that 800 mm sub-basin of Normab basin in the central part of Maderso, Yale Cheshmeh and Qarnaveh basins in the northeast of Gorganrood watershed with the amount of 500 to 700 mm and the northern parts of Mohammadabad and Ghorchai basins with the amount of 300 mm.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of climatic conditions on the genesis and morphological diversity of karst rocks of carbonate formations in Kalat Basin in the east of Kopeh Dagh. For this purpose, the experimental method (geomorphometric overlap) based on climatic zoning model and laboratory studies (calcimetric and lime purity percentage) have been used. In the research process, first, the climatic zoning map of the basin was prepared through 25 stations with a statistical period of 35 years in the GIS environment and four climatic zones of the region were determined. Then, using geomorphometric techniques, ground samples were collected on 240 samples of three types of Karen with different morphology (linear, Pitcarn and Triticar). The results showed that the more humid the climate of the karst rock, the more not only the number of carnations per unit area will increase, but also the morphological diversity and evolution will increase. In fact, climate change has a very effective role in the genesis and development of surface karst Carns and there is a direct relationship between wetter climatic zones and morphological diversity and evolution of Carns in karst-forming formations, as in the climate zone (Q4). In humid climates, a variety of linear, depth and width of linear carnivores, triticarmens and peatcarns in temperate and humid climates (Q4.Q3) located at high altitudes to three to 10 times the size of carnivores Arises in arid and semi-arid climates (Q1, Q2).

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of drought on dust events in different cities of Qazvin province. Rainfall and temperature data were used to calculate the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and three-hourly dust events data were used to calculate the number of dusty days in the study stations. Based on the Spearman correlation coefficient, the impact of dust events on the drought phenomenon was investigated by considering different time delays. The maximum correlation between SPEI and the number of dusty days in Ghazvin city without considering the time delay of -0.38 and at the level of 99%, was significant, indicating the simultaneous impact of dust events from the drought phenomenon in the center of the province. The results also showed that the response time of dust events to meteorological drought with a delay of one year in Moallem Kalayeh city is significant at 90% confidence level (r = -0.52). Meanwhile, in other cities of Ghazvin province, no significant relationship was observed between the two phenomena of dust occurrence and meteorological drought.

With the development of urbanization, cities have become the focus of attention and the demand for natural resources and attention to their global environmental impact has increased.Urban planning and urban planning activities have increased the pressure on nature and weakened its resilience, which has often had devastating consequences for cities and their inhabitants.Therefore, the purpose of this study is to model the degree of resilience of the city against natural hazards with emphasis.The method used in this study is to use GIS software to determine the most resilient points and to use the methods of genetic algorithm(GA)and particle swarm intelligence(PSO)and their programming.It is in MATLAB environment, to use it to determine the most important components of urban resilience and effective solutions to strengthen resilience.Against the flood was determined and then the final hazard map was prepared by combining all the mentioned components. In the second stage, to determine the most important components of resilience in the city, this time 32 indicators of resilience components based on 4 criteria(physical-spatial, Economic,social, institutional) and was analyzed using the method of genetic algorithm, which finally3 points of the city, respectively(Stadium Sh Hid Watani, Tlar Park, Siraj Park)were selected and prioritized as the most resilient areas. Then, in order to confirm and compare the research findings by genetic algorithm(GA)PSO method was used.In the final stage It is suggested that increasing the resilience of Ghaemshahr city in the first stage requires strengthening and modifying the structures of the natural environment and then maintaining a safe environment.

In some metropolises of Iran, Thermal Islands is somewhat generalization and observable. Existence of tall buildings, traffic, population density in the hub centers and especially in the central part of the city cause the creation of a Thermal island in the city. In this research, the time-spatial identification of the thermal islands of the cold season during the years 1985 to 2019 and the analysis of the factors influencing their formation were done with an emphasis on changes in land use, texture, high-rise construction, land cover and climatic variables in the Tehran city. The current research, which is based on the extraction of Landsat satellite images, produced maps of the mentioned indices using NDVI, LSE, ISA and LST indices, which became the basis of the analyses. The results of the research show that high LST values are spread in areas of Tehran where the NDVI index is relatively low and the ISA index is high. Although the formation of Thermal islands in winter is a little far from expected, small parts of the north, northwest, south and southwest of the city (zones 1, 5 and 18) are permanently exposed to Thermal islands, which are in step with dense land use and areas free of vegetation. The scattered hot spots in the mentioned areas with a temperature cover above 20 degrees Celsius in the middle of the average temperature of the city, which is lower than 17 degrees Celsius during the cold period of the year, is indicative of this fact.

Temperature changes are one of the most important issues of human life in recent years and it is known as the most important manifestation of climate change in the current century. The current study was conducted with the aim of investigating the minimum temperature changes in the eastern basins of Iran and its relationship with the sea surface temperature teleconnections patterns. In this regard, the monthly minimum temperature data of Mashhad, Sarakhs, Birjand, Zabol, Zahedan and Saravan stations and the data of 14 teleconnections patterns of sea surface temperature changes during the statistical period of 1987-2019 were used. At first, minimum temperature changes were investigated using new methods of spatial statistics and hot spot analysis. Then, the relationship between the studied variables was checked using Pearson's correlation test and linear regression. The results show that in all months, hot spots were observed in the southern and eastern areas of the basin and cold spots were observed in the northern and western areas of the basin. Hot and cold spots were observed in May more than other months and hot spots covered 31.87% of the study area and cold spots covered 32.58%. Correlation of the studied parameters also showed that in terms of time, the patterns of distant connection with the minimum temperature of January showed more correlation than other months. In contrast, there was no correlation in the months of June and November.

Over the past 50 years, humans have changed landscapes even faster and more widely than in any other era. Today, the main concern of human societies is the fragmentation of landscapes as a result of the development of human infrastructure, industrial activities, the destruction of agricultural land and vegetation, the increase in population and the development of urbanization. The main goal of this research is to study and examine the temporal-spatial changes of barren lands, agricultural lands and man-made lands in Pakdasht city using land surface metrics. The data is obtained through satellite images from the Landsat satellite belonging to the years 2019 and 1989, which were taken by the OLI and MSS5 sensors. These images were classified in ENVI 5.3 software based on maximum likelihood algorithm. After preparing the land use maps and classifying these images in the studied time frame, Fragstats software was used to extract measurements at two levels of class and land surface. In total, 7 parameters were measured to quantify the topography of the land in the years 1989 to 2019 AD (1368-1398). The results show that in all land uses in the studied period of time, fragmentation and fragmentation are observed, and most of this fragmentation and fragmentation belong to agricultural lands, and the lowest amount of fragmentation and fragmentation belongs to the residential class.