فصلنامه برنامه ریزی منطقه ای
پیاپی 46 (تابستان 1401)

Evaporation is one of the most important components of the hydrological cycle that plays a very important role in the management of water resources and the environment. Knowing the amount of water lost due to the evaporation process in an area, especially in arid and semi-arid areas that face shortages of water resources, is one of the most important management principles in regional planning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of artificial neural network method in estimating daily evaporation in Shiraz meteorological station and its generalizability in Zarghan meteorological station located in Fars province. For this purpose, 1775 data on a daily scale from meteorological factors including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, sunshine were collected and then the amount of daily evaporation was estimated using 4 models of artificial neural network. For modeling in this study, multilayer perceptron neural network and sigmoid function were used. The results obtained from four models of artificial neural network were evaluated based on the criteria of coefficient of determination (R2), Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NSC) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSe). The results showed that in Shiraz meteorological station, model 4 with a structure of 5-6-1 neurons has less RMSe and higher R2 and NSC in both training and testing stages than other models, so as a superior model to predict the rate of evaporation Was selected daily at Shiraz meteorological station. The results of the generalizability of Model 4 with 5-6-1 structure in Zarghan meteorological station also show the high accuracy of this model in predicting daily evaporation in this station, so it can be used as a suitable model to predict daily evaporation values in This station was used during periods when evaporation was not measured.

Geotourism is a nascent phenomenon that has recently entered the tourism literature and gained global acceptance. Tourism is also a social, cultural, and commercial phenomenon, which requires people to move to a place other than their place of residence and work. Tourism is becoming one of the main pillars of economic development. Many development policymakers also cite the tourism industry as a key element of sustainable development. Given this role and position, tourism in a place can not only be effective in the development of that place, but also affect the development of some indicators in the environment. Obviously, the expansion of geotourism activities can generate income and employment for residents of areas with these attractions. Taleghan area is located in the middle of a valley in the southern part of central Alborz. Due to its geological and climatic characteristics, landscapes and geomorphological and geological sites, this area is an attractive center for tourists in Alborz and Tehran provinces. In this research, after library and documentary studies and field studies and natural studies, the attractions and geosites of the region have been identified and mapped. Then, using Kubalikova method, the potential of geotourism was evaluated in 18 sites of the region. These attractions and sites include caves, waterfalls, lakes and villages with special landscapes and tourism destinations. The results showed that at least 6 geosites are valuable. They are high and the rest of the sites are of moderate value. The sites of Taleghan Dam Lake, Orazan village, Kirkboud waterfall, Orazan waterfall, Dizan village and Ghamish lake have the highest geotourism potentials. At present, the studied sites have more scientific-intrinsic and educational value, but with proper planning, management and investment, the economic and acquired potential values of these geosites can be used to the maximum. Therefore, proper planning of services and infrastructure in this field can help the local and regional economy

The process of regional development, relying on its natural and environmental potentials, is a big step towards sustainable development. Finding places that have the capacity to create nuclei of economic and social prosperity in the region is the first step in development. Wetlands are one of the strategic natural resources of the regions in creating positive developments in agriculture, animal husbandry and tourism, many of which, unfortunately, have been destroyed due to drought or human misconduct. An important part of the dryness of wetlands is due to the lack of water rights for wetlands and also the uncontrolled extraction of surface and groundwater resources of the wetland catchment. The purpose of this study is to study the possibility of rehabilitating Zarghan wetland by using surface flow and sewage effluent in Zarghan and its suburbs for regional development. Considering the three sectors of drinking, industry and agriculture in the region, the Nash dispute resolution model has been used for the allocation decision-making process. The results of the simulation-optimization model of Zarghan Wetland and Forest, as expected, showed that in the current situation, the upstream consumer of Zarghan Wetland and Forest provides its water needs at a lower cost, and in the months of water shortage with a shortage. There will be less water, but in general for the entire Zarghan plain, due to the amount of surface and groundwater abstraction, which is 1.82 mcm and 1.32 mcm per year, respectively, the water needs of the wetland will not be met and with a shortage of 86 mcm / 1 per year. The results of simulation-optimization and Nash model showed that the system is facing many water shortages and therefore it is not possible to rehabilitate the wetland stably with the current conditions.

Health category is considered as the main index of development because health is the most important factor of development and it guarantees the survival of each community. Health services, as the health principle and by the aim of providing and upgrading individual heaths, form the important development element in each society. The population of this research involves five provinces of Zagros area involving Ilam, Kordestan Kermanshah, Lorestan and Hamedan. The purpose of the present study is to investigate and study the position of spatial distribution of health index and ranking and rating the provinces of Zagros area. Required data is obtained from statistical yearbook of 2016 in five mentioned provinces. In the present research, ranking and rating of provinces are performed by using Shannon entropy method for weighing and COPRA'S model by using 42 criteria of health. The results show that development coefficient is variable from 42.72 to 90. The province of Hamedan with the score of 100 and Lorestan with the score of 96.47 are respectively located in the first and second rank, and they are respectively considered as developed and relatively developed provinces. Kermanshah with the score of 94.67 is located in the third rank, and it is relatively developed, while Kordestan with the score of 86.39 is placed in the fourth rank and it is relatively developed. At last, Ilam province with the score of 42.72 is placed in the fifth rank, and it is considered as developing province in terms of health index. These results indicate province differences in Zagros area in terms of beat health index.

Today, environmental law is mentioned as one of the important tools for Natural spaces management and environmental protection. Applying legal aspects and considerations to natural geography requires comprehensive laws and guidelines. The right to a healthy environment is recognized as a fundamental right in the human rights community, although it has not yet been fully recognized. Special attention to this right has led to the recognition of the potential of civil, economic, cultural and social rights. The aim of this study was to identify the indicators related to the right to the environment of Iran. The research is of applied type. Initially, based on the classification of vegetative regions of Iran, the natural geography of the country was divided into five regions. The statistical population of the study included experts, managers, professors in the field of environment and natural resources. A statistical sample of 400 people was determined. SPSS21 software and information layer overlay system were used for data analysis. A total of 4 main indicators and 17 sub-indicators were identified. The "Ecosystem Health" indicator had the highest score (1397), after that "vegetation" indicator with 1305, the "animal wildlife" indicator with 1267 points and the "environmental quality" indicator with 1181 score were. The highest weight for sub-indicators belonged to "land use change" with 5.78 and the lowest weight belonged to "noise pollution" with 2.11. The "land use change" indicator was introduced as the most important indicator in all regions and the "noise pollution" was introduced as the least important indicator. According to the average score obtained for the seventeen indicators of environmental law, it was found that these indicators are the most important in the Zagros ecological region (4.37) and in the Irani-Turani (4.197), Hyrkani-Caspian (3.974), Arasbaran (3.93) and finally, Persian Gulf - Omani (3.178).

Drought and territorial effects have changed the aridity to a major crisis on the resistance of economic life of many villages in dry and semi dry areas. Now drying the Zayanderood river is one of the most challenges of Isfahan province that in addition to the social tensions has also caused the appearance of many political and socal effects.Its effects on rural areas especially in eastern part of Isfahan has been more than the other areas. So the present practical research was done with the purpose of analyzing drought of Zayanderood and its Economic-Political consequences on the farmers of eastern part of Isfahan through a survey. Statistical population of research was the farmers of east of Isfahan who were the householders (N=41000) that according to Cochran formula and by randomly cluser sampling 380 of them were randomly selected as the sample. Questionnaire wasmade by the researcher and data analysis was done through Confirmatory factor analysis method and use of Amos and Lisrel software. Findings of the study confirmed the existence of economic and political consequences of drought of Zayanderood river on the farmers population of east of Isfahan. The results of Friedman showed that among the six considered factors the factor of the real estate and land,s price is on the highedt rank (4.45) while the economic security is on the lowest rank (2.57). Finally, the results show that the standard coefficient and the amount of calculated T of the economic and political consequences of drought of Zayanderood have had remarkable decrease among the farmers of east of Isfahan in factors like the price of land and real estate (0.71), economic security (0.87) and political stock (0.61). In the factor of dependency of the farmers to the government there was an increase(0.59) and also there was clear changes in factors like the method of river life (0.73) and people,s economic condition (0.75).

Nowadays, encroaching on the virtually pristine and untouched lands of the villages, especially the pleasant summer-quarter villages surrounding the big cities and metropolises, is pervasive. This becomes even more critical when villa construction and summer-quarters houses are modernized; as a result, land brokers seize the opportunity and exploit the economic vulnerability of the villages. Therefore, susceptible villages are targeted and encroached. This paper aims to analyze the factors affecting the agricultural land use change to villa gardens in the Sirch village in Kerman City, Iran. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Random sampling method was used and the sample size was determined by Cochran's formula as 97 households in the under-study area. The first part of data were collected from field studies, questionnaire, observation, selected and researcher-developed indicators and the second part were collected using library studies. The validity of the questionnaires was examined by experts and the validity coefficient was 0.90. Meanwhile, ANP was used to rank the studied indicators in terms of the effect of factors affecting agricultural land use change and SPSS was used to analyze research questions. The results showed that an average of 54% and 20% of Sirch residents considered the effect of the economic factor on land use change as medium and high. Thus, opportunists' policy, rural people's need for diversifying their income, farmer's financial needs, the low value of the rural land compared to those in the urban areas, the increase in the cost of rural life, the prevalence of false jobs and the desirable income of some of them (such as smuggling) is quite tangible to residents. The Pearson correlation test was employed to investigate the relationship between the factors affecting land use change to the villa garden. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between these two variables. Factors affecting the agricultural land use change to the garden villa was 0.572, indicating direct and significant relationship between these two variables with moderate correlation with 99% confidence level.

Today, coastal tourism with increasing growth has been considered as an effective factor in the formation of development centers in the coastal sites in rural areas. The coastal villages of Rasht county are a suitable microclimate for the development of tourism. However, the existence of problems, has recently challenged the socio-cultural structure of the villages. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the socio-cultural consequences of tourism development in the eleven coastal villages of this county. The research method is descriptive-analytical and has a practical nature in terms of purpose. Data were analyzed in Likert scale,SPSS software and one-sample t-test were used for analysis. The research results show that although the development of tourism has caused an increase in the awareness of the rural community, consequences such as increasing the problems of rural youth in purchase of the land due to the intensification of stock exchange game, evasion of law in the field of unauthorized construction, fraud and increasing the illegal sale and purchase of real estates and lands with weighted averages of 4.63, 4.41 and 4.40 respectively, have caused the highest amount of socio-cultural damage and negative impact among other items.On the other hand, the role of tourism development on increasing the foresight of the local community in preserving local resources, expanding socio-cultural integration and convergence, creating security of the local community has also been assessed as less important than other components that the institutional-managerial decisions have been one of the determining factors in the conditions occurred

Rural settlements as an open system have various forms of natural, economic, social, human, cultural and symbolic capital that play an important role in the development of tourism. As such, these funds are mainly classified into two groups of tangible and intangible resources. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of local community capital in tourism development in target villages of Abhar township (Zanjan province). The present research is an applied one and its method is descriptive-analytical and library and field methods have been used for data collection. The statistical population of the study consisted of 7 tourism target villages of Abhar township which has 1268 households based on Population and Housing Census data (2016). Of these, 190 were selected using Cochran formula. The face validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by experts and the reliability of the variables was estimated 76% using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Statistical tests such as t-test, regression and Kruskal-Wallis were used for quantitative analysis of data. The results show that community capital has a positive and significant impact on tourism development. So that the natural capital, social capital and cultural capital of tourism target villages with numerical mean values of (4.13), (4.08) and (4.06) respectively have played a decisive role in the development of tourism, respectively. And. Also in the regression fitting model, coefficient of determination is equal to (0.84) and indicates positive impact of local community capital on tourism development and natural (0.379), social (0.242), cultural (0.181) capital had the most impact on development. There is tourism. The results of Kruskal-Wallis test also showed that there is no significant difference at 95% level in local community capital except for cultural capital and constructed between sample villages and in villages of Darsajin and Qorveh due to having local community capital in the first place and Second.

The aim of this study was to systematically review the Persian papers published in the Persian ‎scientific-research journals on the topic of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design ‎‎(CPTED). In this cross-sectional and documentary study, articles published over the last 20 ‎years (1999-2020) have been screened using the standard checklist of The Joanna Briggs ‎Institute (JBI). Finally, using 8 JBI criteria, 38 articles were selected and included in the final ‎analysis. The findings show that more than %80 of CPTED articles have been published since ‎‎2011. Islamic Azad University units with the publication of 8 articles (%21.05) and Urban ‎Management and Law Enforcement Affairs Journals with the publication of 3 articles (%7.87) ‎had the highest share in the article’s publication on "CPTED". Of the all published articles, ‎‎45/73 were prepared by documentary method. In %44.73 of the articles, the city was selected as ‎the study area. Geography and urban planning had the highest share in article production with ‎‎13 articles (%34.21), architecture with 11 articles (%28.95) and urban planning with 7 articles ‎‎(%18.42). The findings indicate that the first set of (documentary) studies have introduced and ‎described "CPTED". Second-hand articles (surveys) have attempted to use "CPTED" to measure ‎the security of urban spaces, and a third has attempted to prescribe it as a standard urban ‎planning guide. The results of this study show that most articles have repeatedly introduced ‎CPTED, its principles and theories surrounding it, and indigenous and independent theorizing ‎has not been conducted. Future studies can focus on expanding indigenous theories of urban ‎planning to apply this theme in the field of urban planning in Iran. ‎‏ ‏

Being aware of the new technology conditions after executing and identifying the consequences of execution of these technologies have been always a basic and vital issue in technology management that can help gain competitive advantages in the commercial applications through making correct selections of the new technology according to the conditions of the in the urban business uses and the specifications of the agency while having an extensive effect on the regional sustainable development. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a systematic model to assess commercial soft technology in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operating in the urban commercial sector of Bushehr. For this purpose, the sequential mixed method in three stages (qualitative, Tool design, quantitative) is applied. At the first step (qualitative part), the themes were taken from in-depth interviews (up to theoretical saturation) with 25 experts, consisting of small and medium enterprises and municipal managers. The received data were coded and 157 key codes were identified in the form of 57 basic themes, 25 organizing themes, and 6 global themes. In the second step, the soft technology analysis mechanisms were adjusted using the "Technology Atlas" and "Daddario" models Implemented in one of the business units in the urban business use sector of Bushehr city. The results of this study show the main components for assessing commercial soft technology are technology acceptance level, technology impact level, technologist human, technology life cycle, degree of automation and technology transfer. The findings of this study indicate this model can analyze the features, characteristics, consequences, and outcomes of using commercial soft technologies in urban business use. Also, the results of executing the model showed that the soft management and marketing technologies with the assessing coefficients 0.62 and 0.6 are the most complex and extensive technologies among the soft commercial technologies in the urban business uses in Bushehr.

Today, housing as a durable commodity is one of the main assets of families, which is directly related to household income and their economic status. In this regard, the low-income groups do not have the financial means to provide housing, and since the private sector is inefficient in this regard, the government, according to its policies, has provided affordable housing for these groups, one of which is Cases are Mehr housing, which can be considered in terms of stability. The city of Ardabil is no exception in this regard, due to the high number of immigrants and the need for low-income housing, and one of the most important problems of this city is the provision of quality housing for low-income groups. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the sustainability of affordable housing in Ardabil city. Current study is applied according to aim and it is analytical-descriptive according to nature and methodology.Current study is applied according to aim and it is analytical-descriptive according to nature and methodology. Statistical society in this study include, Ardebili citizens residing in Mehr housing and housing in informal settlements That 385 persons were gathered in questionnaire by simple random sampling. To data analysis, partial squares at least was used in Warp PLS Software framework. Study results showed that, there is significant relationship between study 4 dimension and satisfaction about affordable housing sustainable. So, social-cultural, physical, ecological and economical cases in affordable housing sustainable are the effective dimensions and satisfaction of affordable housing sustainable in Ardebil city is in middle level.

The most important principles and ideals of progress and the desired horizon of the country in the next five decades is designed In Iranian Islamic Development Pattern. This pattern represents the general course of favorable developments in Iran in the field of thought, science, spirituality and life towards the new Iranian Islamic civilization in the next half century. It is designed based on the worldview, Islamic principles and values of the Islamic Revolution and according to the social, climatic and cultural heritage requirements of Iran and includes the principles, ideals, mission, horizon and measures that must be considered to solve the important problems of the country and the flourishing of lasting national capabilities.The current situation in Iran, with its historical background, shows that research in "wisdom" is a good platform for the Iranian Islamic development, and in the meantime, the wisdom of architecture and urban planning can be considered as one of the preconditions for sustainable planning.This research has been done descriptively-analytically by studying the Iranian Islamic Development Pattern Document (as a document of sustainable development of the country) and also by studying the physical identity of the Iranian cities. Studies have focused on the perception of the environment and the structure of the Iranian city. The independent variable of research, according to the subject of research, is architectural wisdom and the dependent variable is environmental perception. In this regard, attention to the concept of "urban identity" and "wisdom in architecture and urban planning" has been considered as a tool for sustainable development of the country in order to pay attention to the concept of the Iranian Islamic Development Pattern Document. The findings of the research show that in addition to the fact that "futures research" is important in identifying and introducing the structure of cities, it is necessary to formulate regulations to preserve the Components of original wisdom of Iranian architecture, Components of cultural identity and environmental protection.

At present, following the growth of urbanization and the increase in natural disasters, the study and measurement of the resilience of human and natural systems in achieving sustainable development is of particular importance. Accordingly, the present study seeks to measure and evaluate the resilience of Germi city environment against earthquake risk. In this study, by taking into account the natural, physical and accessible structures involved in reducing the effects of an earthquake in the form of 15 indicators, resilience of Germi city against earthquake is discussed. Then, the information layers were prepared by the geographic information system and in the next step, the weighting of the studied factors was done using the network analysis process (ANP) in Super Decision software environment and the final modeling was done using the ordinal weighted average (OWA) method. The results indicate that 11/70 % of the study area has a quite good resilience and 24.17% of the area has quite inappropriate. Moderate and relatively appropriate resilience percentages are 25 %, 25.84 %, and 13.29 %, respectively. In general, it can be said that the southern, southwestern parts and northeastern city of Germi have relatively inappropriate conditions regarding resilience, whereas construction in the northern and northwestern parts of the city are in better condition. According to the final map, the city of Germi is not in a good position in terms of earthquakes resistance, and it has a kind of medium to low status. According to the final map, the city of Germi is not in a good position in terms of earthquakes resistance, and it has a kind of medium to low status.

Several challenges to urban management have made it necessary to make the preparation for possible events an undeniable necessity; among other things, the development challenges of the Ahvaz city due to oil extraction, microstates and the lack of a planning approach based on predicting future challenges are tall It has been. This research is aimed at identifying key factors of urban development management in Ahvaz city. Therefore, this research in terms of purpose is a type of applied research that is based on a futuristic approach. The statistical population of this research is 46 academic staff familiar with Ahvaz urban issues. With the participation of experts, 33 variables were identified. Based on the results, the propellant of oil and gas with the effect of 74, the economics of knowledgeable actors 64, the political participation of citizens with a 73 effect and elite axis with the effect of 64 is of great importance in the development of Ahvaz. In addition, from the total number of influencers influencing Ahwaz urban development, 13 proponents were selected as the key driver of the development of Ahwaz city. The most important of these were entrepreneurship and innovation, development of civil institutions, regional equilibrium policies, development based on Public transportation, efficient urban management, sustainable incomes and the provision of electronic city infrastructure.. The placement of factors on the matrix screen showed that the Ahvaz urban development system is a system of instability, which is mainly due to the inefficiency of urban management methods and indicates the vulnerability of Ahvaz city development. Finally, with regard to the findings, key suggestions have been made towards the use of an elitist approach and citizen-centered management.

Rural resilience is a community oriented approch to promote preparedness of rural communities versus instability arising from risks. reducing the vulnerability of villagers by increasing the flexibility versus natural consequence is one of the features of managment, planing and development that is possible through identifiying effective factors on resilience strengthen.. This study is application in based on objective and descriptive- analytical in based on nature. The statistical population is 24 inhabited villages of the southern and central Wilkij villages with a population of 18,249 people. The sample size was estimated at 380 people based on the Cochran formula which disperses the number of samples in the villages proportionate to their population and Sample selection method in each village has been randomized systematically.To adjust questionnaire was used of the five resilience indicators in the form of 45 items. The reliability of the was evaluated based on Cronbach's Alpha of 0.91.To weigh indicators was used from the Shannon Entropy technique, to level the villages was used from decision techniques of Topsis, Vikor and Saw and to integrate the results was used by Kopeld Technique. Findings show government grants (0.027) is the most important criterion and dependence on location (0.016) is the least important criterion. The results of the leveling of the villages indicate this eight villages are on a good level, 10 villages on average six villages are also at weak levels. The results of one-sample t-test with a mean of 2.93 showed that the resilience of the villages of the southern and central Wilkij villages was lower than the average. It can be concluded that resilience against earthquake is not in good condition and the earthquake is a serious danger that threaten to rural areas.

Today, security is not only dependent on the use of physical equipment, the deployment of troops and law enforcement, but also on other economic, social, and political and social dimensions that will help ensure the security of the villages. The purpose of this article is to identify the factors that contribute to achieving sustainable security in the border villages of Khorasan Razavi. The research method is descriptive and analytical and questionnaire is used. GIS software was used for mapping and exccel and SPSS software was used for statistical analysis and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests, stepwise regression and path analysis..The population of this study is zero to fifty kilometers villages located on the border of this province with neighboring countries. The results indicate that satisfaction with economic indicators is lower than other social and political indicators.And according to regression testing and path analysis, this indicator plays a very important role in creating and feeling secure in border villages. In terms of the intervals studied, the economic index has had the greatest role in creating a sense of security. Considering the extent to which border villages are satisfied with the security situation in the First Circuit, it is important to consider economic and welfare indicators for security. Although the level of satisfaction with the economic index is low, the effect and weight of this index, according to regression testing and path analysis, is very high in creating security, which has doubled the need to pay attention to economic issues in the form of irrigation patterns.

One of the problems of managing the program and budget of the country's municipalities is the lack of scientific forecasts of annual revenues and as a result of the structural budget deficit, and this issue has caused inaccuracies and reduced welfare and services to citizens, and finally the administration of It has caused problems and has led to the failure to achieve legal policies and objectives.Today, most municipalities in the country use simple scientific revenue forecasting methods or have developed simple experimental methods that ignore the impact of macroeconomic variables. According to the analysis of past conditions and the study of existing trends affecting municipal revenues, financial resources should be predicted and direct and indirect factors affecting municipal revenues should be considered.The purpose of this study is to predict the revenue of municipalities and Shiraz city on a case by case basis. The two methods used in this study are regression method by predicting macro-micro interface variables of VECM model and neural network model in macro-micro hybrid space using data from 2009 to the end of 1397. The present research is an applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology and the method of implementation and collection of data is documentary and library.To compare the predictability of multiple regression model with artificial neural networks, two evaluation criteria of competing models including MSE and RMSE as well as independent t-test were used to differentiate the prediction values made by the model and the actual (observed) values and the results showed that the network Nervous has been significantly more accurate in predicting municipal revenue than the regression model.

The concept of quality of life, which has been considered by researchers and thinkers in some scientific fields in recent decades, has different dimensions and represents the level of enjoyment and benefit from the material tools of individual and social well-being and also people's abilities in the scientific and social fields. Nowadays, quality of life as a key element in policy making and public policy review is discussed. The aim of this study is to analyze the quality of life in the villages of Anzali city with emphasis on physical indicators. In order to analyze the issue have been used the general population and housing census data of 2016 as well as field studies in the form of interviews, observations and completion of the questionnaire. Anzali city has 25 villages. The physical quality of all villages was examined using eight indicators and using the TOPSIS model, and the villages were ranked based on the continuous output of Tapsis and were classified into three levels. The relationship between the quality of life of the villages and the three variables of distance from the city center, distance from Anzali free trade-economic zone and the population of each village was calculated by Pearson correlation test. The relationship between the physical quality rank of the villages with the above three variables was 0.63, 0.62 and 0.74, respectively. The results indicated that in all three cases, the relationship between the variables and the physical quality of the villages is quite clear and demonstrates the inverse and intermediate upward relationship of the physical quality of the villages with two variables distance from the city center and free trade-economic zone. There is also a strong direct relationship between population size and physical quality of villages.

In this study, using distributive justice of urban development projects in case of income stability, 10 areas of Tabriz metropolis were studied. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Excel, Eviews and Arc GIS software were used to analyze the issue. From 1392 to 1396, the economic situation predicted, the beginning of the situation of stable and unstable revenue figures of the municipality, the share of budget-construction operations by rural areas and the number of construction projects implemented at the level of segregation were studied. According to the results, the coefficient of self-play causes spatial vulnerability to 3 factors: unstable income figures, the number of construction projects and the rate of increase in construction efficiency at the level of 10 shows that if it causes severe entry, it will increase in unstable areas The Article 100 Commission, the income from the change of uses and the sale of real estate in one area, has spread to other areas of Tabriz. Among the variables of income stability, sale of cheap goods in the market, collection fees and centralized municipal funds are the most important factors affecting the existence of distributive justice by the municipality. The cost of the construction variable and the number of executive projects as control variables have a negative effect on the growth of spatial inequality or distributive justice that exists and is significant at a high level; This means that areas with more development and more projects implemented have less inequality growth. Accordingly, the amount of budget, the negative and significant effect on economic growth has caused instability. This means that as regions increase in budget, they have less absorption through volatile returns. Also, the number of physical-infrastructure projects in the study period (2013-2017) (128 out of 319 cases) has a positive and significant effect on the model of distributive justice approach.

Farmers’ perceptions of climate change risk is critically important if they plan to implement appropriate adaptation measures in their farming. Because, farmers' perception of the risk of climate change can affect decisions and their performance. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting farmers' perceptions of climate change risk and their adaptation behavior in response to climate change in Kermanshah Township. The statistical population was agricultural farmers in Kermanshah Township, from which 250 farmers were selected as a sample using two-stage cluster sampling method and according to the research objectives and indicators considered by the researcher. The present study is descriptive-correlational research and data were collected through a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the opinions of experienced experts and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test. Collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (path analysis and multivariate linear regression) by SPSSWin21, The results showed that seven variables could account for 61% of the total variance of farmer’ adoptive behavior. Also, the results of path analysis revealed that five variables, i.e. knowledge, personal feelings, climate change risk perception, personal experiences and social problems had total impacts of 0.599, 0.309, 0.262, 0.253 and 0.247, respectively and they were the most important factors in determining farmer’ adoptive behavior. Also, two variables of value orientation and social norms had total impacts of 0.112 and -0.172, respectively and had a minimal effect on farmers' adoptive behavior. Finally, the findings of this study showed that the ways that individuals perceive climate change is highly personal and influenced by a number of factors. The results also clearly show the need to increase people awareness about the causes, effects and methods of adaptation to climate change.

According to the obtained results, social cultural factor (with a path coefficient of 0.702), financial and economic factors (with a path coefficient of 0.771), institutional factors of the Minister of Construction (with a path coefficient of 0.967), Entrepreneurial support factors (with a path coefficient of 0.929), individual resources and human capital (with a path coefficient of 0.700), managerial factors (with a path coefficient of 0.883) are effective in investing and creating businesses by entrepreneurs in the country's villages. And the T-Value is greater than 1.96. Also, the Q2 criterion for all the endogenous variables of the model is greater than 0.32, which shows that the exogenous (independent) variables are strong in predicting the dependent variables and the fit is appropriate. The structural model confirms the research once again. Considering that the general goals of this rural development plan and creating new job opportunities for the villagers are the revival of indigenous knowledge, customs and jobs and its application in entrepreneurship, increasing the participation of villagers in planning. Local development, increasing working skills and entrepreneurial knowledge of villagers and helping sustainable rural life are among the other goals of this project. Extensive governmental and non-governmental efforts have been made in the field of business creation and development in the less developed rural areas of the country, but many residents of these areas still live below the poverty line, the reason for this contradiction can be the lack of a problem-based strategy. Yabi found that most of the government policies and non-government programs in the field of entrepreneurship development have been approved and implemented without spending the necessary time to accurately assess the factors affecting the issue by passing the real needs of the villagers, and in practice it does not bring positive results. Keywords: investment, business, entrepreneurship, village, Iran