Journal of Sports Physiology and Athletic Conditioning
Volume:2 Issue: 6, Autumn 2022

Agility is one of the most critical factors in the sport performance of soccer players. Although various tests have been designed to measure agility, there is no agility test, based on soccer-specific movement patterns. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and examine of a soccer Specific Reactive Agility Test (SSRAGT)for Players U14 Years.

48 soccer players under the age of 14 years divided in two groups composed of 24 players. The group A were elite soccer players and active at the level of Asia vision, while group B were soccer players were active at the level of neighborhood and local competitions One hundred and seventy competitive soccer players under 14 years volunteered to participation in this study as subjects. The standard 505 Agility Test (505AT), Zig-zag Curl (ZZC) ، Zig-zag straight (ZZS) the test was performed for all participants on two separate days within a two-day interval at the same time and place. The SSRAGT was performed after two days.

In order to evaluate the intensity of agility test the number of steps and heartbeat after activity was applied. The 505-agility test with a heartbeat of 159.4±11.245b was lower than other tests. The number of steps in the 505-agility test indicated lower intensity and fewer steps 26.30±4.794b. The heartbeat and number of steps in the other test had a significant correlation with each other. The results of logistic regression between 48 player SSRAGT test can significantly predict the level of performance of young football players (OR = 1.437, P <0.01). As the ZZC test was able to significantly predict the performance level of the subjects in this study (OR = 1.05, P <0.01).

Based on the result the reactive agility test for the soccer player in comparison with non-reactive agility test had the potential to distinguish between average and elite soccer players and due to its reactive nature, it is similar to movement patter in soccer, so it can be used as an efficient field tool to evaluate players’ agility levels.

Nowadays, sports science uses scientific methods and medical devices to assist people with any improvements in sports. Muscle adaptations have significantly benefited as a result of the use of these advanced devices. It has been shown that neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) devices effectively improve muscle function. The use of NMES devices in exercise physiology shows that neuromuscular adaptation is a current research area in both athletes and non-athletes. This narrative review aims to address neuromuscular adaptations and describe neuromuscular changes based on research using NMES. Many researchers and sports trainers will benefit from the results of this article by better understanding neuromuscular adaptations. NMES training has been shown to be an effective way to improve muscle growth, maximum voluntary strength, neuronal drive, oxidative metabolism, and antioxidant defense systems. In addition, NMES is capable of regulating the homeostasis of muscle proteins and increasing oxidative enzyme activity. In animal models, it has also been shown to increase axonal outgrowth, fiber reinnervation, and motor axon regeneration. Various NMES methods may decrease age-related muscle atrophy and functional deterioration. The use of NMES, which is one of the most successful strategies for increasing athletic performance through neuromuscular adaptations, is one of the most promising areas of research.

Endometriosis is a chronic disease, afflicting about 5-10% of women. Many possible environmental and molecular factors have been proposed for the pathogenesis of endometriosis; nevertheless, its real mechanism is still under investigation. This research aimed to examine the effect of physical exercise and B6 vitamin on the expression of COX2 and IL-1B genes on endometriotic tissue in endometriosis model rats.

In this experimental research, 25 Wistar rats were randomly assigned into five groups: control-healthy, endometriosis, endometriosis + exercise, endometriosis + B6, endometriosis + exercise + B6. Vitamin B6 were administered as 60 mg/kg per body weight of each rat. The swimming exercise program involved 8 weeks of exercise, each week 5 days, and each day for 30 min. For data analysis, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey test were used.

The extent of expression of COX and IL-1β genes increased significantly in the endometriosis group compared to the control-healthy group. All three groups of endometriosis + exercise, endometriosis + B6, and endometriosis + exercise + B6 showed a significant reduction of COX2 expression compared to the endometriosis group. Two groups of endometriosis + exercise and endometriosis + exercise + B6 indicated a significant decline in the extent of expression of 1L-1β gene, as compared to the endometriosis group. The endometriosis + exercise + B6 group revealed a significant reduction in the extent of expression of COX2 and IL-1β genes compared to endometriosis + B6. Finally, the endometriosis + exercise group revealed a significant decrease in the extent of expression of IL-1β gene, when compared with the endometriosis + B6.

Overall, the results suggest that changes in the key molecules or signaling pathways as well as gene expression in the endometriosis process can contribute to improving this condition. Doing physical activity and concurrent consumption of B6 vitamin will be helpful in curbing this disease and improving the level of this condition.

The factors that control blood pressure, the most important of which are inactivity and improper nutrition. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of arginine supplementation on blood pressure and glucose metabolism in elderly people with mild Hypertension.

43 elderly men and women in the age range of 55 to 70 years with mild hypertension were selected as participants and were randomly divided into 4 groups, including the aquatic training group (AT), L-arginine supplementation (ARG), aquatic training + L-arginine supplementation (AT+ARG) and control (CON). AT group did sports training in water for 6 weeks. ARG group received 100 mg of L-arginine per body weight and AT+ ARG group received L-arginine supplement during 6 weeks of water sports training. The control group also received only placebo. The values measured in the present study included aerobic power, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and fasting blood glucose. The findings were compared using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of ≥0.05.

The findings of the present study showed that the diastolic blood pressure of the subjects did not differ significantly (P=0.239), but the difference between the systolic blood pressure of the group was significant (P=0.031). Also, the change of fasting blood glucose of the samples in the 4 groups shows a significant difference (P=0.011). L-arginine consumption group and sports training + L-arginine consumption group showed a significant difference with the control group (P=0.0001 and P=0.001, respectively).

The results of the present study showed that consuming L-arginine for 6 weeks in the elderly with hypertension can lead to improvement of their systolic blood pressure and fasting blood sugar, but adding training cannot double its effect. slow All sports training have proven effects in modulating blood pressure and lowering blood sugar in people who have used it for some time, but it seems that observing the double effect of activities on these indicators requires long training programs, which future studies show. It will clarify more.

Caffeine is a supplement that is not yet fully effective in specific football training styles. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of caffeine consumption on some of the physical fitness and skill factors of young footballers.

The research method is quasi-experimental and the participants of this study were 30 football players aged 16-18 years who were randomly selected and randomly assigned to one of the three groups of caffeine consumption, placebo use and control (30 = n). The variables of lower limb strength, agility, speed, maximum oxygen consumption and pass, shoot and dribble football skills were considered as dependent variables in pre-test and post-test of all participants. Data were classified by descriptive indices of mean and standard deviation and data analysis was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance test using SPSS-23 software at a significance level of P <0.05.

The results of statistical test showed that between the average lower limb strength (sig = 0.001), maximum oxygen consumption (sig = 0.001), speed (sig = 0.001) and agility (sig = 0.002) There is a statistically significant difference in the caffeine group with the other two groups from the pre-test to the post-test, but there is no statistically significant difference between the control and placebo groups. The results also showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the mean performance of shot, pass and dribble football in the caffeine group with the other two groups from the pre-test to post-test (sig = 0.001), but between the control and placebo groups. There is no statistically significant difference.

Based on the results of the present study, caffeine consumption can have a positive effect on the physical fitness and technical skills of young footballers. Therefore, football coaches are advised to use caffeinated beverages before training to improve their footballers' physical and skill factors.

Muscle damage caused by exercise occurs in all sports activities with eccentric contractions. The aim of the research was the effect of consuming chocolate milk on muscle damage enzymes of men professional football players.

22 male soccer players (24.5 ± 1.2 years old) were voluntarily and randomly placed in two experimental and control groups. The training protocol for two weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session for 60-90 minutes included speed/plyometric training (ladder legs, agility training and coordination training) followed by resistance training. Subjects used 672 ml of chocolate milk supplement after training. Blood samples were taken before starting the research protocol and 48 hours after the last training session. Analysis of covariance test was used at a significance level of p<0. 05.

Consuming chocolate milk caused a significant decrease in CK, LDH, AST, ALT, ALP and muscle pain in male soccer players (P = 0.001).

According to the results, chocolate milk supplement can be used as a factor in reducing muscle damage enzymes in male football players.