نشریه تداوم و تغییر اجتماعی
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

The transition from tradition to modernity has been an important issue for many social thinkers since the rise of modernity in the West, and sociologists have proposed duals such as "Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft", "Feudal and capitalist society", "mechanical solidarity versus organic solidarity" and "traditional society versus modern society" to explain it. This issue was fundamentally pursued in the twentieth century, especially by some Western thinkers, to the point where a theoretical conflict emerged between the proponents of the "continuity between tradition and modernity" and the proponents of the "discontinuity between tradition and modernity". With the arrival and spread of modernity in Iran, the scope of this conflict has been extended among scholars. 

Methods and Data:

 Using documentary methods and analytical approach, the article highlights three theoretical positions based on the "discontinuity while continuity" model in the conflict between tradition and modernity. 

Three theoretical positions in the debate between tradition and modernity in Iran are separated by analytical method. 1) The group that propose the dissolution of the issue of tradition and modernity and talk about the necessity of setting aside the discourse of tradition and modernity, especially in social sciences in our country. 2) The group that talk about the crisis of modernity in Iran and emphasize the necessity of forming "Occidentalism" to create an independent tradition of social thought. 3) and the third group that assess the crisis in "tradition" in Iran and point out the necessity of rejecting "sociological ideologies" in Iran. 

In this article, the views of three of Iran's late social theorists are introduced and analyzed, and an attempt is made to find a solution to the conflict between tradition and modernity in Iran based on the model of "discontinuity while continuity". 

Key Message: 

Thinkers of each society should, while rethinking the tradition of their society and critique its epistemological logic, turn modernity into the epistemic and cultural elements of their society and into an endogenous phenomenon.

With the development of technology globally, a new era of job opportunities based on information technology has been created and has posed challenges to the labor market. It is important to know these developments scientifically and politically. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the transformation of jobs based on information technology in the country. 

Methods and Data:

 In addition to using existing data sources such as national census data, the present paper also used documentary-analytical methods and structured interview techniques. 

The findings of the study showed that following the wide wave of changes in IT-based jobs in different countries of the world, our country has experienced significant changes in this field in the last two decades. Teleworking, the existence of new startups of Digi Kala and Snapp are examples of this transition in Iran. The study of changes in the classification structure of jobs based on information technology in 2016 compared to 1996 shows that in the main group of specialists, 9 job titles and in the main group of technicians and assistant specialists, 12 job titles have been added to the group of units. 

The effect and pace of change in IT-based jobs in the country has been significant and noticeable. Studying the driving factors and measuring the realization of the predicted turning points in the field of transformation of IT-based jobs in Iran, especially in the provinces for the next five years are the research recommendations. 

 Key Message: 

The use of information technology in the government, business, international and domestic exchanges parts have caused fundamental changes in the national economy. Accelerating the path of transformations and updating new technologies in the field of occopations and joining the global economy is the most important policy message of paper.

Satisfaction of the peripheral community is one of the most important issues referred to in the field of corporate social responsibility and sustainable development. Assaluyeh region, located in Bushehr province, has been a context for the growth and construction of several oil and gas projects in Iran and hence has turned into an important area of energy. However, the level of peripheral communities’ satisfaction with industrial plans still remained speculative or, at best, unscientifically documented in the Assaluyeh region. Considering the strategic importance of this region, the present study was designed to measure the level that which peripheral communities were satisfied with the oil and gas projects.

 Methods and Data: 

To do this, 400 people in the area were surveyed based on random cluster sampling. Dimensions of satisfaction were extracted based on the ISO 26000 model. 

According to the results of this study, the overall level of local people's satisfaction is not at a favorable level. Among the dimensions of dissatisfaction, the highest level was related to the quality of governance. 

The issue of local people's dissatisfaction requires serious attention from the governance system as there has been an unfavorable situation in all analyzed environmental dimensions. In the region, there is an ambiguity about the environmental situation causing the spread of unverifiable news. It seems that one of the primary solutions is to provide a platform that reports up-to-date environmental indicators.

 Key Message: 

The sustainability of the Assaluye region needs serious attention. Besides, a significant proportion of the indigenous population cannot distinguish between the various oil and gas companies located in this region. Hence, from the local people's point of view, the responsibility of interventions by any of these companies, whether positive or negative, is the subject of generalization to the entire policy-making system of the region.

In recent years the number of divorces and the reference of divorced women to welfare organizations has increased. This research was done to investigate divorced women's interpretation of their post-divorced life. 

Methods and Data: 

Required data was gathered through in-depth interviews with 14 divorced women. Data analysis was done based on an abductive research strategy using interpretative phenomenology. 

The research findings show that the situation of divorced women is affected by two main interpretations: their own interpretation and the interpretation of society and those around them. Based on these interpretation resources, three main themes were detected: Freedom feeling, double dominatedness and repeated apprehension after divorce. Women are under the control of patriarchal values during their life after divorce, just like during their married life, and even their freedom feeling carries it. Therefore, the others' controls impact the various layers of their life, and they are frequently apprehended. 

The thematic network shows cultural structures, especially patriarchal values have more effects on the interpretations. So, in order to manage situations and challenges, it is necessary to direct research orientations towards a deeper understanding of them.

 Key Message:

 The most important point about these women is the lack of two skills that have led to negative experiences in them: communication and problem-solving skills and independent earning skills. Therefore, it is necessary to plan some programs to empower women for those skills.

Virtual education has brought both opportunities and challenges for education during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a different condition in exceptional education which calls for identifying its different dimensions and coordinating a policy-making necessity for education. The purpose of this research is to analyze the issue from the perspective of exceptional education managers in Yazd province. 

Methods and Data: 

The present research is a qualitative study that was conducted in 1400 in Yazd province. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 32 principals of exceptional schools and analyzed by thematic analysis method. 

Data analysis showed that virtual education in exceptional schools is accompanied by challenges and opportunities. The most important issue at the beginning of the epidemic was the lack of preparation of managers and teachers in facing the new conditions, which was accompanied by serious pressures and concerns at the individual and institutional levels. Over time, the problem has been managed leading to the creation of opportunities. The four themes analyzed are: job pressures, crisis unpreparedness, challenges, and positive consequences. 

Creating the necessary infrastructure for virtual education and increasing the media literacy of managers and teachers in this field is one of the needs of exceptional education. It is suggested to pay attention to the special needs of managers and teachers of exceptional schools compared to similar groups in normal schools. A return to non-pandemic conditions should not be considered as a complete abandonment of the opportunities that virtual education has brought. 

Key Message:

 Virtual education has provided many opportunities for students with special needs. It is recommended that special education managers pay attention to this issue and promote it. Paying attention to educational inequalities in this field should be a priority.

Nowadays, Marijuana use is one of the today’s social issues. Official reports show the increase of marijuana use in Iran. The aim of this study is to investigate the biological experience of marijuana use among the young people in Rasht, Iran. 

Methods and Data:

 This study was conducted qualitatively with a phenomenological approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews of 20 young people in Rasht with a history of marijuana use and selected by purposive sampling and they were analyzed using the thematic method. 

Several themes were extracted from the interviews, including moving towards selection, forming repetition, sense of responsibility and position, and confrontation, how the youth of Rasht use their actions to define the meaning of life and express their conceptual views about it. 

This study shows that the actors choose Marijuana due to their perception of the functions of its use and the situations that this use provides for them. Marijuana consumption does not play a role in the meaninglessness of actors' lives, but it can be a conscious behavior according to the requirements of life and overcoming repetition, which lead them to choose it so that they can give meaning to their lives in their own opinions. 

Key Message: 

The desire to consume Marijuana in the interviewees—despite the social moral standards and the resulting anxiety—shows that the actors are involved freely in the choice of their consumption and their action. Based on this, they can take responsibility for their choice of using marijuana.

The education system has faced significant functional/cognitive challenges in recent years, and many adolescents in schools face certain abnormalities in the face of these challenges. Among these abnormalities is self-harm. The main purpose and question of the present study is how the existing educational contexts construct this phenomenon.

 Methods and Data: 

In the present study, the qualitative approach and grounded theory method with Strauss and Corbin strategy were used and theoretical sampling continued until the data saturation. 23 high school female students in Yazd were selected and interviewed in depth about self-harm in the context of educational issues. 

The collected data were analyzed using open, axial and selective coding and presented in the form of story line (including 20 main categories and one core category) and paradigmatic model. The results of this study showed categories such as institutional phobia from educational system, wide power of schools, imposed parental guidance, distrust to school educational system, lack of parental support, personality humiliation, educational misconception, dull school atmosphere, educational discrimination and the other categories leads to the emergence of persistent hegemonic normative stress. 

In response to this phenomenon, adolescents in the school education system show certain functions, including self-harm, preference for employment over education and companionship with peers that these strategies make some consequences including academic decline and boredom, neurosis and physical ugliness. 

Key Message:

 Educational system has socio-psychological pressure on students and lead them to multi-dimensional stresses one of which is increasing self-harming.

Nowadays with the growing media coverage and all aspects of life, one can see their impact on the most sensitive issues, such as fertility. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of media consumption on the fertility behavior of women aged 15-49 years old in Ahvaz. To achieve the appropriate theoretical framework, demographic transition, modernization, and Caldwell and Giddens theorie were employed. 

Methods and Data: 

The sampling method was the proportional stratified randomized method and the sample size was based on Morgan's table with 0.05 error, and 384 people. The data gathering method was survey using questionnaire tool. 

The findings of this study indicate that there is a reverse relationship between the consumption of foreign media and the use of new information technologies and the relationship with the fertility behavior variable. There is no significant relationship between internal media consumption and fertility behavior. 

The results of multiple regression coefficient indicate that the variable of consumption of new information and communication technologies and external media consumption explain 13% of changes in variance of fertility behavior. 

Key Message: 

The findings of this study show that new information and communication technologies in the first place and foreign media in the second place have an impact on fertility.

The change of structures and culture is a continuous process in all societies throughout history, and as a result, it is necessary to study sociological variables with continuous monitoring of society for social policies. In the last century, one of the fundamental changes was the redefinition of the identity of women and their widespread presence in the public arena of society. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate and study women's sense of security as a variable affecting the quantity and quality of their activism in society. 

Methods and Data:

 The present study was conducted through the social survey method. The required data were collected from 376 women aged 15 to 65 living in Haftkal, who were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling using a questionnaire. 

The variables of education, marital status, ethnicity, and economic status had a statistically significant relationship with the sense of security of Heftkal women. In this regard, women with diploma education, married, Lur ethnicity and middle class are reported to have the highest sense of security. Also, the findings indicated that the perception of social vulnerability had a significant and reverse relationship with the sense of security, while women's positive perception of social controls significantly increases their sense of security. 

A very important point that is highlighted in this study from a sociological point of view is the necessity of overcoming women's feeling of insecurity as an individual problem and raising it to the level of a social issue. 

Key Message: 

The results remind us of the necessity of designing and implementing research on a wider scale and paying special attention to ways to improve women's sense of security in social policies.

Decrease in the number of nomads and change in their lifestyle from nomadic to settled life in the past decades have reduced and changed the amount of tribal cooperation. Music is a phenomenon related to culture and way of life in a society. In Bakhtiari tribe, it reflects the feelings, beliefs, thoughts and attitudes of people about life. Similar to the diversity of biological dimensions, the diversity of music and its themes can also be seen in this tribe. This research has been done with the aim of researching cooperation in Bahman Aladdin's songs and poems. 

Methods and Data: 

The poems and songs that dealt with the concept of collaboration were re-examined through qualitative content analysis, and examples of collaboration that were current in tribal life were extracted from the songs. 

The results show that although there has been cooperation throughout nomadic life, only three dimensions of cooperation are represented in songs and poems, which are cooperation when harvesting, cooperation when moving from the cold to the tropical climate, and cooperation when the tribe is in danger such as a conflict with other tribes. 

Mourning-related music, mourning music, and music containing coaching themes are examples of this diversity. 

Key Message: 

The nature of nomadic life was not possible without help and cooperation. Passing through hard life passages, guarding the family and keeping the flocks and livestock have been the constant concerns of the nomads to reach the virgin pastures in Sardsir (Yilaq) and Garmsir (Qashlaq).

In the era of globalization, religious identity has faced challenges and developments in various cognitive, emotional and experimental dimensions. Girls in today's world are constantly rethinking their religious identity, and various social sources play a role in this rethinking. Thus, the present research examines the social factors influencing the religious identity of teenage girls in Kerman city.

 Methods and Data: 

In this research, the survey method and standard questionnaire tools were used to collect data. 390 people from the statistical population of teenage girls in Kerman were selected by multi-stage random sampling. 

The results show a positive and significant relationship between the independent variables (domestic media, scientific lifestyle, artistic lifestyle, advisory support, sports lifestyle, and social capital) and the dependent variable (adherence to the religious identity of adolescent girls). There is also a significant negative relationship between the use of foreign media, Internet lifestyle, new leisure types, virtual network, and cultural capital and adherence to the religious identity of adolescent girls. 

The regression model with six variables of the foreign media, scientific lifestyle, cultural capital, artistic lifestyle, Internet lifestyle, and social capital, respectively, explained 32% of the variable of adherence to religious identity in girls. Finally, it can be said that a new lifestyle, social capital, and cultural capital play an important role in adhering to the sacred character of adolescent girls. 

Key Message:

 In contemporary society, the religious identity of teenage girls is a product of the network of social relations, media space, and modern lifestyles. Since the basic foundations of identity formation start from a lower age, especially adolescence, the approach of community-oriented recruitment along with cultivation in the first groups and strengthening cultural and media programs to manage inevitable social changes is useful.

Domestic violence against women has always been a social problem and has continued in the social history of Iran. A wide range of studies have examined the causes and contexts of this problem from different perspectives. This study aimed to achieve a comprehensive theoretical model of the causes and contexts of domestic violence against women in Iran. 

Methods and Data: 

The research method of this study was a narrative review, examining 95 studies in Persian published over 20 years from 2002 to 2021. The variables that had a significant effect or correlation with violence against women in previous studies were categorized and the relationships of new variables were determined. 

Findings indicated that patriarchal values and beliefs and differences in socioeconomic status and low social and cultural, and economic capital are the leading causes of domestic violence against women in Iran. Other variables shown in the final model were all affected by one of these two main variables. 

In this study, social and cultural factors are put together to provide a more complete picture of the factors and contexts explaining domestic violence against women in Iran. The final proposed model can be used as a theoretical framework in future studies.

 Key Message:

 Patriarchal values and beliefs and gender inequality are the main factors behind domestic violence against women in Iran.