نشریه پژوهش های دفاعی امنیتی اسلام
پیاپی 1 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

In spite of the investigations done on the relationship between security and freedom, still the relationship between these two, especially in the framework of religion, is not well explained. Allamah Tabatabaei is a thinker who has referred to the issues of political security and freedom in his works like Al-Mizan. The question here is that what is the relation that Allamah Tabatabaei draws between political security and freedom? In answering this question, it is said that Allamah Tabatabaei regards establishing an interactive relationship between transcendental political security and transcendental freedom in a cooperative community, so that the citizens of that community enjoy freedom in addition to political security. To prove this claim, the works of Allamah Tabatabaei, especially Al-Mizan exegesis book, are analyzed using content analysis method. In the present article, we have tried to show that in the thought of Allamah Tabatabaei, establishing an interactive relationship between political security and freedom at the light of religious rules creates a cooperative community in which humans will reach their desired perfection.  One of the most important findings of this research is that human perfection and realization of the desired society relies on regulating the relationship between political security and freedom especially in the framework of religion.

The question of the relationship between faith and security in the Islamic discourse is an important question which enjoys theoretical and applied value. Different views are stated in this regard which can be divided to two main categories of "secular" and "Shariah-based". While seculars talk about the separation of the security theory and Islam, Shariah-based view defends the necessity of religious understanding of security and presenting Islamic theories. Although secularism is criticized and rejected in the discourse of the Islamic Revolution and nowadays the centrality of the Shariah-based approach is discussed, it must be noticed that sometimes Shariah-based views are not the same and present different approaches in explaining the relationship between faith and security.The present research tries to explain security at the light of the theory of "the pervasive and vast presence of faith in God the Exalted".  According to this theory, Islam is evaluated as presenting a new discourse in the field of security which is the opposite of the discourse of ignorance (jahiliyyah), and monotheism (tawhid) is regarded as the center of security. Therefore, in contrast to the ignorance perception of security which regards the foundation and understanding of security based on pluralism and polytheism (shirk), objectivism, circulation of power, interest-seeking, fanaticism and ignorance; Islam establishes a new theory in which security is based on monotheism, wilayah, felicity, commitment and guidance.

Culture is the unified system of human insights, beliefs, values and norms regarding basic rights of human beings which is accepted as the basis and the way of human's desired living; as unconsciously and unintentionally, it runs in all aspects of man's life; the outcome of culture is that man gains identity and it's manifestation can be seen in his actions in the course of history in the form of a system of knowledge storage.Jihad, in Islamic discourse, is consistent and strong effort in developing Islam and the Islamic community as a result of self-awareness and having direction towards growth which sometimes manifests itself in the form of developing Islam and its teachings among nations and fighting oppressors and sometimes in the form of hardware or software in fighting the invasion of the enemy to the borders of the Islamic territory. The abundant emphasis of the verses of the holy Quran on this issue shows its importance. Formation of the culture of Jihad in different parts of the present time society is a necessity which ignoring it is considered as ignoring intellectual and natural principles and turning away from the holy religion of Islam; and specially that doing research on this issue is not taken seriously by Quran researchers.The present article has tried to investigate and analyze the process of the formation of the culture of Jihad in the logic of the teachings of the holy Quran in its three stages of writing, i.e. explaining the concepts of "culture", "Jihad", and "the process of the Quranic culture of Jihad", using a methodological and consistent approach. Policy-making for each of the stages of this process in the society sets the ground for the formation of the value of Jihad. The present research is of basic-developmental kind. The unavoidable methodology of this issue is done through description, analysis, and consulting library and software sources.

Weapons are old instruments in the hands of man for defending or attacking. In wars, weapons are used which have been brutal and cruel and have imposed excessive and unnecessary damage to humanity and with these weapons, thousands of innocent humans are killed. This cause those who are concerned about the human community to develop humanitarian rules and regulation in order to reduce the disasters and destructions of wars with the aim of protecting the rights of combatants and civilians. To do so, the most important emphasis of these rules has been on limiting and prohibiting the right of the parties of conflicts in choosing and using some weapons like weapons of mass destruction, an issue which Islam, more that fourteen centuries ago, has paid attention to not only at the level of words and thoughts but also at the level of practice. The present article answers the following question using descriptive-analytical method What are the rules governing the prohibition of weapons of mass destruction from the viewpoint of Islam and international humanitarian law? The overall conclusion of the present research is that: Islam has emphasize on the prohibition of production and use of weapons of mass destruction more comprehensively and completely.

Production, accumulation, and use of weapons of mass destruction, especially using nuclear weapons, are among the important issues in international armed conflicts. The question is: in what conditions is the use of atomic bomb allowed? The present article tries to answer the above question from the jurisprudential viewpoint of Imam Khamenei. Answering this question, on one hand, refers to the specific international time and conditions, and on the other hand, to the necessity of Ijtihad arguments. To answer this question, the qualitative research method, legal and interpretive methods, was used and the conclusion was that Imam Khamenei’s view is on prohibition of production. Universal efforts aim at creating an international regime of prohibition in the form of controlling and prohibiting the distribution of weapons of mass destruction, although the international tribunal has a different viewpoint in the advisory opinion regarding the use of atomic weapons. The international regime based on the prohibition must be considered in the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Biologic Weapons Convention (BWC) and Chemical Weapons Conventions (CWC) and some administrative arrangements. Jurisprudential sources also indicate prohibition. Although there are some seemingly opposite reasons, contrary to prohibition arguments, they cannot be relied on. Explaining the reasons of this jurisprudential viewpoint is the aim of the present article. To do so, using qualitative research method legal, jurisprudential and interpretive methods, we came to the conclusion that: the results of the research show that several reasons are the jurisprudential documents of this religious decree (the prohibition of producing nuclear weapons).

Heroic flexibility with enemy based on narrative principles enjoys a special position, so that during the course of history it has been the source of blessings, positive changes; therefore, analyzing and investigating it will provide us with a lot of achievements.The present article tries to investigated the narrative principles of heroic flexibility and deal with issues like explaining the concepts related to the title of the article, the necessity of heroic flexibility, and strategies of "dignity", "wisdom", "common good", "Taqiyyah (concealing one's religion)", "rationality", "insight" and so on, in order to investigate and discuss the narrative principles of heroic flexibility and provide a worthwhile answer to the present need for explaining the dimensions of heroic flexibility from the viewpoint of narrations.The strategy of heroic flexibility can have a significant role in the diplomacy of the country; so that the possibility of smart maneuver and flexibility be provided and at the same time make the necessary maneuvers and flexibilities understandable for the revolutionary people.

The aim of the present article is to explain the principles and policies arising from the defense discourse of the Commander of the Faithful.  To reach this aim, data-based content analysis method is used. To do so, first all defense discourses of Imam Ali (A.S), with the centrality of Nahj al-Balaghah, were extracted and words related to defense fields were collected and then classified according to the principles of data-based method and then, by using methods of reasoning and argumentation they were analyzed and issues were explained and conclusions were drawn. The concept of defense is a kind of behavior that humans perform in order to repel and ward off aggressors to their privacy and country. Defense in nature, content and strategies in the first stage requires thinking, motivational and value principles to determine its nature and direction and in the second stage requires policies to make how it is formed and continued possible. The nature of behavioral values and motivations refers to thoughts and thinking levels which in turn refer to the view to and understanding of theoretical intellect of God, oneself, others and the world and the kind of approach, interpretation, direction and their role in our lives. In the Alawite culture, these principles and policies gain their identity from the Holy Quran, the conduct and tradition of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and the Infallible Imams (A.S). in this discourse, the principles dominating command are the same principles which dominate Imam Ali’s behaviors which are collected in five principles of realism, truth-seeking, perfectionism, God-centeredness and anthropocentrism and command policies in this discourse are considered by regarding the kind of view to God, human and the role of others and the world in the human’s life, which revitalizing the divine injunctions, sincerity in behavior, insight in actions, dignity of human privacy, protecting natural rights of humans and defending the oppressed and the weak and serious attention to the status and position of defenders, and knowing enemies, knowing the way and the front and task orientation with the slogan of “one of the two most excellent things” are from the most important components of these policies.

Although the power of spirituality has shown its efficiency very well in the Holy Defense, still the role of spiritual factors in defense, especially in smart defense, has not been clearly explained. Now these questions are raised: what is the role of spirituality in Iranian smart defense? What are the nature and dimensions of Iranian smart defense? What are its components and elements? In order to answer these questions, the present paper, which is of applied kind, is conducted using descriptive, correlation and scientific documents analysis methods. The results of this research show that smart defense is a combination of hard (military defense power), semi-hard semi-soft (economic and technological defense power) and soft defense (political and cultural defense power). In Iranian smart defense, each of the spiritual components of believing in God the Almighty, the Resurrection, the authority (Wilayah) of the Infallibles, Jihad, unseen assistance, leader and Wilayah al-Faqih, the truthfulness of the warriors of Islam and divine assistance has direct, positive, and increasing relationship with defense thought; i.e. increase in any of the variables results in an increase in defense power. Similarly, believing in God the Almighty has the highest relationship with wilayah-centeredness; believing in the Resurrection has the highest relationship with enjoying Islamic waymarks; believing in the authority of the Infallibles has high relationship with utilizing Islamic waymarks. Believing in Jihad relates to creating a sacred picture of defense, and also believing in the truthfulness of Islam warriors highly relates to enjoying Islamic waymarks.

Resistance and stability in the way of Allah is the conduct of those devoted to Allah and God’s order for getting rid of and defeating oppressors. The history of previous nations and people shows that those who have resisted against their enemies have finally gained victory and reached their goals.Indeed: which factor causes the victory of resistant nations? The present research, using descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer this question and investigate the resistance strategy against enemies. The findings show that spiritual components like faith and trust in God, hope in the promises of God, leadership and obedience to wilayah (wilayat-madari), unity, solidarity, knowledge and insight are the most important factors which influence the victory of resistant nations.

Defense, war and peace are concepts which have been inseparable parts of human life in spite of the human development; humans have never been unaware of these concepts. War and peace are two completely distinguished and contradictory situations. This is while defense can be thought of as a middle way between war and peace. These concepts are highly valuable and significant, since they change the destiny and life of many humans. This significance has caused thinkers to try to investigate the causes of wars and the ways to prevent them in order to reach peace and avoid corruption and death. In fact, the same issue led the ground for International Relations and the Law of International Relations field of study. In this wise investigation, defense is identified as the most effective means of preventing wars; almost all theories of international relations have dealt with this issue. In the present article, regarding the importance of the issue of defense in the theories of international relations and also the importance of the viewpoint of Islam in this regard, we investigate and compare the defense principles from the viewpoints of Liberalism- as one of the major paradigms of international relations- and Islam using descriptive-analytical method of research and library tool for data collection. Liberals with theories like just war, preventive war, mutual dependence, democratic peace and so on and Islam with theories regarding jihad and defense have dealt with these issues.

Al-Farabi is the founder of Islamic philosophy; as Islamic philosophers have always been and now are influenced by his ideas and thoughts, although there are a lot of works written about al-Farabi, but his view of war and security has been ignored. The present article tries to discuss briefly the ideas of al-Farabi on war and peace from one hand, and security and insecurity from the other. The question is: what is the relationship between human's nature with war and security? And also, what is the relationship between war and justice from the viewpoint of al-Farabi and what is a fair war? In civil affair, al-Farabi discusses almost all issues under the philosophical concept of "objective". Since man is a creature who enjoys potential perfection, he can seek various objectives. War- whether it is fair or unfair- gains significance from this point of view. In al-Farabi's view, a fair war is a war which is in line with fulfilling the objective of human perfection, secure and insecure conditions are also defined on this basis. In this paper, the issue of war and the intellectual geometry of al-Farabi is discusses using qualitative content analysis. Besides, al-Farabi's ideas on astronomy are also investigated; since in ancient thought, astronomy was considered as one of the sciences in military affairs. It has also tried to present all this discussions through philosophical analysis.

The Infallible Imams (A.S), for protecting Shiism and creating security for Shiites against enemies, taught some methods; methods which have sometimes been related to security and sometimes intelligence issues for reaching information from the oppressive government system and so on; the present research tries to answer this question that: what has been the method of classification of information, people and documents in the conduct of the Infallible Imams? Imams protected Shiites and the culture of Shiism and protected the documents and information from destruction and annihilation by utilizing different methods like dissimulation (taqiyyah), secrecy and so on and by using different means like deputyship and influence in the system of oppressive rulers.The present research seeks to present methods of classification of information, people and documents in the conduct (sirah) of the Infallible Imams (A.S) which are scattered and it is presented using descriptive-analytical inductive method.  By utilizing the methods and means of the Infallibles, which some of the most important ones are mentioned in this article, the conspiracies of enemies against Shiites and their documents and correspondences can be thwarted and disclosed and we can defend the values and the Islamic system by informational confrontation based on the teachings of the conduct of the Infallibles.