نشریه مطالعات تاریخ انتظامی
پیاپی 34 (پاییز 1401)

Introducing and examining administrative positions and officials and their evolution is one of the most important aspects of research on Iran's administrative organization. Nazmiyeh and Ehtesabiyeh were two social and security institutions that were removed from the form of the traditional structure that ruled Iran for centuries based on the needs of the society during the Qajar period. These businesses were sometimes managed separately and sometimes jointly by one person. Mukhtar al-Saltaneh was one of the military officials who was entrusted with the headship of Nazmiyeh and Ehtesabiyeh during the period of Muzaffar al-Din Shah Qajar. The current research, which has been prepared using library and archival documents and sources, studies the actions of this well-known military official in the field of service in the given period. The findings of the research showed that the structure of order and accountability under the leadership of Mukhtar al-Saltaneh underwent changes in structure and function and expanded its influence and importance in the implementation of security duties and urban affairs in the urban society. At a time when the Enlightenment ideas of progress, law and justice in the written and intellectual works of a few intellectuals were projected on the basis of written works and in the field of theoretical foundations, this military official with his innovative actions on the basis of traditional society took the initial steps in the field of action and later his actions became a model for the constitutionalists to use in writing the municipal law. In the field of security affairs and urban duties, he was able to create a certain feeling and awareness of the responsibility of citizenship among the people.

By taking advantage of natural and strategic fields and with the help of political elites, the Samanid formed a coherent and powerful government in the Mesopotamia and Khorasan, which resulted in stability, maintaining security within the territory and establishing efficient relations with the neighbors. The result of this authority and security was the flourishing of economic and social life in the beyond. By using the power of elites, the Samanid amirs created a unique period in the history of the Islamic era of the region, in terms of paying attention to the traditions of Iranian statecraft. The security and law and order that arose in the light of political tolerance and cultural policy of the Samanid in the region, brought about the harmony of the peasants and local rulers with the Samanid court, and this was important in the prosperity of industry and trade. This research, with a descriptive-analytical approach and with the aim of investigating the effect of the political security of the Samanid era on the commercial prosperity of the Mesopotamia region, seeks to answer the question, what effect did the security and order governing the Mesopotamia region have on the economic prosperity of the region during the Samanid period? The findings of the research indicate that parallel to the authority of the Samanids and their ability to establish security and maintain order, an efficient bureaucracy, the use of the power of the elites, and the use of internal capabilities in political and commercial relations, social and economic life from prosperity were acceptable.

Security has been regarded as the assurance of individuals and different social groups to preserve their existence and identity against normal and intentional changes. Order and security are of the most important and fundamental needs of any society to reproduce the conditions for the continuation of life of that society. One of the important dimensions of the security of any society is economic security, which is considered the basic foundation of societies to achieve development and social welfare. In the social history of Iran, a village is a settlement unit where a group of people are settled and are mainly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. The economy of Iranian society in the middle period, especially from the perspective of providing tax revenue, food production and providing raw materials needed by urban industries, was dependent on agricultural and rural productions. Despite the very important and decisive role of the rural community, from the point of view of the factors and fields affecting security, it was far more vulnerable than the urban and rural communities. This research aims to study and analyze the question of what were the factors influencing the economic security of rural communities by using the method of historical analysis and citing sources and evidence. The findings of the research show that the construction of the government and power, the expansion of the nomadic way of life and livelihood, the ruling legal and tax system, and the political-military developments were among the most important factors that made rural life increasingly insecure and reproduced the conditions for the continuation of this way of production and life with faced fundamental threats.

The study of developments in Iran's history shows that security has provided the necessary infrastructure for establishing stability and political authority, developing trade and commerce, and forming a regular network of roads. Therefore, due to the numerous battles of kings and rulers, it was necessary to try to secure and protect the roads, as well as pay attention to security in the location and architectural form of residences. The aim of the research is the comparative analysis of the spatial structures of midway settlements in the plains and mountains with a focus on protective-defense measures. The research question is, which physical elements and in what way have they had an effect on protection and defense in Iran's midway settlements in different patterns of space arrangement? What are the similarities and differences between plain and mountain residences in protection and defense? The research method includes a combination of a qualitative approach in the form of analysis and interpretation of library information, as well as a quantitative-qualitative and software approach based on the research method, which is observation and analysis with the Deep Map computer simulator to investigate the spatial arrangement of 20 midway houses belonging to the Safavid period, of two types, plain and Kohestani has been carried out, which has been evaluated and deduced through the comparative examination of examples and logical reasoning method, the factors affecting the structure of security in residential architecture. The results of the research showed that according to the environmental requirements, the plain houses have more physical diversity in terms of defense measures, which according to the security conditions of the region, provide a distinct or similar configuration in comparison with the mountain type in terms of accessibility, visibility, permeability and integrity of the space.

With the invasion of the allies, the Dashtestan, Tangestan and Dashti areas in Bushehr governorate of the seventh province (Persia) became the scene of the large presence of British and American occupying forces. The negative consequences of the occupation of foreign elements in all the years of the war and even after that affected these regions with their economic effects. The purpose of the research is to investigate the economic effects of World War II on Dashtestan, Tangestan and Dashti regions in the period of 1318-1324 and its consequences on these regions. The historical analytical research method is based on the study of the archive documents of the Organization of Records and the National Library, economic publications and various local and public newspapers of Iran in this period. The study of documents and publications shows that due to the political and military problems of the central government, the restrictive policies of the allies, the severe weakness of the economic infrastructure, the lack of proper communication lines and means of transportation, the lack of attention to local employment-generating industries, successive waves of famine and epidemic diseases and The inability of the government to deal with these disasters, hoarding and smuggling of public food, abandonment of construction projects and lack of security, these areas experienced an era of economic decline, widespread poverty and backwardness. Accordingly, the Second World War, in a chain and connected network of various factors and negative variables, severely weakened or even completely stopped the development process of these regions by intensifying the economic and social disorder.

Following the coup d'état of March 1920 and Reza Khan's efforts to form a unified and modern army, the power of the central government increased in an unprecedented manner. This development took place at a time when chaos and insecurity spread all over Iran and establishing security was the most important expectation of the society from the government. With the formation of a uniform army, the suppression of tribes and nomads was put on the agenda and many confrontations took place with the tribes of Kurdistan, Lorestan, Kermanshah, Azerbaijan, Baluchistan and other regions. The aim of the current research is to investigate the phenomenon of army violence in confrontation with nomads and tribes and the nature of these clashes. Relying on reliable sources and researches, the article seeks to answer the question of what was the nature of the army's violence against the nomads and opponents in a descriptive, analytical and historical research method? The article comes to the conclusion that the violence committed by the first Pahlavi army against the tribes and nomads under the pretext of establishing security was largely unnecessary and tasteful; For example, commanders such as Amir Ahmadi, Shahbakhti, and Dolo mostly committed violence with the intention of looting and plundering the properties of the opposition, and those such as Alborz and Khazaei committed violence out of ambition.