مجله صفه
پیاپی 99 (زمستان 1401)

Reading vernacular architecture to understand values in architecture involves a variety of perspectives. One of these approaches is to consider vernacular architecture as related to the beginning of architecture and there are two common readings of it. The first reading sees vernacular architecture as genotypes in the architectural evolution map as the primary component. The second reading considers it as a subject that has not undergone many changes since the beginning of the history of architecture. It is a reference, therefore, to go to in case there are questions or ambiguities. On the other hand, attempts have been made in architectural theory to find the beginning of architecture in theory, and the concept of the primitive hut coined for it. But the unavailable primitive hut cannot communicate with the beginning of architecture. Due to the necessity of objectifying the conceptual primitive hut, this article tries to show the possibility of a third alternative regarding the connection between the vernacular and the beginning, which is verified by the previous two views, but those views do not take it as far as taking the vernacular to the contemporary and future eras. To achieve this, a three-stage study is conducted. The first stage is an investigation of the relation between the vernacular and the beginning. The second stage is in the form of studying the concept of the beginning and its various aspects in the work of thinkers. The third stage is about investigating the adequacy of the primitive hut as an example for architecture’s beginning. The next stage is about finding empirical representatives, in which vernacular architecture is surveyed as a source of inspiration for theorists about what the primitive hut is like. Finally, considering the features and potentials of the vernacular for this representation, it is argued that this alternative is theoretically and practically possible and has positive consequences. Because of its relation to Arché, this notion of vernacular architecture can reveal the profound epistemological values of its study, research, and experience. Therefore, both areas can benefit from this relationship.

Assistant Professor, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan BranchThe impossibles are potential forces that go on to become actual and are on the verge of creation. Mediators also play a mediating and intermediate role between the potential and the actual creation, and well evident in architectural works. To better understand this concept, the present paper focuses on Eisenman's architectural structure and, in response to its challenges, adopts Gilles Deleuze's philosophical views, to portray the work of Eisenman as an architectural-philosophical process, revolving around one of Deleuzian postmodernist themes such as mediators and the impossible, which have a major impact on contemporary life. The main purpose of this research is to find communalities between Deleuze and Eisenman, and thereby to provide a reading of the latter’s work. To achieve this, the research uses analytical-descriptive method. After examining Eisenman's intellectual and practical context, it analyses three of his works, namely, the Cultural City of Galicia, the 2000 Church and the Wexner Centre for Arts, analysing the concepts of being and impossible. The main questions here are whether it is possible to analyse Eisenman's architectural work through Deleuze's philosophical approach, what is the relationship between the impossible and the mediators of Deleuze the poststructuralist philosopher and Eisenman the postmodern architect, and what is the connection between the impossible in Deleuze and Eisenman.The information is collected from printed, as well as digital sources. The results show that Eisenman's architecture shows how mediators which stimulate invention and creativity, unveiling the impossible, have managed to adapt with the needs of the environmental in accordance with contemporary thought. Due to their constant dynamism mediators are the ontological embodiments of the impossible, which is the foundation of the inner homogeneity and identity. In the meantime, human beings are not the subject of identification in a superior position, but they encounter them and find new capabilities and capacities in each encounter.

The making procedures is a neglected aspect of architectural education in many schools and curricula. To address this neglect, some architectural schools around the world use the Design-Build method in teaching architectural design. This method aims to integrate research, design and construction. The questions of the present study have been compiled after a review of the literature, identifying and studying the resources related to more than thirty Design-Build courses in architecture schools around the world. A semi-structured interview method has been used to answer the questions of this research, with sixteen interviews with academics involved in Design-Build courses around the world. The transcriptions of these interviews are than used as the basis for discussions and conclusions. Among the results are outlining the possible scope for replacing mainstream methods with this alternative, the executive structures used, such as those of financing and communication with clients, the role of legal factors, and also failures in shaping design-build projects.Considering the influence of mainstream worldwide education on Iran, the results of this research provide a framework for defining different approaches to Design-Build methods and important theoretical bases for better understanding and implementation of this method in architectural education. A deeper understanding of this field can result in more conscious uses of this educational method in Iran.

The study of the rural situation in Iran shows that the sustainability of rural housing, which safeguards the survival of their inhabitants, has been affected by recent decades’ procedures and policies, in terms of their physical body, economies and culture. This has led to the threatening of rural life as well as environmental and human instability. This study has considered the yard and other open spaces of rural housing as important parts of life, in order to then explore the role of yards in the sustainability of rural housing. A survey is conducted in the villages around the city of Garmsar, collecting information through field observations and questionnaires, which is then described and analysed, with findings and analysed data going through factor analysis and one-way analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA). The results show that out of the nine identified factors, six are more influential. Livelihood and production, the physical factor in terms of area and percentage of unbuilt space, social adaptation factor and the yard function in interactions between residents and neighbours, environmental stability and adaptation factor in rural housing, are found to be most influential, both in traditional and rebuilt houses. On the other hand, the biological and residential factors of the yards in terms of constant life functions and fulfilling basic needs, and the service-comfort factors concerning daylighting and parking etc. have been most influential in contemporary houses.

The Lack of social life and interactions creates many problems, leading to a lack of development of individuals, and consequently a lack of development of society. It is absolutely imperative, therefore, for people to be more and better present in the community. Given the fact that today’s dimensions of human social life are ignored, whilst in the past, these aspects were taken more seriously, this paper aims to explore and analyse the effective ways to create and strengthen sociability in successful historical cities in order to use them in modern urbanism and architecture. Accordingly, the historical fabric of Bushehr city, which has been one of the successful examples in presence of the people regardless of different cultures and religions, was selected as the study case. The questions are ‘what is the relationship between the urban body of the historical fabric of Bushehr with the presence and socialability of the people?’ and, ‘what factors causes this level of sociability? In response, the study was conducted using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods in a descriptive-analytical way. The research structure was set up in two parts; The theoretical and literature section was done qualitatively and using library resources to extract the factors of the model. The field section was conducted quantitatively using a questionnaire and for testing model, using a binominal test in SPSS software and confirmatory factor analysis of users' opinions in Lisrel statistical software. Based on the research findings, the validity of the conceptual model was confirmed by convergent construct validity technique and its reliability was confirmed by composite reliability technique. The proposed model's fit of confirmatory factor analysis (5 Parts of the historical fabric of Bushehr including square, piazza, street, sidewalks and alleys and 4 factors affecting socialability including environmental comfort, security, welfare, diversity and attractiveness) based on factor loading of t, RMSEA, RMR, P-value, GFI, AGFI, etc., was confirmed at the confidence level, 95%. The results showed that the extracted model and its factors are suitable for measuring the amount of Socialability in the historical fabric of Bushehr, and among the factors, the index of welfare and diversity and attractiveness in the square space has the highest priority for users.

The city of Tehran will face various challenges in the coming years due to population growth and increasing complexity, making the tasks of urban management more complex. Most of the tools and methods available in the field of urbanism are based on static approaches and involve a limited number of stakeholders in relevant decisions. In this regard, one of the main requirements to reach the smart city is to have a digital model of the city, which is discussed in the world as "Digital Twin". Digital transformation makes more parts of planning, decision-making, and design processes clearer and more understandable to the general public. An important approach to this transformation is the digital twins of Tehran. In this regard, the main purpose of this article is to focus on introducing the concept of digital twins as a necessity in the era of smart cities and also to implement a practical way to achieve this concept in Tehran.The main research tool of this article is CityEngine software. In this research, a part of Tehran has turned into a digital model that is in line with the concept of digital twins. To achieve this, procedural modelling algorithms have been used in the CityEngine software environment. Initially, a database of descriptive data was collected to generate Tehran digital twins. Then, descriptive data are modelled by programming in the CityEngine software environment. This digital twin of Tehran with different levels of detail, in the level of urban planning, urban design, and urban management, has been programmed as a smart code that with each change in the current data, existing models and reports from the city will change immediately and will be updated with new data.

The Qajar period, especially the times of Nasir al-Din Shah’s reign (1848- 1896), is a critical period, and in a sense is the beginning for the modern era in the history of contemporary architecture in Iran. However, there is not a clear picture of how architects worked in this period. Despite the abundance of documents about the ‘meʿmārbāshis’ of the Nasirid court remained from that time, we know little about seminal guild at the court. Employing a historical approach, the present paper aims to study meʿmārbāshis of the Nasirid court’s works and lives, duties and responsibilities, and the evolution of the position ‘meʿmārbāshi’ in this period. Written documents of the period indicate that five people held the position ‘meʿmārbāshi’ during the Nasirid period: ʿAbd Allāh Khān, Mohammad Taghi Khān, Mohammad Ebrāhim Khān, Hāji Abol-Hasan, and Hosein ʿAli Khān the meʿmārbāshis. They had a diverse series of duties and responsibilities, but their main remit was to manage technical affairs related to the whole royal constructions at the same time. The increasing number of royal constructions during 1866- 1883 resulted in the formation of the ‘chief-mason’ role and the increasing power of senior architects. The consequences eventuated a rotation in the position of meʿmārbāshi and, after several years of interruption, led it to be possessed by expert architects again. With the development of bureaucracy came a clarification of labour division between the meʿmārbāshi and holders of other roles and positions. These changes could be considered as a sign of modernity in the professional architecture organisations of the Nasirid court.