پژوهشنامه ادبیات داستانی
سال یازدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1401)

The main goal of art and even life has always been to increase the definition of reality to include everything "wonderful". Surrealism aims to define reality in a different way, so that by developing the definitions, things that others call unreal, can be called reality. Andre Breton and Louis Aragon, inspired by Freud's researches, based their new school on the activity of understanding the unconscious mind, which is the source of imagination. The school of surrealism, which was based on the Parisian movement, was formed in Iran under the guidance of Sadegh Hedayat. In the novel of Blind Owl and the novel of Bloody Cow by Modares Sadeghi, there are prominent components of this school such as: first person point of view, objective coincidence, individualism and escape from society, surrealist objects, love and sexual instinct, the world of illusion and dream, uncertain time and place. , imagination, existentialist themes, ambiguity, adaptation of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, myth and symbol, automatic writing, contrast and contradiction, and humor were used. The following writing has been done with a descriptive-analytical method and it has been concluded that common surrealist components are present in both works; but the diversity of the frequency of the common components is more in Blind Owl. With the explanation that the world of the narrator of Blind Owl is wide and in both, there is a surrealist component in various forms in the text.

Golestan Saadi, due to the comprehensiveness of the theme and the breadth of different dimensions of human experience, has many potential capabilities to look at it from different angles. The theoretical basis of this research is based on Bresler's point of view that relativistic criticism does not simply believe in the existence of a single theory and uses various and even contradictory theories. As the absolutist approach shows the hidden angles of a work, it ignores many other angles; therefore, absolutism is not efficient to achieve deep insight and show the potential powers of the text. According to Italo Calvino, the Italian writer, classic works always create a cloud of critical discourses and every re-reading of them is a new discovery. By adopting different approaches in reading a story from Golestan Saadi, in addition to analyzing the hidden angles of the text, this article tries to show the brevity and compactness of the concept as an artistic aspect of this story. In this research, the story of "Faqih and Father" from the second chapter has been analyzed with the approaches of new criticism, narratology, rhetoric, intertextuality and moral criticism. In the new criticism, the issue of objective tension and conjunction as well as the implicit meanings of some words have been discussed. In narratology, the narrative aspects of the text have been analyzed, especially in terms of conflict and narrator's voice. In the rhetorical analysis, the anecdote is looked at from the point of view of the way it affects the audience and the method of reasoning, intertextual analysis is also presented in the form of the use of verse, internal anecdote, allusion to Sana'i poetry and the association of similar content in other works of Saadi. In ethical criticism, the text has been reread with the approach of descriptive and normative ethics. These approaches can be expanded based on the ability of the text and the ability of the reader to actualize the angles and interpretations of the text. Each of these approaches is like a ray that shines on the dark corners of the story. The result of such an analysis is receiving the totality of the work of art and a concise understanding that can be understood not at the word level, but at the semantic level.

The different  worlds in physics are called as "parallel worlds" and in narratology as "possible worlds" provide a cognitive model of narrative in which the "real world" is surrounded by "unreal possible worlds" that are at different distances and they are different from the real world. In this research, the novel Parisa by Fereshteh Sari was investigated with the descriptive-analytical research method and the following results were obtained: In terms of narrative, the story is a representation of two worlds inside fantasy and reality, which can be investigated by relying on concepts such as: the principle of uncertainty, the fluidity of time, choice, and the issue of ontology. Parisa's novel is based on the division of multi-universal, fantasy and scientific narrative. The journey of its characters to other worlds has been one-way and without return. The topic of traveling and transferring information to other planets was a leading scientific topic at the time of writing the novel. In terms of form, the novel is written as a mirror text.

A story is an allegory made to give meaning to a collective experience with the aim of extending its generalization as a comprehensive understanding of that experience. The question of the current research is, what cognitive consequences does the application of the story with its comprehensive generalization ability and practical capabilities have? Examining the causes of generalizability in language and narrative elements in Kalileh and Damneh, Marzbannameh, Golestan and Baharestan show; the language is made up of: commonly used, simple and general meaning words, small noun groups and short sentences. The narrative structure of the story is small and simple and complete, character types are processed by using common nouns and adjectives. Events and few incidents that are included in the verbs of very short sentences. The scene is often processed with general and vague adverbs of time and place. The omniscient narrator includes the general theme of the story at the peak of the narration; therefore, due to its language and structure, the story has become so generalizable that its examples can be generalized to all people in all times and all places. In addition, the generalizable narrative and linguistic features have given practical capabilities to the story. Including; meaningful ability, oral transmission ability, conceptualization ability, ability to apply metaphorical elements of narrative, ability to accept broad implicit meanings, ability to give meaning to experience, ability to imagine creatively, ability to persuade, role play The adaptability and capabilities that have provided the grounds for its widespread use, and its widespread use has some cognitive consequences. Including; Holism, homogenous identity, persistence of beliefs, reductionism in cognition, one-dimensional view of phenomena, absolutism and mental prejudices.

Comparative literature studies with two American and French approaches have grown more and more in the last decade. Poems, stories, novels, etc. of different nations have been examined both in terms of comparing similarities (American) and in terms of influence (French); but comparative studies in the field of literature for children and adolescents have deficiencies and inadequacies. By understanding this shortcoming, the present research provides the basis for comparative studies in children's and adolescent literature. In this research, with the approach of French comparative literature and descriptive and analytical method, we have compared the same elements in “The Little Prince “and Kashigar's “When Mina Woke Up”. Kashigar is one of the translators who translated” The Little Prince” from French to Persian. In addition, in examining the story elements and the concepts and content of these two stories, on the one hand, there are similarities in elements such as: character and characterization, setting, dialogue, place, etc., and on the other hand, there are similarities in the philosophical foundations of these stories. Two works, with philosophical themes such as: death, loneliness, returning to oneself, surprise, freedom and captivity, proof of philosophical existence... It strengthens the assertion that Kashigar in the creation of Mina's story “when she wakes up”. She was influenced by “ Little Prince”. This article shows this effect in detail.

Aesthetics is the field of understanding and enjoying the work of art by the audience. The artistic attitude of the subject and the observer are both considered in aesthetic criticism. Feminist aesthetics, society-oriented aesthetics and daily life are three new aesthetic aspects in the types of modern aesthetic elements that are introduced in this article. Considering that Collingwood considers language and emotional expression to be the most distinguished feature of art, in this article, the story is analyzed as art regardless of the artist's feelings, with the approach of expressing and conveying aesthetic feelings to the audience. In this article, the relationship between me and the other, feminine aesthetics, and daily life are examined by reflecting on the "principle of artistic expression" in a selected sample. Also, relying on Dewey's opinion that experience is a sign of human interaction with the environment, the expression of the feelings of the characters in the story and its believability for the audience have been explained. The selected example is Butimar by Behnaz Alipour Ghaskari, which is a polyphonic text from two Indian and Iranian cultures, and its atmosphere has been prone to aesthetic criticism. This article provides a unified model of the use of philosophical aesthetic elements in criticism.

The narrative theater, which is in opposition to the Aristotelian theater, tries to guide the theater audience towards the correct understanding by relying on change and supporting all the elements in the Aristotelian theater. One of the most important techniques in narrative theater is "alienation", which tries to make the audience think by minimizing believability in various ways and leads him to judge the events and correct things. Relying on the technique of alienation, the narrative theater asks the audience for an intellectual critique in order to gain knowledge and make a logical decision. The goals of this article are to gain more familiarity with the principles of narrative theater and the influence of contemporary playwrights, including Mohammad Yaqoubi, on the technique of narrative theater and its intellectual foundations. Also, the methods of alienation, which is the most important technique of narrative theater, have been introduced. In line with these goals, an attempt has been made to analyze and examine three plays by Mohammad Yaqoubi, who is one of the innovative and influential playwrights of recent decades in Iran, using the descriptive-analytical method and the library method. These three plays are: One Minute of Silence, Writing in the Dark and Winter 66. The results of the analysis of these three works show that he changed from the popular Aristotelian or classical dramatic style to modern dramatic styles in his plays and the characteristics of narrative theater and methods of alienation technique can be seen in his plays and performances.

Story is one of the ways of permanence of any social, political and cultural phenomenon. One of the ways of permanence of any literary work is to blend with myth or symbol. Mircea Eliadeh believes that a myth can never be considered a simple, imaginary and illusory reflection of a natural event. What is important in all myths is to tell about the beginning of the creation of the world and explore its eternity. Chadwick also considers the symbol as a movement that arises from the range of material life that evokes a variety of feelings in humans; It means moving from one sense to another in a single range. The novel of Dovlatabadi's development is connected with many symbols, myths and history, without a doubt, the explanation and knowledge of these myths and symbols will be very effective in understanding the meaning of the novel. This research seeks to know the symbols, myths and their role and function in this work in order to answer the question of what role myths and symbols play in this novel. What has been obtained in this research indicates that myths and symbols affect vital categories such as peace, life and immortality, according to their position.

Narrative speed is a structural and important element in the formation of stories and novels, which is considered as one of the important and main aspects in the narrative of novels. Gerard Genet (1930-2018), a French theorist and semiotician, dedicates a short piece of text to a long period of time. The story is called positive speed and its opposite is called negative speed. The subject of the novel is the development of Mahmoud Dovlatabadi's work in the context of the Iran-Iraq war, which is presented in a complex style and context, using mythological elements, various historical intertextualities, historical relations between Arabs and Iranians, etc. It has become a field of writing. The present essay is a reading that explains the speed of the narrative in this novel based on Gennet's theory with a documentary-description method to answer the question that which of the elements of the speed of the narrative has crystallized in this work according to Gennet's theory? The obtained result shows that there is no balance in the factors of slowing down and speeding up in the novel, but the heavy burden of slowing down the text, due to historical intertextuality, etc., constantly engages the reader in unraveling knots and mental conflicts, so that with more meditation and to understand the real meaning of the novel by referring to history and other works.

The transformation of life due to the war put new issues on the agenda of literature. Some wrote in praise of the epic creators, and a group showed the sufferings of the war and its impact on the lives of ordinary people. Some of the fighters who were sent to the fronts in the sixties, when they returned home, they suffered serious injuries and their behaviors were completely internalized, they were "afraid of coming to the community" and "lonely"; as if this situation surprised the families at the beginning of the confrontation, but in the story of Golab Khanum, these heroes come to their senses after encountering a person who believes in the story, and people's eyes become normal for them. Therefore, the main problem of this research is the answer to the question that in the story of Golab Khanum by Frost, the theme of the return of warriors from the front and the transformation of the characters in the story are described and reported using which patterns of war story writing? This research has been carried out in an analytical-descriptive way and this research showed that in the story of Golab Khanum we witness two processes or structures of confrontation and learning, during which the characters of the story face the "hero of principles" whose purpose is to show the right way and the main result of this confrontation is the realization of learning.