نشریه مطالعات ملی
سال بیست و سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 92، زمستان 1401)

Attention to causal, contextual and historical factors in the analysis of State`s behavior and actions has increased in recent years, and the literature of the Cognitive approach has expanded to understand the logic of developments and government policies. In the Cognitive approach, it is assumed that the Geopolitical actor operates in a field of strategic necessities - which that has inherited as an institutional legacy - and always has his own limitations and identity conditions. But in the field of Geopolitics, a comprehensive theory that can reflect the causes and perceptual factors and their influential role in action and policies is absent. Therefore, the current study is a preliminary design of a new theory called Geopolitical Cognition, which can qualitatively evaluate the reflection of these effects on the behavior of actors. There is always a cycle of influential factors in societies that influence the behavior of countries. Some of the collective experiences (such as war, military occupation, disintegration, massacres, important treaties) shape the collective memory and the mechanism of intergenerational transmission, they are preserved and gradually become meaningful in relation to the territory of the land and are part of the survival requirements or they are assumed to be a national Order. In the next stage, "States" in connection with these elements reach the stage of Geopolitical identification and in connection with the homeland, minorities, the international system and other nations, they form "I and the other"....In the final stage of its development, this path leads to the formation of a perceptual container or geopolitical cognition. Through their geopolitical cognition, societies and countries give meaning to external phenomena in relation to their political geography, which is the product of place (geography) and time (history). Therefore, through the discovery of the formation process of this cognition, at least part of the actions can be understood. Especially, with the return of nationalism to the field of international relations and the prolongation of the geopolitical transition from bipolarity to the new order, the middle powers in the region are trying to contribute more to the future order by increasing their territorial influence and deepening their strategic depth. Another benefit of such an approach is predicting the future actions of the countries. This fundamental research with a descriptive-analytical approach addresses this issue through the qualitative content analysis of experimental data and is the method of collecting documentary and library data

In the last two decades, the debate on the dimensions and issues of ethnic studies in Iranian society has been growing. As can be seen, we have various intellectual debates and the publication of specialized papers in scientific journals. But what has received less attention in this field is the explanation of the methodological foundations of ethnic studies and the understanding of recent theoretical-methodological developments in this era. It is necessary to study this issue because if we don’t learn the basics and methodological principles of ethnic studies, we will not be able to properly represent ethnic identities and understand and analyze their issues. The main question of the present article is what is the nature of the methodology of ethnic studies and how can we systematically understand the intellectual and cultural backgrounds of different ethnic groups? The main hypothesis is that a deep description and qualitative understanding of ethnic life will be possible through the documentation of human interactions and relationships in everyday life in the ethnographic method. The author’s main goal is to prioritize the study of the methodological foundations of ethnic studies and to propose new methods such as critical ethnography, visual and virtual ethnography, digital ethnography, postmodern ethnography and ethnicity, and Post-humanism ethnography. I hope we can better understand the theoretical-methodological perspectives of this field in light of the profound and rapid developments that have taken place

Consumer nationalism in the age of global changes has a strong relationship with national identity. From the point of view of social identity and based on national identity, the attitude of consumer nationalism in the direction of supporting one's own group against others forms a framework in which a person has a positive attitude towards domestic goods and a negative attitude towards foreign goods as a threat to the national economy. In this research, while using the attitude network analysis method as a new method of cognitive analysis, the opinions, emotions and behaviors of Iranians have been analyzed in the field of consumer nationalism. Sharma's consumption nationalism scale was studied in a sample of 1004 people from all over the country with multi-stage stratified sampling and by telephone survey and the indicators of centrality, betweenness and power of the variables and their relationship with each other were evaluated and compared in the form of network edges. Three behavioral, emotional and cognitive clusters (factors) were observed in the attitudinal network. Desire to buy Iranian goods, pride in Iranian goods and the quality of Iranian goods have the highest centrality in the attitudinal network of consumer nationalism. The effect of gender on the attitudinal structure was investigated and the distinct networks of people's attitude towards consumption nationalism were analyzed based on this.

The need to discover the relationship between Wahhabism and separatism among some Arab people of Khuzestan after the imposed war, considering the importance of the issue and the different ethnic and religious conditions governing Khuzestan, gave enough motivation to the researchers to use Weber's understanding analysis method to empathetically understand the developments of the phenomenon and The described conditions with an interpretive approach and qualitative strategy and the use of contextual theory based on the Strauss-Corbin paradigm model including causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences, fill the existing theoretical gap by purposefully collecting data through in-depth interviews with 34 people from People who have changed their religion and become Wahhabis and have Tablighi and Salafist thoughts and 6 knowledgeable and opinionated experts.The different state of changing the ethnic and religious identity of the Khuzestan Arab people indicated that the change of religion of some Khuzestan Arabs is in the "Wahhabi-Shia" dual and not "Sunni-Shia" and is completely different from the common patterns of takfiri among the Sunnis, which is in four layer and takes place in a period of 6 months to 3 years, which the researchers interpreted as "self-representing multilayered identity" by drawing a pyramid on four levels. The identity built in these layers becomes more complicated and deeper by moving from the base to the top of the pyramid and includes four stages: "Hesitant towards Shi'ism", "Wahhabi", "Tablighi-Takfiri" and "Salafi-Jihadist".

It is a common misconception that Sufis are fundamentally non-political and have a cosmopolitan orientation. Accordingly, concepts such as nationality and national identity do not have a significant place in their texts  and thoughts and daily life. This study challenges the correctness of this belief and examines the level of attention and tendency towards national identity among the followers of the Ahl al-Haqq, which is one of the largest Sufi groups in Iran. This study, which was conducted using a survey method in Delfan city of Lorestan province, shows that the followers of this creed have a strong sense of belonging and deep connection with the components of national identity such as land, history, language, literature and national honors of Iran. The research also shows that the maximum level of people's awareness of their religious identity does not necessarily lead to a decrease in their sense of belonging to the national identity.

Large societies are based on the idea of a common identity for a nation. Therefore, governments are trying different ways to help create such a society by educating, creating and strengthening common values, supporting a national identity, etc. It is through which a society transfers its political culture from one generation to another. Since military service is a place to teach discipline to young people and prepare them to accept other roles, based on this, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the political socialization of conscript students in the process of in-service training. In terms of method, the current research is a descriptive survey type, and data collection was done by questionnaire method, and content validity and construct validity were used to verify the validity. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics have been used. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire of political socialization of duty students was used. This scale has included 18 items, which have been measured in the form of 5 components of the formation of political values and beliefs - service to the elevation of the homeland - political participation - respect for the sovereignty of the political system - adherence to commitments, action and behavior through the statistical community. According to the obtained results, the first, second, and fifth components were evaluated as favorable, and the third and fourth components have met the level of satisfaction to some extent, but still the lack of effective and efficient policies regarding these components is evident and tangible and should be taken into consideration by the policy makers.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the content of educational videos of social studies courses presented on Shad Network of junior high school in terms of attention to national identity education in different dimensions. The research method was quantitative and descriptive content analysis based on national identity categories. The statistical population included 102 educational videos of Shad Network of the first secondary school in the academic year 2021-2022. The statistical sample was considered equal to the statistical population. The sample was analyzed based on 5 main categories and 36 sub-categories by deductive coding method. The research tool was a checklist of national identity education categories Hashemi and Ghorban Alizadeh (2015) whose validity was confirmed by experts. To ensure the reliability of the measuring instrument, the Holsty formula was used, which was 81.66%. The findings of the study indicated that the highest frequency of categories in the total of three-part films is related to cultural heritage and the lowest is related to events and Shad. Also, the principles of content organization (sequence and continuity) were not observed in compiling the content. In the comparison between the grades, it was found that the frequency of categories in the eighth and ninth grades is significantly lower than the seventh grade and the highest frequency is related to the seventh grade.

One of the architecture's purposes is to explain "identity" at various levels and based on cultural background. It appears that since the growth of the foundations of modernity in the regions with identity, this function has encountered obstacles, and numerous dimensions of architecture, including interior architecture, have been imitated, broken from traditions, and lack identity. Consequently, how to identify interior architecture - regardless of the use of space - and determine the "fundamental components" is the main subject of the current research. The study's main purpose is to develop a fundamental structure for evaluating and designing the identity and tradition-oriented interior architecture. To accomplish this purpose, data pertaining to interior architecture, tradition, and spatial identification were collected using a qualitative research approach and based on the method of contextual theorizing and content analysis, and also, the resultant information was directed in order to meet the goal. The results have been organized and their theoretical underpinnings have been established for the research's philosophical perspective by employing an argumentative and inferential approach. According to the results of a study, the four traditions of "providing trust," "negating harm," "talent," and "reflection of acts" have a profound content link with the process of making an architectural work. In the way that the tradition of providing trust guides the architects' epistemology, vision, intention, and motivation. Furthermore, the tradition of negative negation encompasses functional approaches and the manner in which conceptual components from the environment are used (fixed, semi-fixed, and non-fixed elements). The talent tradition is related to the emergence of interior architecture work, and the reflection tradition explains the mutual impacts of the work of the architect and the audience. A model based on holy traditions and expressing the answers to establish a platform for the quality of the architect and the audience of the interior space has been presented as a result of the logical juxtaposition of these examples