مجله زبانشناسی و گویش های خراسان
پیاپی 26 (بهار 1401)

This study wants to present a new approach to clausal constituent ordering of Persian. Functional Discourse Grammar as the latest Functional Grammar (2008) is selected as the framework, for this sake. Unlike Greenberg’s typological view (1963), FDG has a dynamic approach for constituent ordering. In this way, there is not any fixed position in clause for language elements already determined; instead, element’s position is determined by its original layer, pragmatic and semantic functions and its superordinated elements in the hierarchy of Interpersonal and Representational levels. Furthermore, FDG rules in this respect are proper for the ordering of phrase and word elements too. However, this study aims to focus only on clausal constituent ordering of Persian. FDG considers four Absolute positions (PI,P2,PM,PF) and unlimited number of Relative position for clausal elements. In its top-down fashion, whenever one of these four Absolute positions are occupied by an element, its Relative ones will be available. In this case there will be 14 logically possible word order correspondences to any of Greenberg’s word order patterns. In other word, FDG introduces 84 word order patterns for Greenberg’s six word order SOV, SVO, OVS, OSV, VOS, and VSO. The results of study show that FDG’s proposals for word order can be applied on Persian as a fairly free ordered language. Furthermore, it is possible to justify Persian scrambling (as the pragmatic intention of speaker) in a based-generated way because FDG does not consider movement. For this sake, Persian short-distance leftward scrambling as a frequent phenomenon is investigated on the basis of pragmatic (not syntactic) considerations in the last part of study.

Comparative literature is one of the valuable and useful parts of literature and informs us about the influence of other nations' literatures and enables the development and cultural and literary exchange between nations. A comparison of the literature of two nations, which are different in terms of language and political geography, leads to the discovery of common literary ideas and developments and shows how much the two poets, in spite of linguistic and geographical differences, are in style. And the content is similar and what are the similarities and intellectual and spiritual similarities. In this research, the works, poems and thoughts of two contemporary and new Iranian and Turkmen poets, Nimayoshij and Karim Ghorban Nafs, have been studied and compared. These two poets, despite their linguistic and geographical differences and without being aware of each other's poems, have many similarities in different dimensions of thought and poetry due to having the same political, cultural and social backgrounds and time situations. To the extent that in addition to similarities in thought and content, there are many similarities in their linguistic structure and expressions and artistic views. Demonstrating the common ideas of these two poets can pave the way for similar comparative research, because so far no research has been done on comparing and comparing the works and ideas of Iranian poets with contemporary Turkmen poets. This research, based on the division and comparative view of "François Just" has sought a comparative analysis of the works and ideas of these two poets.

This study deals with the semantic nature of the motor actions of Mazandaran language by emphasizing the dominant pattern for distributing information related to the way and movement, how to represent multiple information of the path and multiple information of the method. Since almost all researches on the semantics of motor actions of Iranian languages and dialects have been done about Persian language based on the cognitive approach and patterns of Talmudic lexicography (1985 and 2000b), the present study can It should be a step towards filling this gap in the field of other Iranian languages and dialects and a starting point in this regard. The approach of this study to the motor verbs of Mazandaran language, especially non-simple verbs in line with the view of Azkia et al. (2015) about simple motor verbs in Persian language has been formed within the framework of lexical patterns. In the present study, simple and uncomplicated lexical verbs are placed in a group as opposed to functional simple verbs. The 140 body verbs of this study include 39 simple verbs, 57 simple verbal verbs and 44 simple functional verbs. The main question of this research is what is the dominant pattern for distributing information about the method, path and movement in Mazandaran language? As a result of this research, it can be pointed out that in the Mazandaran language, it is not possible to determine a dominant pattern for the distribution of information related to method, route and movement. Motor verbs translate this information almost equally. According to this study, out of 140 motor verbs in Mazandaran, 96 verbs (68.57% of the total verbs) have been lexical and 44 verbs (31.43% of the total verbs) are functional.

In a diachronic perspective, the article investigates and compares the changes in Arabic and Persian word order, agreement, and case-marking, as the devices of differentiating subject and object. In fact, the main problem of this investigation was to discuss and follow the changes which have happened in the ways of distinguishing between the subject and object in the history of the two languages. In Arabic, the Classical variety has been compared to two of its today’s varieties, and in Persian, the changes have been followed from the Old period to this day. Persian and Classical Arabic data have been extracted from written sources, and the fieldwork part of the investigation consists of gathering data from the Arabic of Khuzestan and Lebanon via interviews with six speakers (three from each variety) by means of questionnaire and picture-description. Data-analysis shows that Arabic has lost its cases and extended its agreement system, and now it relies more on word order. Persian, on the other hand, has lost its case and agreement devices, reconstructing both later, with no changes in word order at the clausal level. Furthermore, no evidence for influences of Arabic and Persian on each other in these fields was found in this investigation, and it seems that all these changes have been language-internal, or at least, the two languages did not have effects on each other with this regard.

Object omission construction is a valency-reduction process in which a transitive verb appears without its object and is used as an intransitive one. However, the addressee is able to understand the meaning of the objectless sentence. The considered type of object omission in this paper is context-independent, in which the reference of the omitted object is not mentioned in previous context and the context does not provide any clue to recover the deleted object. Among different factors which can affect object omission, in this research we attempt to determine the nature of the deleted object based on some important typological hierarchies such as animacy, referentiality, definiteness and number which can be used to determine the tendency of language in choosing the prototypical object in the sentence. It seems that an object is omissible when it has different features compared to the present object in the sentence. The findings prove this claim and reveal that the reference of the omitted object is located in the lower levels of the aforementioned typological hierarchies. Moreover, the findings indicate that an element such as 'number' which makes no difference in morpho-syntactic presentation of the direct object in the sentence has no effect on the possibility of object omission.

Poets innovate in fixed and repetitive images by using a variety of linguistic methods, distancing their language from vulgarity. In formalist critique, linguistic and semantic aberrations are among the main methods of literati to turn words away from vulgarity and common linguistic habits and are thematic tricks. In his works, especially Layla & Majnun, Amir Khosrow Dehlavi has prevented verbal vulgarity with purposeful and conscious aberrations and has created an innovative poem with new themes. Thus, this descriptive-analytical paper investigated the main differentiating techniques of Amir Khosrow to escape from the rules and conventional relations of everyday language in the Layla & Majnun. The research results show that the main manifestations of abnormality in this work are: "simile", "metaphor", "personification" and "irony". With the help of simile, the poet, by creating a conscious instability in the meaning of the signs, has increased the dynamics of linguistic signs in his poems and has drawn his own independent literary policy towards Nezami Ganjavi. Also, through the use of metaphor and personification, referential and explicit meanings of words have been discredited and new literary meanings have been replaced. In addition, Amir Khosrow has often used the irony which has been effective in reducing literary creativity and the role of the audience in reading the text and his position in the process of discovering abnormal relationships.

Speech repair, also called conversational repair, as one of the most important instruments for the maintenance of the conversation and preventing communication breach, can be an effective factor in daily conversations and relations. Here, gender, as a sociolinguistic factor, can cause differences in the frequency and manner of using this instrument by speakers. The present study compares Persian-Speaking men and women in using repair in their conversations, as well as the distribution of different types and strategies of repairs. Schegloff’s classification of repair types (1977) and Fox & Jasperson’s (1995) classification of repair strategies were used. The results indicate that, in general, women tend to use significantly more repairs than men do. Although both groups showed a similar pattern of ranking in the frequency of repair types and in both of them self-initiated self-repair had the highest frequency and self-initiated other-repair the lowest frequency, in the meantime, two types of repairs in women had frequencies twice those in men. Moreover, the analysis of the data by means of Fox & Jasperson’s sevenfold classification of repair strategies showed that in both men and women’s speech, “recycle word” was the most frequently used strategy and “aborting syntactic stream and starting new structure” was the least frequently used one while in both strategies, the percentage of use as higher in women’s speech compared to that of men.

This study is about to find how conceptual metaphors help in drawing identity borders and attaining legitimacy. So, the semantic system of conceptual metaphor (Kováces, 2010) and the components of myth and social imagination (derived from Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory, 2001) make the theoretical framework of the research to find how the semantic system affect reaching general legitimation. To answer the research question, Joe Biden’s speech in his inaugural ceremony in 20 Jan. 2021 is used as the case study. Based on the findings, metaphor provides a cognitive framework for expressing ideological ideas. Each metaphor in this discourse foregrounds a concept and backgrounds the alternative ones. The president conceptualizes the USA as “America is human” metaphor to accompany the nation, and avoid the party-based views. As a result, metaphor is a tool for avoiding clear border-makings, foregrounding concepts, and representing different views according to conceptual domains. Though using metaphor, discourses can turn to a discourse having the least out groups and the most in groups in a country. Therefore, conceptual metaphor provides a base for creating an ideal space for myth-making. Through such tools, Biden tried to capture a discourse trying to attract the attention of the most and avoid rejecting the potential groups.