فصلنامه مطالعات بین رشته ای دانش راهبردی
پیاپی 49 (زمستان 1401)

Socio-technical systems (STS) was introduced due to the failure of techno-centeric systems and with the action research revolution in the world. The purpose of the socio-technical theory was to emphasize the integration of the human component along with the organizational structure, technical infrastructure and Tasks in the design procedure of a system. However, in the few Persian articles and resources that have tried to expand the theoretical literature in the field of socio-technical systems in the scope of the Persian language, the mistake term ''Techno-Social'' in writing and its common use seems to be caused by some kind of lack of attention to the key principle of this approach, that is, the human dimension compared to the technical dimension in this theory. Accordingly, in this research, by use of documentary and systematic review methods, and by extraction of selective and high cited papers in the field of social technical systems literature, the methods and principles of designing and developing social-technical systems is studied. The aspects of socio-technical systems design is discussed and with a systematic and critical approach. This research is a qualitative research in terms of methodology, data and results. Research studies confirm the four basic human, structural, technical and functional components of STS and indicate the lack of attention to values and cultural aspects in socio-technical systems theory.

institutionalized Behavioral rules, patterns, and structures that can influence the behavior of actors in a region are called regional order. The greater the degree of this institutionalization, the more desirable the order. The Islamic Republic of Iran is an actor that defines its sphere of power at the regional level and tries to play an active role in shaping the order of the desired regions. This research is of applied type and its approach is a combination of descriptive-analytical method. Data were collected through both library and field methods through a questionnaire and to evaluate the reliability of the researcher-made questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test in SPSS software was used, the results of which were calculated to be equal to 0.942, a statistically population of 42 people who were purposefully selected answered the questionnaire. The results showed that these factors can be identified in 3 variables, 13 components and 35 items. The findings indicated that three items: (1) Endowment of defense and security power and its consolidation and consolidation by the Islamic Republic of Iran, (2) Efforts to weaken or eliminate regional ties and interactions of the Zionist regime with regional actors in the field of defense and security, (3) the inability of the United States to resolve defense and security issues in the region;Three components: (1) internal self-reliance, (2) the elimination of interfering actors, and (3) the failure of US regional policies. Three variables: (1) regional, (2) domestic, and (3) international, respectively, are of greater importance and therefore higher priority.

Industrial-economic infrastructure is one of the most important goals in hybrid warfare as well as terrorist attacks, which is aimed to weakening the resistance will in the society and the inability of governments to provide the necessary services and continuity of activities. Therefore, the implementation of passive defense projects and the protection of these centers are essential to reduce vulnerability and increase deterrence and national resilience to crises. Considering the importance of urban water infrastructure in the general order of society, The aim of this study is "risk analysis of urban water infrastructure against basic biological, cyber, military and security threats with passive defense approach". Accordingly, the main question is; "What is the risk analysis of the attack on urban water infrastructure with basic biological, cyber, military and security threats in water and sewage companies?" »Research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and analytical-contextual in type. To answer in a combined way, library methods have been used to classify assets, Also, the expert meeting method has been used with the cooperation of 15experts and managers to score threats, vulnerabilities and complete the tables of risk assessment and analysis. The results show that the highest risk factor of main water supply infrastructure in biological attack on wells and water production resources with a risk factor of 630. the highest risk factor in the main functions of water supply was assigned to: The biological attack on the function of water supply services with a risk factor of 800.

The purpose of this essay is to explain the Supreme Leader's system of thought in the field of population policies and correct confrontation with the problem of population elderly, which is achieved by introducing the components of the social security elderly system and its compliance with general population policies. In this regard, the qualitative research method, the basic theory (foundation data) is used and finally the research results show; The social security system is one of the sectors that suffers more from the demographic transition and the emergence of the phenomenon of population elderly, but it is also the most appropriate way to resolve the resulting crises. Also, although after the announcement of general population policies, the Conversation of "population control" has become "population increase", but what is certain is the general approach and the main goal of the policies of the Supreme Leader "population adaptation" and "sustainable development" In other words, preventing the decline in population growth rate by focusing on the principle of quantity and quality simultaneously. Therefore, the most necessary measures in order to prevent population elderly and the success of general population policies can be; Awareness of the current population situation, empowerment of today's young generation, Futurology of population change, review of laws and regulations, reform of social security structures and design of a comprehensive social security system tailored to the needs of the elderly pointed out that comprehensive social security services on respect and care Focus on the elderly.

Policymakers of the structural adjustment strategy in the country's development plans have introduced the causes of lag as welfare policies of the state in the field of Public policy. While welfare policies were in accordance with the Islamic Republic of Iran constitution’s principles. Then its main consequence is to marginalize the socio-economic dimension of citizenship rights such as housing, education, health and other welfare indicators. Citizenship rights have three dimensions: civil rights, political rights, and socio-economic rights. A reaction that was formed in opposition to the socio-economic dimension of citizenship rights include the formulation and implementation of structural adjustment policies in the field of government policy and management, along with contemporary criticism of the welfare state as an agent for the realization of citizenship rights. The purpose of this paper is to explain the reactionary arguments of free market economists in opposition to the welfare states based on Albert Hirschman theory (The Rhetoric of Reaction: Perversity, Futility, Jeopardy). The analytical-documentary method is used to examines the oppositions' arguments of welfare state. Findings show that in the beginning, the argument of perversity was used more than other arguments in justifying the strategy of structural adjustment in the development plans of the country, But in other periods, especially nowadays, the most influential argument is the jeopardy argument for ignoring the socio-economic rights that is came true by welfare state policymaking. The argument of futility has always played the role of a Subsidiary and spare argument.

The present study aims to address the notion of “expedience”in one of the most significant politico-historical phenomena at onset of Islam, namely Siffin Treaty, so as to develop patterns of expedience in Islamic Republic of Iran. As a result, the main question of this research is: How should the notion of “expedience” in treaty between Imam Ali and Muaviye should be defined and addressed?The results of data analysis through Schleiermacher’s hermeneutics are based on nine items of hermeneutic circle of tradition and history, context and background, experience(for reconstruction of community background during Alavi State), language, intention and purpose of author, implied and implicit meaning, interpretation and reading by reader or interpreter) for understanding Imam Ali’s conditions and intention of accepting Siffin Treaty suggest: “Expedience” in Alavi State is the same as Islamic expedience established during the reign of Prophet Mohammad. In other words, expedience at the time was a conditional affair in an Islamic framework so as to realize the basic goals of Islam, namely stability of Islamic community and continuation of reign by taking measures against discrimination, violence, threats and exile, In an Islamic state,the notion has the following characteristics: 1-It is a temporary solution.2-It is used for protection of the community and Islamic rule during times of emergency.3-It is only justified according to decrees in Quran and prophetic tradition.4-It does not exclude any principle. 5-It is accompanied by a long-term benefit. 6-It results in victory and majesty of the Muslims. 7-It provides maximum benefit for the least cost.

One of the most important goals of the university is to meet the needs of the community, which provides solutions to solve problems by engaging in solving community problems. The present study was conducted with the aim of providing a model of social services for higher education institutions. For this purpose, the method of documentary study and qualitative content analysis were used simultaneously. The scope of the research included upstream and managerial documents on the goals and functions of higher education institutions and interviews with higher education experts. Sampling was purposeful and 32 documents were used as a written sample. Fifteen higher education professionals were also interviewed in a targeted and snowball manner. In order to analyze the qualitative data, a three-step process of open, axial and selective coding was used. The implementation of the open coding process led to the identification of sixty-seven main concepts. After classifying the data, the social services model of higher education institutions in the form of five central categories including educational services, bio-welfare services, scientific-knowledge services, technical-research services, cultural and political services, sixty-seven open concepts and the selected structure provided the same social services of higher education institutions.

This article identifies the main factors and components of the university's ability. In this study, after extracting the indicators of the entrepreneurial university and the interdisciplinary factors that create these indicators, the prioritization and weight of each of them have been measured to provide a model for measuring the ability of higher education institutions to become an entrepreneurial university. The extraction of this new knowledge has been done by using the opinions of interdisciplinary experts. In terms of data collection, it is a kind of descriptive research. The online questionnaires were distributed and the answers were collected and the answers were collected after extensive review of theoretical foundations and identification of the main factors and components in universities across the country and in different universities. The obtained results show that twelve internal and external factors are effective in creating and strengthening sixty-nine indicators necessary to become an entrepreneurial university. 28.04% of this model is related to structural indexing factors, 65.97% to content indexing factors and only 5.98% of the factors are related to contextual indicators. The proposed strategy of this article is to pay attention to the content indicators in the first place and in the second place to pay attention to the structural indicators in higher education institutions to become an entrepreneurial university. In this strategy, 68.20% of the factors affecting the readiness of the higher education institution to its internal factors and the impact of external factors is less than one third (31.80%).

Iraq has historically been ethnically and religiously diverse, and its political sovereignty has been circulated among different ethnicities and religions. Political-military groups formed in Iraq, based on religious principles and different political and military goals, have sought to change the status quo to a desirable one. The complex situation of Iraqi political and military currents and the impact of their activities on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the political relations between the two countries is of strategic importance. The main issue of this study is to examine the political-religious trends influenced by the discourse of the Islamic Revolution in Iraq and its effects on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Therefore, it is attempted to study the degree of conformity of the political and military currents affected by the Islamic Revolution with the discourse of the Islamic Revolution and to analyze its impact on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This study was an applied one and was done by descriptive-analytical method and questionnaire tool and the sample population was 42 people. The results of the study generally indicate that the more the intellectual characteristics and field performance of each of the Iraqi political and military groups are more in line with the principles of the discourse of the Islamic Revolution, they have a positive impact on enhancing the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran.