نشریه مطالعات دفاع مقدس و نبردهای معاصر
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 6، بهار و تابستان 1401)

Razieh Tojjar is one of the active writers in the field of sacred defense, who has written many literary works about the imposed war and warriors. Among the contemporary writers, by writing numerous books in the field of sustainable literature, Tojjar has shown her commitment to values ​​and ideals and has depicted the enthusiasm and sacrifice of warriors in a worthy and proper way. Her efforts and responsibility in the field of sacred defense stories are remarkable. This article by examining the manifestations of martyrdom in each book from her selected works, tries to answer the question of how and by which qualities the culture of martyrdom manifests itself. This research has been carried out in a descriptive and analytical way, and the results show the deep belief of this lady author in the category of martyrdom culture and spreading it, which is one of the cultural necessities of today's society in contrast with foreign cultures. Various manifestations of the use of martyrdom, according to the cultural and social conditions of the country, are shown in the book "Do not think that the flame will die" produced in the 1980s, more than the other two works

The purpose of this research is to investigate the attitude of different social groups towards the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom and strategies to strengthen it. The current research is descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of this research included all the employees of education departments and all the employees of the General Directorate of Medical Sciences of North Khorasan Province, whose number is 986. According to Cochran's formula, the sufficient sample size for the community is 277 people, which were determined by stratified random sampling. The means of collecting information in this research are two questionnaires: "Culture of Sacrifice and Martyrdom" and "Strategies to Promote the Culture of Sacrifice and Martyrdom". In the results of the research, eight items are identified among the various factors influencing the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom. Also, the results of the research show that the strategies for promoting the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom are different according to different groups, and education is not the only pillar of promoting the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom, and other social institutions should also be used in the society. Changing people's attitude towards the issue of sacrifice and martyrdom is an opportunity for education, but the neglect of other institutions and organizations will become a threat to the society.

With the increase in committing terrorist crimes, governments in the international community have realized the importance of its global suppression. This is despite the fact that governments' support of terrorist groups in all phases of establishment or activity is the most fundamental component that has caused the deterioration of the effective international cooperation system in facing terrorist crimes. This is confirmed by the terrorist crimes of the ISIS group, whose threatening nature for international peace and security originates from the principle of terrorism as a threat to international peace and security. The United Nations, with its mechanisms, can play an effective role in the fight against terrorism. But, because of the non-cooperation of some member countries and the overt and hidden support of terrorist groups by a number of members, this organization has not achieved much success in fighting against terrorist groups. Therefore, although the terrorist crimes committed by ISIS are clearly stipulated in Articles 5 to 9 of the Rome Statute, but the International Criminal Court has not been able to deal with ISIS terrorist crimes due to the emergence of passive behavior at the global level. So, this issue should be addressed at the internal levels of the governments that involved in the armed battles of ISIS and in their territory by the subject of criminal proceedings.

1Conflict is basically a situation in which political units and actors try to marginalize the rival and challenge it in order to expand their power and achieve their desired geopolitical goals. The geopolitical region of the Persian Gulf has a strategic position in the world politics scene due to various factors such as its geographic and communication location, the center of the emergence of Islam, the possession of rich energy resources, the role and presence of meta-regional powers, etc. In this region, due to several factors, there have been conflict of interests and naturally various conflicts among the political units that make it up. In this regard, the question of the current research is: What is the pattern of geopolitical conflicts in the Persian Gulf region? Based on this, this research, with a descriptive-analytical method and based on library data, has tried to investigate why the conflicts occurred in this region. The findings of the research show that these conflicts are rooted in factors such as border disputes, the presence of meta-regional powers, differences in the structure of regional governments, religious, ethnic and racial tensions and the race of armament

Educators have always been prominent as influential groups in social issues. The presence of educators during the eight years of Sacred Defense has been one of the areas of their active and extensive presence. In the present study, the lived experiences from participating of the cultural warriors of South Khorasan province in the eight years of sacred defense have been investigated in a qualitative and phenomenological way. According to the nature of the research, the purposeful sampling method of criterion type has been used and with the in-depth interview of 10 people, the obtained data reached saturation. The data obtained from the lived experiences of the warriors of the Sacred Defense have been analyzed using the seven-step method of Colaizi (2002) and MAXQDA11 software has been used as a research data analysis tool. Findings from the lived experiences of the cultural warriors of the Sacred Defense in 6 main theme has been categorized: "Reason of Presence", "Consequences of War", "Role of Imam Khomeini (RA)", "Role of Educators and Students", " Mission of Warriors’ learning Complex" and "Role of Cultural Women". In general, the findings show that cultural warriors had a positive and influential role in different dimensions during the eight years of sacred defense. It can be concluded from the findings of the research that the warriors have participated in the war with valuable motivations and by taking advantage of their professional expertise in the field of education and training inside and outside the front, they have taken fundamental steps, as well as cultural warriors and women in the field of support and health issues have played a fundamental role in this era.

The Takfiri terrorist group "ISIS" as a branch of Al-Qaeda is one of the most radical extremist groups in the West Asia region, which announced its existence in the middle of 2013 and was quickly able to control significant parts of the territory of two important countries, Syria and Iraq. Finally, the territorial control of this "cancerous and deadly mass" ended in late 2017 with the liberation of the city of Bokmal in Syria. Following the defeat of ISIS in Arab lands, Afghanistan was considered as one of the most susceptible countries for the presence of ISIS terrorists. This research with a descriptive-analytical method tries to answer this basic question: What are the main factors influencing the rise of ISIS in Afghanistan and what are its effect on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The findings of the research show that "Afghanistan's geopolitical situation", "Economic fields", "Ethnic and religious divides", "Structural weakness and central governance", "Saudi Arabia's interests as a supporter of ISIS", "American's proxy war against Iran" are the most important factors of the presence of ISIS in Afghanistan and also "fighting ISIS with Shiism", "the security threat of Iran's eastern borders", "the expansion of the influence of Saudi Arabia", "the implementation of the Iraqi-Syrian model in the east of Iran" are the most important effects of the presence of ISIS in Afghanistan on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

If we look at the map of the countries of the region, especially the four countries of Syria, Iran, Iraq and Turkey, as well as the dispersion of the Kurds, we find that these countries are located in one of the most critical regions of the world. In recent decades, major crises have occurred in this region. The crises that the Kurds themselves have born them of. Iraqi Kurdistan is located in the pull and thrust of three cultural and civilization fields, Iranian, Arab and Turkish. The mentioned fields are ideological fields with technocratic-oligarchic attitudes, which minimizes the ability to be absorbed in the field for the Kurds. The present research, answering the main question that is, the impact of the emergence of ISIS in the Kurdistan region of Iraq on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran, examines the environmental awareness and bilateral relations between Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan in the ISIS crisis, and the opportunities and challenges of this crisis on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Analyzes. The research method is a combination of the researcher's field experiences and the use of library resources. According to the findings of the research, the challenges such as: the presence of groups hostile to the Islamic Republic of Iran “the Democratic Party of Iran, Komleh Party, P.K.K” and other groups, the ethnic issue of the Kurds and then the dream of forming a greater Kurdistan, the increasing openly and secretly relations of the Kurds with America and the Zionist regime, creating a safe backyard for the activities of the secret branches of ISIS terrorist groups are more than the opportunities which is one of the most important national security challenges of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Kurdistan region of Iraq.

More than a decade has passed since the crisis in Yemen and the invasion of the Saudi coalition in this country. Its special position and importance in international and regional relations, on the one hand, and the anti-Zionist strategy of the group ruling Sana'a (Ansarullah and its allies) on the other hand, have caused the consequences of this crisis on the security of the Zionist regime to become a serious question. Based on this, the main issue of the current research is what security and political opportunities and challenges have the Yemeni crisis brought to the Zionist regime? The research method in this article is analytical-descriptive and library and internet methods were used to collect data. The findings of the research show that the crisis in Yemen, along with creating opportunities, has also created challenges for the Jewish state. The opportunities of the Yemen crisis for the Zionist regime can be divided into three general cases: advancing the strategy of balkanizing West Asia and the possibility of dividing Yemen and benefiting the Zionist regime from this development, increasing convergence of the Zionist regime with the reconciliation front during the Yemen crisis and pursuing the process of normalizing relations with Arab countries and benefiting from Yemen's geopolitical advantages during its instability. The challenges of the Yemen crisis for the Zionist regime are: increasing the military capabilities of Ansarullah, the possibility of targeting the occupied territories and the role of Ansarullah in the axis of resistance against the Zionist regime.

Despite their simple technology, chemical weapons have a great power of destruction. The Baath regime, with the support of other countries, started using chemical weapons against Iran on Day 23, 1359, that is, from the very beginning of the imposed war, and increased the use of these weapons day by day. The Iraqi Baath regime increased about ten chemical attacks in 1359 to about 45 attacks in 1367. Undoubtedly, the cooperation and support of other countries, especially the United States, has been very effective in this brutal action of the Baath regime. The upcoming article examines the use of chemical weapons in sacred defense from the point of view of international responsibility laws of countries. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the verification of the hypothesis of this research has been done through description, logical analysis and review of public international law sources. The article has also argued through the analysis of international legal propositions that in addition to the Baath regime, the international responsibility of other countries for the role they have played in aid or assistance is also fulfilled.

During the Cold War that was the period of ideologies competition, Iraq's war against Iran took place. In this period, in general, the alignment of countries was formed based on their ideological positions. In such a situation, ideology should be considered as one of the most important factors affecting countries' positions regarding the war between Iraq and Iran, but Syria, which had the most ideological commonalities with Iraq and the most ideological differences with Iran, practically became the most important ally of Iran in this period. This research aims to examine the issue from the perspective of constructivism and show that how the ideologies of this country have not become its norm and political action of this country formed based on non-ideological structures. To carry out this research, information has been collected in the form of a library and analyzed in a descriptive-analytical way. According to the results of the research, although the ideologies of Syria were similar to Iraq at three national, regional and global levels, but these ideological similarities did not create mental images between these two countries. On the other hand, since Syria is a security-seeking country, its most intersubjective commonalities formed with Iran. So, this issue became the basis of its political action towards this war.

The training system plays a significant role in the management and command of an organization and institution in obtaining its goals. In this regard, managers and commanders play a significant role. Achieving this goal requires the application of a training system in the organization and institution. In the meantime, it is very important to pay attention to the training policy of Martyr Soleimani's management and command as a method school. Despite of its importance and necessity, no research has been done that has designed the training system of management and command in the armed forces based on the school of Martyr Soleimani. Therefore, this research aims to extract the management and command training system of the armed forces based on the training policy of Martyr Soleimani in management and command. The results of the research, which were carried out using thematic analysis and inferential analytical methods and the fish tool, indicate that sincerity and simplicity in the field of personality, faith and spirituality in the field of belief, Velayat stewardship, knowing the enemy and struggling against him (revolutionary vision) in the political field, philanthropy and helping people in the social field, and job commitment and jihad performance in the field of management and command, especially in the school of Martyr Soleimani, are among the most important indicators of the training system of management and command for the armed forces that are considered to play a significant role in the material and spiritual growth of managers and commanders in performing organizational duties

Nowadays, the liberty and humanity movements at the world of Islam have been promoted as an accountable power in the regional and international environment. The Islamic revolution based on its revolutionary ideal and its ontological nature and the Islamic Republic of Iran based on the constitution considers it necessary and decisive to support and mobilize the resources and facilities of the Islamic resistance against the aggression of the arrogant American system and the Zionist regime. Therefore, the role and position of the Islamic revolution based on a rational and intelligent method is effective in the functioning of the movements and is worthy of research. The purpose of this research is to analyze the role and position of the Islamic Revolution in the resistance of Ansarullah and to analyze its defensive performance in Yemen. The problem of the research is to analyze the role and position of the Islamic Revolution and the Islamic Republic of Iran in Yemen and explain its results in improving the defense performance of Ansarullah in Yemen. The research method is a combined (qualitative and quantitative) one. First qualitatively the components have been extracted and then, in the quantitative part, by applying the fuzzy Delphi method and referring to 15 experts, the impact of each component has been measured. After a survey of experts, the effective dimensions and components in Yemen's defense performance were identified. The results of the research showed that the political-security dimension, the military-defense dimension; Logistics and mobilization of facilities and regional support dimension and 31 components have been effected in promotion of Yemen’s Hoothys defense performance. Also, the factors for promoting the performance of Ansarullah have been suggested. The results of this research can be considered and used applicably in powering the Yemen’s Ansarullah.