نشریه کلام اسلامی
پیاپی 120 (زمستان 1400)

Among the topics raised about Mahbang cosmology is its relationship to core religious beliefs, namely divine creation. Despite the fact that a large number of thinkers consider Mahabang in favor of a religious worldview; Some consider it contrary to belief in God and consistent with the naturalistic and unjustified interpretation of the world. In the statements of this group of researchers, two interpretations based on quantum cosmology are more important, one is the Hawking interpretation based on gravity and the other is the Welenkin interpretation based on quantum tunneling. This article aims to present the two aforementioned explanations using the descriptive library method, then evaluate them in a rational analytical way, and reveal their theological results. The results of the research are that the two explanations mentioned, regardless of their scientific sufficiency or inadequacy, do not contain any support for the theory of the existence of the universe without a cause, and although Mahbang cosmology does not directly prove the existence of God, it can be One of the two premises could be the proof of the occurrence of the world, which indicates the world's need for a cause, which is God Almighty.

Richard Dawkins is one of the contemporary neo-Darwinists who entered the theological issues with a biological approach, including the origin of religion and the quality of its origin. Dawkins does not have a correct understanding of the truth of religion and is extremely pessimistic about it, And he has a homogenous view of all religions, And for this reason, Richard Dawkins has denied the superhuman nature of religion, and tries to explain the stages of the origin of religion by relying on materialistic and evolutionary principles. He has drawn the three stages of "genetic", "memetic" and "organizational" for the origin and formation of religion. Dawkins introduces the principle of the desire for religion in humans as a result of deviation and deviation in the stages of human genetic evolution, which is further directed by humans. Dawkins's lack of understanding of religion and man, as well as incorrect epistemological foundations, and the adoption of a wrong method in researching and explaining the issue of religion have led to this view. While extracting the ideas of Richard Dawkins regarding the origin of religion in a library method, the upcoming research has put it in the crucible of criticism.

One of the components of John Cottingham's thinking - a contemporary English philosopher - in the relationship between reason and religion, is the distinction between the field of science and religion. He has presented this distinction in two parts: the type of issues in the field of science and religion, and The method of inference in the field of science and religion. According to Cottingham, religious issues are related to outside the field of human knowledge, and the way of debunking them is not the way of debunking the best explanation in empirical sciences; Because despite the problem of evil, theistic hypothesis cannot be considered as the best explanation for the phenomena of the world. His proposed model for the field of religion is the legal model; That is, the fact that the explanation presented is not incompatible with empirical evidence is enough to justify religious belief. He considers his point of view between extreme faithism and pseudo-scientific inferentialism. This view is criticized in several ways; Including: 1. Failure to pay attention to the function of secondary philosophical concepts in understanding the metaphysical dimension of the world of matter and abstractions, 2. The problem of "ignoring", 3. The inefficiency of the proposed model with regard to the issue of evil.

Parapsychological phenomena and parapsychological events have long been the focus of attention of thinkers and parapsychologists. The fundamental issue in the analysis of these extrasensory phenomena is to know their real origin and also pay attention to their various effects and consequences of belief and knowledge. The main goal of this research is the typology of various explanations about the origin of parapsychological phenomena, as well as extracting their essentials in the light of the rational analysis method. The most important findings of this research are: the analysis of three types of experimental, philosophical, and religious explanations for the origin of parapsychological events, as well as the highlighting of theological and epistemological consequences resulting from them, which are: Consolidating the occult beliefs of monotheistic religions, the possibility of miracles and virtues, challenging physicalist theories in the philosophy of mind, as well as criticizing the extreme narrative of artificial intelligence, criticizing the theory of Darwinian evolution, negating religious atheism, believing and verifying religious and mystical experiences, proving the limitations of knowledge. Humanity and physical method, influence on moral dos and don'ts and behavioral requirements, a decisive answer to the challenges of neuroscience.

One of the proofs of Abu Bakr's superiority is a hadith that some Sunnis have attributed to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) citing two of his companions (Abu Darda and Jabir). The content of the hadith is that the sun did not rise or set on anyone better than Abu Bakr. This hadith has been narrated with different expressions and words in Sunni narrative sources. In this study, by using the method of narration and analysis, after quoting different texts and the methods and narrators of this hadith based on the principles of Sunni men, its inauthenticity has been proven, and then the interpretations of those who argue about this hadith have been explained and criticized to prove the superiority and caliphate of Abu Bakr.

In addition to relative and causal relationship with Hakim Mirdamad, Seyyed Ahmad bin Alavi is considered one of his important students and Sheikh Baha'i. Sear Her mastery of philosophical and theological foundations on the one hand, and her fluent and eloquent writing on the other hand, have led to her ability to describe philosophical works and write independent theological works. In the meantime, her commentary on the works of Hakim Mirdamad, which was carried out on her recommendation, the authoring of the book "Lataef Ghabiyeh" and the criticism of Christian beliefs - in two different works - are of special importance. Her method in her writings is maximum use of reason and attention at the same time as quoting, and sometimes she used a mystical taste in analyzing the topics. In the face of the theological difference, his main effort is focused on the Ash'ari and Mu'tazila beliefs, and he has paid less attention to other Islamic differences.