فصلنامه پژوهش های تولید گیاهی
سال بیست و نهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1401)

Gynociouce hybrids have the advantage of high yield; therefore, gynociouce trait should always be considered in the production of cucumber hybrid cultivars. There are at least five genes that affect the expression of gynociouce. In order to improve cucumber for production new cultivars with higher yield and better quality, using of genetic diversity and cucumber germplasm is extremely essential. Knowing the importance and extent of controller genetic effects the inheritance of traits can lead to the selection of appropriate corrective methods. Therefore, the present study took with this goal how inheritance of the gynoeciouc trait and to investigate the effects of controller genes on this trait and other performance components in cross between a commercial hybrid and a selected line, Finally a proper amendatory plan is adopted.

In order to evaluate genetic and determinate heritability of gynoecioucy in cucumber seven generation including P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1, BC2 and F3 from a cross between two gynoeciouc and androeciouc cucumber lines N10×A11, were supplied and number of female flowers and number of male flowers, number of fruit per plant, length of plant and length of internode were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Cause on create populations, experiments were carried out in the spring and autumn of 2017 to 2018 in three stages in the greenhouse of the college of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan and population assessment was performed in 1398 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan. First year, in order to produce hybrid seeds, a cross was made between gynoecious N10 and androecious A11 lines. After producing and cultivating hybrid seeds in the second stage, self-pollination and hybrid cross-breeding with parents were carried out and F2 populations and backcrosses were created. In the second year, samples of second generation seeds were planted in greenhouses for creating self-pollination and third-generation populations. In the greenhouse, hydroponic cultivation system was used and fertilization and irrigation of plants were did at regular intervals. In the field cultivation system, Growing Phases were carried out using drip irrigation system and cover mulch for planting and necessary agricultural care in the cultivation stages. Data normality was tested by SPSS software and data analysis was performed by SAS software. Generation mean comparison was also performed using LSD test at 5% and 1% probability levels.

about the gynoecioucy there was a significant differences among case study generations. Examination of scale tests for this trait also showed that there may be inallele interactions among the genes controlling this trait. Examination of genetical parameter and doing scale tests showed for all of study traits there are different epistasis. the results showed about number of female flower all of the genetic parameters was significant and for number of male flower, number of fruit per plant and length of internode traits simple six parametric was in charge of controlhing the traits such as all of genetic parameters without dominance-dominance epistasis, whereas for length of plant trait simple six parametric model such as all of genetic parameters without additive-additive epistasis was the best of genetic model vindication for diversity.

Evaluation of inheritance and dominance degree showed additive variance was more important in number of female flower and number of fruit per plant traits that means Superior genotypes can be select to modify these traits in the study population

Although Silybum marianum as a member of the Asteraceae family, is most commonly acknowledged as a weed, extraction of its valuable secondary metabolite called silymarin has potentially-proved to become as a medicinal product for dealing with liver disease and heart and cancer diseases. The aim of this study was to induce capillary root in milk thistle plant in order to increase the production of secondary metabolite silymarin in transgenic roots and the use of allicitors to accelerate the production of this substance.

The objective of this study was to induce capillary root in milk thistle plant and investigating the effect of driving forces of salicylic acid and phenylalanine on enhancing the production of secondary metabolites in capillary root of milk thistle as well. This research was conducted in two distinct experiments at Zanjan University. The first experiment was performed in a completely- randomized design of 9 replications to evaluate the production of capillary roots and transgenics in this plant by three strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenesis including A7, R1000 and ATCC. Morphological traits Root number and root length were measured. The second experiment was a completely randomized design on salicylic acid treatment of three levels (0, 50 and 100 μM) and phenylalanine of three levels (0, 100 and 200 μM) in three replications. this aforementioned experiment was done to assess the impacts of these treatments on capillary roots lacking bacterial inoculation and who’s that derived from ATCC, A7 and R1000 bacteria with aim of measuring traits of total phenol, flavonoids, antioxidants and silymarin. Data were analyzed using SAS software.

According to the findings of analysis of variance, the length and number of capillary roots produced by ATCC strain were higher compared to other ones. The results also showed that all physiological and biochemical traits measured were significant at the level of 1% probability. The highest amount of total phenol was taken place in phenol content of capillary roots in the treatment of 200 μM phenylalanine with ATCC. The highest amount of silymarin was observed in capillary roots transgenic with R1000 bacteria and ATCC with phenylalanine at concentration levels of 200 μM.

The addition of elicitor along with the presence of bacteria as a transgenic agent improved the biochemical and physiological traits of marigold. Among them, the amount of silymarin secondary metabolite in capillary roots transfected with R1000 and ATCC along with phenylalanine treatment at the concentration of 200 μM showed the highest.

Ferula pseudalliacea is a perennial and monocarpic plant species belonging to Apiace-ae family. This species is distributed from Middle Asia to Northern Europe. The main secondary me-tabolites present in Ferula genus comprise coumarins, sesquiterpene coumarins and di-sesquiterpene coumarins. Based on phytochemicals present in this plant species, it has been extensively utilized by local people in traditional medicine for long time. Phenylpropanoid pathway is mainly responsible for biosynthesis of these valuable phytochemicals. Cynamate-4-hydrolxylase (C4H) is one of the main and key enzyme in phenylpropanoid pathway. To date, there is no genomic or transcriptomic information in Ferula pseudalliacea and as the first report, we aimed to clone and sequence C4H and its expression analysis in root, stem, leaf, inflorescence and immature seed in this valuable medicinal plant species.

Different organs of F. pseudalliacea were collected from Gazne village near Sanandaj city in June 2019. RNA was extracted from collected organs using LiCl method. cDNA was synthesized using Yekta Tajihz Azmia kit in 20 µl reactions. PCR products amplified with pri-mer designed from conserved regions of C4H among apiaceous species and it was then cloned within pTG19. The verified recombinant plasmid were send for Applied Biosystem company for sequenc-ing. To confirm and asses the expression of C4H, both Real-Time PCR and semi-quantitative PCR were employed. The phylogenetic tree of C4H was obtained using Omega software based on the Neighbor-Joining method with bootstrap 1000 for amino acid sequence.

The obtained sequences from C4H clones was aligned and verified using BlastX. In the re-sulted dendrogram, C4H sequence from F. pseudalliacea was grouped with C4H gene from other species within Apiaceae family showing their clos relationship. The highest sequence identity was observed with C4H from Daucus carota which was fallen in same cluster with C4H from F. pseudal-liacea. It is shown that C4H has 7 motifs one of this motifs belongs to conserved motif cytochrome-cysteine 450 with FGVGRRSCPG sequence.

As the seconf most important gene in phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, C4H plays an undeniable role in production of phenolic phytochemicals in particular in inflorescence which had the highest C4H expression rate. Studies performed on the C4H expression in other spe-cies revealed a specific action of C4H in biosynthesis of special secondary metabolites in specific tis-sue. As the phenolic compounds encompass a diverse range of secondary metabolites in forms of volatile and extracts, further investigations are needed to understand the exact role of C4H enzyme. Moreover, the identified gene sequence can be sued in production of recombinant constituents in other species which have the corresponding precursors.

Soil pollution with heavy metals and its transfer to agricultural products is expanding as a global problem. Cadmium is one of the heavy metals that increase its concentration in the root environment of the plant causes metabolic disorders in the plant. Studies have shown that the use of intercropping systems while increasing diversity, increasing yield, improving resource efficiency, reducing weed damage, pests and diseases(such as Uromyces and Botrytis Vicia-Faba), increasing the stability of the system follows.This study investigates the effect of different levels of cadmium on plant pigments as one of the effective factors in the process of photosynthesis, as well as the amounts of phenol and flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activity in legumes (faba beans, peas) and potatoes in monoculture and intercropping culture.

The pot experiment was carried out as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with 4 replications at Gaemshar Agricultural Research Station, Mazandaran province during two agronomic seasons 2018-2019 examined in pot conditions. Treatments were included planting pattern at five levels of monoculture potato, faba bean, pea and Intercropping (potato+fabaBean), (potato+ pea) and five cadmium concentrations of 0 (control), 5, 10, 20 and 30 milligrams of cadmium per kilogram of soil as cadmium nitrate was added to the soil. For this purpose, methanolic extract was prepared from the dried leaves of the studied plants. Total phenols and flavonoids were assayed by spectrophotometry and the antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by free radical scavenging methods (DPPH).Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software and comparison of means was performed by Duncan's multiple range test at the level of one and five percent probability and graphs were drawn using SigmaPlot and Excel software.

The results showed that different cadmium concentrations had a significant effect on the amount of photosynthetic pigments (P≤0.01). The reduction trend of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids was plinomial. With the application of the highest level of cadmium (30 mg of cadmium in the soil), carotenoids, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were significantly reduced.In concentration of 30 mg of cadmium in soil, the amount of chlorophyll a in the faba bean reached 3.84 mg/kg soil. In other words, with increasing the concentration of cadmium in the soil, the amount of chlorophyll a decreased by 83.07%. The decrease in total chlorophyll due to cadmium may be due to the inhibitory effect on the activity of its molecules. Total chlorophyll of faba bean with increasing concentrations of cadmium (from 5 to 30 mg soil) was a significant decrease. The sensitive treatments to increasing cadmium concentration were faba beans (7.66 mg/kg soil), potatoes (9.19 mg/kg soil) and chickpeas (9.28 mg/kg soil), respectively. In this study, faba bean plant had the highest mean of phenol (0.1643 mg que/g DW) and intercropping culture (potato+bean) had the highest flavonoids (0.00814 mg que/g DW) and antioxidant (56.03 %) obtained in the treatment of 30 mg of cadmium per kg of soil.

The results of the present study indicate a significant difference between the different treatments in terms of the total amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds that the existence of such diversity can indicate the role of plants and genetics in the production of these compounds. with increasing the concentration of cadmium, the amount of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b pigments was significantly reduced. In general, from the findings of this study, it can be concluded that these plants, cadmium toxicity in all three plants led to the induction of phenolic compounds.

Today, there is a growing interest in using cultivation methods such as natural biostimulants, which improve yield without any negative effects on plant quality. Such a strategy allows for increasing biomass production, but also induces the natural resistance of plants, as well as improves nutraceutical quality of plant food. Products of natural origin, such as seaweed extract are used as a stimulator of the growth and development of agricultural and horticultural plants. Seaweed extracts contain a wide variety of plant growth-promoting substances such as auxins, cytokinins, betaines, gibberellins, and organic substances, including amino acids, macronutrients, and trace elements that improve crop yield and quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different extraction methods of two red seaweed species: Gracilaria corticata and Acanthophora spiciferais on growth, physiological indices and fruit yield of Ecballium elaterium.

This experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of University of Zanjan during 2020 on growth and yield of Ecballium elaterium. Experimental treatments include 5 extraction methods (ME: microwave extract with aqueous solvent, OE: autoclave extract with aqueous solvent, BE: extract extracted by boiling with distilled water, NE: extract extracted with liquid nitrogen, EE: soaked extract in ethanol) and a control sample (C: (foliar application with distilled water)). During the growth cycle, the number of leaves, the number of male and female flowers and the number of fruits were measured. At the end of the growing season, number of lateral branches, plant height and lateral branch length, leaf area index, fresh and dry weight of shoots, fresh and dry weight of fruit and fruit yield, root length and diameter and root sub-branches, root volume and area, Total chlorophyll, carotenoids, total phenol and total flavonoids contents were measured.

The results showed that foliar application of seaweed extracts had significant effects (P < 0.01) on all traits. The plants treated with extract extracted by aqueous solvent in autoclave method was increased 43.6% plant height, 59.4% lateral branch length, 58.3% shoot fresh weight, 71.7% shoot dry weight, 65.7% number of male flowers, 39.5% number of female flowers, 41.6% fruit number, 20.2% fruit fresh weight, 32.8% fruit dry weight, 55.6% fruit yield, 70.5% root length, 80.7% root volume and 66.9% flavonoids content compared to control plants. Also, the highest leaf area index with increasing 42.9 and 41.5%, root diameter (57 and 53.4%), root area (78.3 and 73.9%), total chlorophyll (45.8 and 45.2%), carotenoids (69.3 and 71%) and total phenol contents (42.6 and 43.2) was observed in plants treated with the extract resulted of autoclave and microwave method, respectively compared to control plants.

According to the results, all methods of extracting red seaweed extract had positive effect on the growth, physiological traits and fruit yield of watercress. But in general, newer methods (autoclave, microwave) had better effect than traditional methods (boiling, liquid nitrogen, and ethanol), and extracts of these methods had more growth hormones, organic compounds and nutrients. Therefore, autoclave and microwave methods are proposed to extract seaweed extract. These results showed that the red seaweed Gracilaria (Gracilaria corticata) and Acanthophora (Acanthophora spicifera) of the Persian Gulf region, if extracted properly, can be a suitable biofertilizer for plant production.

Quinoa (Chenpodium quinoa Willd.) is an herbaceous flowering annual plant in the amaranth family grown as a crop primarily for its valuable seeds; the seeds are rich in protein, fibers, vitamins, and minerals in amounts greater than in many grains. Because of drought and salt tolerance, Quinoa can be cultivated in the areas affected by drought and salt stress conditions in the country. Weeds are the major obstacles in increasing the productivity of Quinoa. Since now, there has been no remarkable research and suitable herbicides available for weed control in Quinoa fields during the post-emergence stage. The aim of the present study was to screening the herbicides already registered for weed control in different crops rather than quinoa, and to test the possible tolerance of quinoa to the applied herbicides for secure and safe herbicide recommendations.

A field study was conducted for screening and selection of possible herbicides to be used for chemical weed control in quinoa fields of Astan Ghods Razavi, in Anabad, located in Bardascan in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran, in 2019. Herbicides were sprayed as post emergence (foliar applied) at 4-6 leafy stage of quinoa by matabi® rechargeable sprayer calibrated to deliver 350 l ha-1 of spray solution. The layout was a completely randomized block design with three replicates. Treatments were post emergence application of atrazine (800 g a i ha-1), metribuzin (525 g a i ha-1), phenmedipham+ desmedipham+ ethofumesate (822 g a i ha-1), quizalofop tefuryl (60 g a i ha-1), clethodim (96 g a i ha-1), haloxyfop methyl (104 g a i ha-1), acetochlor (228 g a i ha-1), bensulfuron methyl (30 g a i ha-1), bentazon (1440 g a i ha-1), queen merak+ metazachlor (1040 g a i ha-1), clopyralid (225 g a i ha-1), 2, 4-D + dicamba (698 g a i ha-1), imazethapyr (100 g a i ha-1), isoxaflutole+ thiencarbazone methyl (232.5 g a i ha-1), ethofumesate (1250 g a i ha-1), oxadiazone (360 g a i ha-1), oxyfluorfen (360 g a i ha-1), pendimethalin (Prol®) (675 and 1350 g a i ha-1), sethoxydim (375 g a i ha-1), sulfosulfuron (19.95 g a i ha-1), clodinafop (192 g a i ha-1), tribenuron methyl (15 g a i ha-1), rimsulfuron+ nicosulfuron (131.25 g a i ha-1) plus hand weeding and untreated control.

Two weeks after herbicide spray, no visual injury were observed on quinoa when sprayed with clethodim, quizalofop tefuryl, clodinafop, haloxyfop methyl, sethoxydim and pendimethalin (675 g a i ha-1). Severe visual damage (100% injury) however, observed on quinoa when sprayed with atrazine, metribuzin, phenmedipham+ desmedipham+ ethofumesate, oxyfluorfen, bentazon and oxadiazone. The rest of the herbicides were rated in between. Quinoa grain yield when sprayed with clethodim (3190.7 kg ha-1) and quizalofop tefuryl (2674.7 kg ha-1) were not significantly different from hand weeding (3346.7 kg ha-1). But application of atrazine, metribuzin, phenmedipham+ desmedipham+ ethofumesate, oxyfluorfen, bentazon and 2, 4-D + dicamba yielded to complete quinoa death. Quinoa grain yield when sprayed with bensulfuron methyl (1402.7 kg ha-1), imazethapyr (1184 kg ha-1), clopyralid (1402.7 kg ha-1) and pendimethalin (784 and 964 kg ha-1 at doses of 675 and 1350 g a i ha-1, respectively) were promising results while still significantly lower than that of hand weeding control.

Application of quizalofop-tefuryl and clotidim can be recommended to be used for weed control in quinoa. Besides application of haloxyfop methyl, sethoxydim, clodinafop, bensulfuron methyl, imazethapyr, clopyralid, pendimethalin and queen merak+ metazachlor showed promising results but still more experimentation need to be done for final recommendation.

Studies of native plants are very attractive as valuable reserves and pristine species in the study of plant diversity. The Iridaceae family is valuable and have special importance in the ornamental-medicinal plants industry. Yellow flag that often grows in wetlands and very humid places is a famous ornamental plant and has economic value in the perfume industry. The study of plant morphological traits as a basis for genetic diversity is very efficient and based on this in the present study, yellow flag diversity based on morphological traits has been studied.

In this study, 16 accessions of yellow flag species in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces from the coasts from Astara to Juibar were identified and collected by field studies and also grouped into three populations based on their geographical location. Thirteen morphological and ornamental attributes of yellow flag including length, width and number of leaves, length and diameter of peduncle, length and width of pendant, length and width of cream, length and width of petals, number of flowers per branch and flowering branch length have been carefully measured. In order to perform analysis of variance and compare the mean data of morphological traits in a completely randomized design in three replications have been evaluated using SAS software and graphs were drawn using Excel software and Principal component analysis has been evaluated using SPSS software. The data were embedded in NTedit software to generate the matrix. To determine the similarity of 16 studied accessions and group them in terms of phenotypic characteristics (morphology), cluster analysis was performed.

The results of analysis of variance showed that all ornamental morphological traits of yellow flag including length, width and number of leaves, pedicel length and diameter, sepal length and width, style length and width, petal length and width, number of flowers and stem length showed significant differences in the studied accessions at the level of 1 and 5 percent. In cluster analysis, it was found that the studied populations were divided into four main groups in terms of traits measured from the cut-off points obtained in clustering the whole populations. Thus, accessions F, P, H, M, O, K, E, and G in the first group, accessions B, J, I, L, A and N in the second group, accession C in the third group and accession Q in the group of four clusters have been became. The results obtained from the correlation table of quantitative traits show that the most positive and significant correlations are related to sepal length and sepal width (r = 62%), sepal width and petal width (r = 68%) as well as sepal width and style width. (r = 61%). The mentioned parameters are one of the most important ornamental traits in iris and the existing correlations show that the factors that improve each of them can probably also improve the traits associated with them.

The findings of the analysis of the present study indicate that there is considerable variation in morphological traits among the studied accessions. From the results of vegetative and reproductive traits, it can be inferred that Ramsar accession has more potential in the field of morphological studies of yellow flag. This indicates that there is a good genetic potential among yellow flag accessions in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces as one of its distribution centers in Iran. Therefore, breeders in the field of ornamental plant breeding can identify the desired traits and characteristics in commercial ornamental plants to collect hereditary reserves.

The interaction of genotype × environment complicates performance prediction and is a challenge for crop and breeding programs. Performance stability is critical to achievingg high and uniform performance across a wide range of environments. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between genotype × environment and to study the compatibility and stability of advanced seven-line grain yield of bread wheat (BC2F6) resulting from cross-breeding of Tabasi local cultivar and modified Typhoon European variety using AMMI model and some stability statistics.

The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during the cropping years (2017-2018 ) and (2018-2019) in Gorgan, Tehran and Kermanshah and stability analysis was performed for 6 environments. In the field, each plot was planted with a density of four hundred seeds per square meter. Each line was planted in plots with eight four-meter lines with 25 cm line spacing. At the end of the growing season, eight rows of four-meter spikes from each plot were harvested and threshed by hand, and the weight of the obtained grains was measured by a digital scale and reported in square meters.

The results of analysis of variance of the main effects of collectible and multiplicative interaction (AMMI model) showed a significant difference in the level of one percent probability for the environment and the interaction of genotype × environment, which indicates different performance of genotypes in different environments. Therefore, sustainability can be examined. Genotype × environment interaction was divided into two main components by AMMI model. The first two components together accounted for 81.36% and the remaining components in the model accounted for 18.63% of the total variation of genotype × environment interaction. According to AMMI1 model, L4 and L6 lines and according to AMMI2 model, L4 and L7 lines were introduced as high performance and stability lines. Based on the results of Amy Stability Value Index (ASV), L4 and L5 lines and based on Genotype Selection Index (GSI), L4 and L6 lines were introduced as stable lines. The results of Rick equivalence method showed that lines L4, L7 and L3 had the lowest value of this index. According to AMMI1 model, L2 and L7 lines with E1 environment (Gorgan, 2017-2018), and E4 (Tehran, 2018-2019) and L1, L5 and L3 lines with E3 environment (Tehran, 2017-2018) and According to the AMMI2 model, L2 line with E1 environment (Gorgan, 2017-2018), E2 (Gorgan, 2018-2019) and E4 (Tehran, 2018-2019) and L3 and L5 lines with E3 environment (Tehran, 2017-2018) And L1 line had private compatibility with E6 (Kermanshah, 2018-2019) and E5 (Kermanshah, 2017-2018) environments.

Based on all methods of measuring stability in this study and considering the grain yield potential, L4 line had the highest general stability to the evaluated environments and was introduced as a stable line with high yield. Therefore, this line can be suggested for use in future breeding programs to introduce new cultivars. According to both AMMI1 and AMMI2 models, L2 line with E1 and E4 environments and L3 and L5 lines with E3 environment had the most private compatibility. If the cause of the interaction of genotype × environment is predictive factors such as soil type, cultivation operation, the interaction of genotype × environment can be reduced by selecting genotypes with their private and specific adaptation to the environment, and have maximum production.

Bean plant is very sensitive to water and soil conditions and its quality and its yield is damaged even in short periods of stress. Water deficiency has very negative effects on grain yield and bean yield components. Due to the fact that drought stress is one of the most important environmental stresses in the agricultural sector, many efforts have been made to maintain crop yields under drought conditions. Conditions are shortages or high water prices. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of drought stress on yield, yield components and efficiency of radiation consumption in growing different types of beans in Mashhad climate.

To investigate the effect of irrigation treatments on grain yield and yield components and radiation use efficiency in three types of experimental beans in the form of split plots based on randomized complete blocks in three replications in the spring of 2016-2017 and 2017-97 in the research farm. Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Experimental factors include non-stress irrigation (irrigation based on 100% of plant water requirement) and drought stress levels (irrigation based on 75% of plant water requirement and irrigation based on 50% of plant water requirement) as main plot and three types of beans (red, white And Chiti) as sub-plots. Data analysis was performed using SAS software and comparison of means of treatments based on LSD test at a probability level of 5%.

The results showed that the interaction effect of irrigation and bean type on grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and radiation consumption efficiency was significant. The highest grain yield, biological yield and harvest index (1421.44 and 4126.6 kg / ha and 35.76%, respectively) were related to red beans and the lowest (872.67 and 2225.5 kg / ha and 52, respectively). / 30%) was related to pinto beans. The highest grain yield, biological yield and harvest index (1602.28 and 4811.9 kg / ha and 39.24%, respectively) were related to stress-free irrigation and the lowest (1093.222 and 3388.8 kg / ha, respectively). 33.06%) was related to drought stress (irrigation based on 50% water requirement). The results of interaction showed that the highest number of pods per plant in non-stress irrigation was red and white beans and the lowest number of pods per plant in pinto beans (with 38.08% reduction) was obtained in non-stress irrigation. The highest number of seeds per pod was obtained in drought stress (irrigation based on 50% water requirement) in red beans and the lowest in pinto beans (with 63.78% decrease) in drought stress (irrigation based on 50% water requirement). The highest 100-seed weight was in non-stress irrigation and the lowest 100-seed weight was in drought stress (irrigation based on 50% water requirement). The highest weight of 100 seeds was obtained in red beans. The highest efficiency of radiation consumption was in non-stress irrigation conditions (1.8 g / mJ) and the lowest was in drought stress treatment (irrigation based on 50% water requirement). Radiation consumption efficiency was higher in red beans (1.9 g / mJ) than white beans (1.6 g / mJ) and pinto beans (1.5 g / mJ).

According to the results, stress-free irrigation and red beans to achieve higher yields, it seems desirable.

Sesame is an important oilseed in which contains rich source of oil, protein, phosphorus and calcium. Drought is considered as the most obvious environmental factors in reducing the growth and yield of sesame in arid and semi-arid areas. Due to high economic importance of sesame from one hand, and high efficiency of priming and its cheapness to alleviate adverse effect of drought stress from other hand, the aim of present study was to evaluate drought stress and various priming methods on yield component and physiological features of three different sesames.

The study was conducted for two years in spilt plot factorial design with three replications in the farm of research center of Bushehr city. The main factor consisted drought stress in three levels of drought stress included irrigation after drainage of 45% FC (control or without stress), irrigation after drainage of 65% FC (mild stress) and irrigation after drainage of 85% FC (severe stress), five priming treatments included control (without priming), hydropriming, zinc sulphate, potassium sulphate and salicylic acid (SA) in three sesame verities (Oltan, Dararb 14, Karaj) were evaluated. Various yield and physiologic parameters such as chlorophyll content, soluble sugar and some antioxidant enzymes activities were investigated.

According to the results, with increasing stress level, 1000 seed weight, harvest index, seed yield, capsule number, total chlorophyll, leaf area index, relative water content have shown decreasing while proline and soluble sugar have increased. Furthermore, it was found that priming had a significant impact on yield and physiological traits. The highest yield, harvest index and 1000 seed weight were respectively found in priming with SA 1153, 25.7 and 2.66 kilogram per hectare while the least were respectively reported in control treatment (without priming) 968, 23.8 and 2.51. Also Karaj and Oltan, respectively have shown the highest and the least seed yield 1269 and 889 kilogram per hectare. The highest proline content (1.29 mg/g FW) in Karaj variety and the lowest amount (1.17 mg/g FW) in Oltan veriety were shown. However, the highest soluble content (1.03 mg/g FW) in Oltan genotype and the least one (0.97 mg/g FW) in Karaj were reported. Also, the highest and lowest amount of relative water content and total chlorophyll were in Karaj and Oltan verities, respectively. Moreover, the investigated cultivars had shown different responses in physiological traits. In most yield traits, cultivar Karaj and Oltan showed the highest and least yield features.

Drought stress caused less sesame yield, but different genotypes reaction to stress were not the same. Although, desirable effects of seed priming with Salicylic acid, ZnSO4 and K2SO4, that by maintaining chlorophyll content and finally aid to photosynthesis process, was remarkable. In present research, Karaj verity was more resistant to drought stress. According to SA and zinc roles on photosynthesis, osmolytes synthesis in alleviating adverse effects of drought stress and on the other hand, desirable effect of priming on sesame growth and yield, using SA, zinc sulphate and potassium sulphate for increasing yield in region facing with drought stress are recommended.