نشریه مطالعات جامعه شناسی
سال پانزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 56، پاییز 1401)

While state are in charge of maintaining order and security and justice in society, they may sometimes become the factor of insecurity and disorder, in which case state crime occurs. State crimes are criminal and anti-social acts committed by states and state agencies against their own citizens. Countering with state crimes committed in society is the responsibility of states, but countering with crimes committed by states themselves is a challenging issue. Because there is no superior power to power of state. In this case, people and civil society can also counter with state crimes, which can be violent or non - violent. According to these issues, this article tries to investigate various criminal, judicial, and participatory criminal policies through criminal and non-criminal strategies with these crimes and evaluating these strategies with emphasis on Iran's criminal policy. The effective operation of the legislative and judiciary through criminalization and fair trial and the activities of public and non-governmental bodies, Violent and peaceful protests of the people and restorative justice are ways to deal with state crimes that have been analyzed in this article.

Bandar Gaz city has not grown significantly in the field of political development and the level of political participation and activity of political parties in it is low. Political development is influenced by social and cultural factors, including political trust and religious beliefs. The present article aimed to analyze the effects of political trust and religious beliefs on political development. The research method was survey and information was collected using a questionnaire. All people over 15 years old in Gaz port have been selected as the statistical population, which is equal to 36785 people. The sampling method is multi-stage cluster and the sample size according to Cochran's formula is 380 people. The measurement tool has a formal validity and its reliability for the political development variable is equal to 0.790.The findings show that the average political development is 2.01, which is a higher than average number. The dimension of political participation with an average of 2.31 has the highest average and the dimension of political freedom with an average of 1.76 have the lowest value among the dimensions of political development. The variables of religiosity and political trust have a positive and direct relationship with the level of political development. The results of multivariate regression show that 33.9% of the changes in political development are explained by variables. Religiosity has the least effect and political trust has the most effect on political development. Therefore, the role of political trust and religious beliefs in increasing and accelerating the political development of Gaz port should be considered.

The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between some social and individual factors related to the tendency of students of the Islamic Azad University of Tabriz to democracy. The type of research was applied, the research method was survey and the data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the measurement tool was determined through the face validity and reliability of the instrument using Cronbach's alpha. The statistical population of students was Islamic Azad University of Tabriz with 12 faculties and had 20100 thousand students. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 377 people. The sampling method was stratified randomly proportional to the size of the population. According to the information obtained, Pearson correlation coefficient between the variables of tendency to democracy and religiosity is 0.65, which indicates a direct and positive relationship. Also, according to the test result, the average of the variable of tendency towards democracy varies according to the type of family. The tendency towards democracy is slightly higher among single students than among married students. Based on the findings, the tendency of students of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz to democracy varies according to the job status of students. There is a need to create the conditions for the creation and expansion of civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations in order for students to participate in political activities.Conflict of interes"According to the authors of the present article, there was no conflict of interest.

Nowadays, the tourism industry has a principal impact as the largest service industry in the world and plays a key role in improving the socio-cultural and economic structure of countries. Investigating the literature of development, indicates that the improvement of rural social welfare is a function of various phenomena, such as tourism activity. The present study, investigates the relationship between the dimensions of rural tourism development and the quality of social welfare of rural residents of Koohrang city in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The research method is descriptive and comparative causal, including a sample size of 616 people which have been chosen by stratified sampling method. The data obtained from this study have been analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The structural validity of the questionnaire was performed by factor analysis and KMO test and its reliability was determined by Cronbach's alpha test (0.72). The calculation process in this investigation is based on the structural equation method, SPSS and AMOS software. The outcomes showed a significant relevance between the dimensions of tourism development and social welfare and the regression values ​​of the structural model indicate that the functional dimension of rural tourism development has the most effect (ß = 0.64) and the service dimension (ß = 0.07) has the least influence on social welfare.

The aim of the present study was a confirmatory factor analysis based on a self-management variable measurement model based on experts' views with the aim of improving the productivity of the Iran-Azerbaijan International Cycling Tour from the perspective of economic sociology. The research method was survey method and confirmatory factor analysis method based on structural equation model was used to review and confirm the subscales and variables of the questionnaires. The statistical population was different experts and thinkers in the field of Iran-Azerbaijan international cycling tour from different organizations and centers and 300 of them were selected by stratified sampling. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 60 questions. Formal validity (opinions of the supervisor, consultant and experts in the field of sports management) was used to evaluate the validity of the tool. The reliability of the questionnaires was also tested through Cronbach's alpha test. The results obtained also increase with increasing profitability.

The main purpose of this research is to study, understand and conceptualize the concept of development culture and barriers to development in Zanjan, which in terms of the purpose of applied research and in terms of method, qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview. The average duration of each interview was 30 to 60 minutes. Klaizi analysis method was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the spread of globalization and the advancement of technology and the culture of misuse of development tools such as the Internet, satellite, cyberspace, etc., has shaken the foundation of families, tendency to individualism and negative utilitarianism, as well as the opposition between tradition and modernity, extreme prejudice. Severe prejudice, from alienation and consumerism, the occurrence of cultural changes to cultural development, Lack of social demands, lack of attention to legalism and correct social behavior, failure to realize social, cultural, symbolic, human, economic, political and ... Capital renaissance , Other cultural barriers to development were developed from the results of the study.the  Conflict of interest

Social deprivation is a fact that some people are significantly more exposed to than others. Women's groups, meanwhile, are the ones most severely affected by social exclusion. Accordingly, this study examines the sociological deprivation of women in the city of Urmia and its related social factors. The theoretical framework of the research is the theories of Narayan, Bourdieu, Petrick, Giddens and Dahrendorf. This research is a cross-sectional survey in terms of control of research conditions, cross-sectional, expansive, and time-based. The community was studied by women in Urmia, and 430 people were questioned by sampling the possible quotas. The findings show that social deprivation has a negative and significant relationship with each of the variables of equal opportunities, participation, skill, decision-making power, social capital, social economic base and social network(p<0/001). Multiple regression was used to explain the dependent variable, and all variables remained in the regression model and had a significant effect on the dependent variable. The coefficient of determination indicates that about 38% of the variance of women's social deprivation is explained by the independent variables in the regression equation.

Two emerging features and concealment of subliminal perception, suggests that essential to investigate the areas in which subliminal messages are used or can be used in the textual or semiotic contents. This research relies on a combination of qualitative content analysis, with the analysis of visual subliminal messages, and for this aim, purposeful sampling of Time magazines, Rolling Stone and political advertising clips was performed. The approach used in this study provides a comprehensive understanding of how political propaganda draws on subliminal messages? Furthermore, we found that the induction of such messages is exploited by embedding in the background, changing the resolution, size and color of images by pursuing goals such as election campaigns, assassination of personalities, changes in public opinion and the like..

This research aims to explore the impact of the social order on the Rashti voters’ attitudes towards the policymaking of the Islamic Parliament. The main method of this research is survey and the data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of this study consists of all people who have the right to vote in Rasht, of which 400 people were selected as the sample size. The sampling method is also a multi-stage cluster.One of the paramount findings of this study was that the attitudes towards the social order have a direct and positive impact on the attitudes towards the policymaking of the electoral institution of the Islamic Parliament. This indicates that the more people feel that the policies are developed with respect to the economic, cultural, social and political conditions, the more positive their attitudes will be towards those policies. Meanwhile, there was no correlation between education and the voters’ attitudes whereas there was a negative correlation between age and voters’ attitudes towards the policy making of the electoral institutions. Finally, males and females were different with respect to attitudes towards the policy making in the sense that the females’ attitudes were more positive

Besides the incidence and quantity of law-aversion attitudes and behaviors of university students, definitely it is a problem which necessitatesmore serious consideration. This study seeks to determine the extent of law-aversion among the study population and what sociological factors are related to law-aversion. This research using survey and questionnaire in a sample size as 400 students in Tehran universities examined the variable and affecting factors. The findings showed that the rate of law-aversion among Tehran students is medium to low. While the average of the indicators of total religiosity, feeling of relative deprivation and feeling of inequality indicate an above-average level of these indicators among students. The results indicate that the relationship between the index of total religiosity and all its dimensions with law-aversion is relatively weak and inverse; That is, as students' religiosity increases, so does their law-aversion. Regarding the variable of relative deprivation, relationships are significant only in the individual dimension of deprivation and law-aversion. In fact, the increase in the individual dimension of the feeling of relative deprivation is in line with the increase in law-aversion among students, and that the relationship between feelings of inequality and law-aversion has not been significant. Finally, in the case of contextual variables, educational attainment and younger ages were more vulnerable. The results also suggest that policies should focus mainly on lower education and younger students.

Social media is one of the important tools in informing people and changing their mentality. Consumption of domestic goods and support of domestic products has an important role in the growth and development of domestic industries and also affects macroeconomic variables. The present study aims to determine the role of the media in the trust of Iranian citizens in goods produced in Iran among the citizens of Tehran's 18th district. The applied research method was standard questionnaires according to the type of survey and data collection tools. The statistical population was citizens of district 18 of Tehran and the sample size was 384. The sampling method was cluster random. Pearson and regression tests were used to measure the relationship between research hypotheses. The results showed that the impact of personal social media on the trust of Iranian citizens is 51.8%, the impact of social media on the trust of Iranian citizens is 46.3% and the impact of traditional media on the trust of Iranian citizens is 35.7%. Given the positive sign of the beta coefficient, the direction of this effect was positive.

There are different types of employee training, all of which are done to improve the level of knowledge, awareness, technical, professional and job skills, as well as to create desirable behavior in the employees of an organization. The aim of this study was to provide a suitable model for mentoring new teachers in the country's educational system in the form of a systematic model and using the data theory of the foundation. In this study, a combined method was used to collect data. The statistical population consisted of a number of specialists in the field of educational management, experienced teachers and specialists in the field of education, and in the quantitative part, new teachers. Sampling was performed in a targeted manner. The main tool for data collection was a researcher-made quantitative part of the questionnaire. In the qualitative part of the research, semi-structured interviews with theoretical saturation were used and the findings were analyzed by MAX-QDA software (18) and finally a paradigm model of mentoring new teachers was designed. Based on the findings, mentoring has individual, organizational and extra-organizational dimensions. According to the obtained results, causal conditions, central categories, context, strategies, intervention conditions and consequences of mentoring new teachers were extracted using the data theory theory of the foundation.Conflict of interest: According to the authors, the article did not have any conflict of interest.