فصلنامه علوم روانشناختی
پیاپی 118 (دی 1401)

A great majority of research has extensively identified that maladaptive perfectionism is highly related to more negative emotions, anxiety, hostility and shame. In comparison to this kind of maladaptive perfectionism, religious/spiritual perfectionism is a new term which has recently been introduced as an adaptive type of perfectionism but its effects on mental health indices and depression/anxiety symptoms have only been explored in few studies.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the moderating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between spiritual/religious perfectionism with mental health indices and depression/anxiety symptoms.

A total of 510 individuals (381 men, 126 women) participated in the study. Participants were asked to complete an onlie questionnaire including the Mental Health Invetory-28 (Veit & Ware, 1983), Depression/Anxiety/Stress Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), (Spiritual/Religious Perfectionism Scale-14 (Besharat, 2019), and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006; Garnefski, Kraaij, & Spinhoven, 2001). Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Hierarchical Linear Regression were used to analyze the data.

Result showed that spiritual/religious perfectionism had a significant positive association with mental well-being and a significant negative association with mental distress and depression/anxiety symptoms (p<0.01). Result also revealed that although the relationship between spiritual/religious perfectionism with mental health indices and depression was not moderated by cognitive emotion regulation strategies, the relation between this kind of perfectionism and anxiety was moderated by maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (p<0.01).

Spiritual/religious perfectionism is an adaptive dimension of perfectionism and people who experience higher degrees of this type of perfectionism do not experience negative emotions, anxiety, and depression when they experience failure to achieve spiritual and religious perfection. Now, if some of these people use maladaptive emotion regulation strategies to regulate their unpleasant emotions, their anxiety will increase.

The study of micro-cultures in the field of drug use, compared to other studies, not only in Iran, but also in other countries, has given a small contribution to the studies. Despite the existence of this research gap resulting from the study of personality traits about micro-cultures and norms that encourage substance consumption.

The purpose of this research was to compare Cloninger's personality traits in drug addicts in different cultures.

This research was descriptive-comparative. The population studied in this research included men aged 20 to 40 who use drugs from four subcultures: Gilak, Talesh, Kurd, and others (Persia). 300 of them were selected by purposeful sampling. All of them completed the personality traits questionnaire of Cloninger et al. (1993). Finally, descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used to describe the data.

The results showed that there is no significant difference in personality traits between any of the different cultures (P>0.05). This means that it can be said that addicts of different ethnicities had similar personality traits.

Finally, based on the results of the present study, it can be said that substance-dependent people in different cultures in the present study had similar personality characteristics, and therefore, knowledge of these results can be important for personality psychologists, sociologists, and other professionals.

The Social Security Organization, as the largest insurance and treatment institution in the country, has a great responsibility to the members of the society. Conceptualizing the model of selection and appointment of managers of Social Security Organization based on competency models will have significant consequences. Therefore, conducting research to select and appoint managers based on competency to develop human resources and take advantage of opportunities has been neglected.

This study aimed to conceptualize the model of selection and appointment of managers of the Social Security Organization based on competency models with the foundation data approach.

This study is developmental and cross-sectional research. The statistical population of the qualitative section is university professors and managers of the Social Security Organization. By the purposive sampling method, 13 people participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed by the Grounded theory approach and Maxqda software.

The coding of interviews has shown that Organizational support and knowledge management are causal conditions that promote the implementation of the competency models in the organization (central phenomenon). The organizational culture and the rule of law are contextual conditions. The Environmental and organizational factors are intervening conditions that influence the strategies (including human resource empowerment, the implementation of information systems in the appointment of managers, and strategic organization management). It will help the selection and then ordination of qualified managers.

Findings show that the selection and appointment of competent managers of the organization depend on several factors, including implementation of the competency model and empowerment of human resources, and the necessary conditions for its establishment must be provided by individuals and the environment.

Research shows that people with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) experience many mental health problems that can be associated with the risk of being misdiagnosed or neglected and have more serious consequences. Meanwhile, domestic studies have paid little attention to the topic of the prevalence of ADHD and mental health, in a comparative study in the studied population.

This study aimed to examine the prevalence of ADHD in university students of Isfahan city and compare the mental health of students with and without the disorder.

The study method was descriptive in the first section and causal-comparative in the second part while frequency, mean, standard deviation, analysis of variance, and independent t-test were used. Barkley Adult ADHD Rating scale (2011), ASRS (2005), SCL-90 (1976), and demographic questionnaire were used. The sample size was 600, selected based on random cluster sampling.

According to the Barkley questionnaire, 13/5 percent have ADHD, but based on ASRS 12 percent have ADHD. Amongst females with ADHD, 18/8% were inattention type, 4/5% hyperactivity type and 6/33% reported combined type. Amongst males with ADHD, 9% were inattention type, 4/83% were hyperactive and 7/16% reported combined type. In comparison, between 2 groups with the probability of ADHD and without, the mental health elements like aggression, excessive fear, sensitivity in the relationship, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, anxiety, and depression were significant (P</05) while others were not.

The probability of suffering from ADHD is increasing among university students. In addition, some dimensions of mental health in ADHD students are different from their normal counterparts.

A review of the research literature showed that chronic pain self-management (CPSM) plays an important role in the health and optimal functioning of Affected people. However, few studies have examined the factors involved in CPSM in the form of a psychological model.

This study aimed to evaluate the fit of the conceptual model of CPSM based on mindfulness skills (MS), metacognitive beliefs (MB), and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS) with empirical data obtained from people with chronic musculoskeletal pain.

The design of this research was descriptive-correlation of the type of structural equation modeling research. The statistical population of the present study included all patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain who were referred to Tehran hospitals between June 2020 and December 2021. The sample included 272 eligible individuals from two Imam Hussain and Besat hospitals in Tehran. Data were collected using PSMC-18 (Nicholas et al., 2012), FFMQ-39 (Bair et al., 2008), MCQ-30 (Wells and Cartwright-Hatton, 2004), CERQ-18 (Garnefski and Kraaij, 2006), and the GSCS-7 (Von Korff, et al., 1992) by online survey and then analyzed.

The results showed that the conceptual model of CPSM based on the data obtained from participants had a suitable and significant fit (CMIN/d= 2.41, SRMR= 0.068, RMSEA= 0.072,
PNFI= 0.077, CFI= 0.903, IFI= 0.904, GFI= 0.872). All predictor variables were able to directly explain CPSM (p< 0.05). Also, most indirect pathways showed significant effects on CPSM
(p< 0.05).

Structural relationships of MS, MB, and CERS can provide a significant explanation for CPSM in people with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Accordingly, it seems that designing educational interventions based on the proposed model can improve CPSM in these people.

Studies showed that the extreme use of the Internet that is prevalent among adolescents today affects their depression, social anxiety, and academic performance, communication with parents, self-esteem, and efficiency. Internet use expectancies and coping strategies also affect the relationship between the underlying factors and Internet addiction.

In this regard, this study examined the model of predicting Internet addiction in high school students.

This was a descriptive-correlational study and its population was all male and female high school students in Gorgan city. Research instruments included the Young Internet addiction test (2013), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (1965), the Schwartz Self-Efficacy Scale (1995), inventory for chronic stress (Schultz, 2004), brief cope (Carver,1997) and Wegmanns Internet use expectancies.

The findings showed that the aspects of psychological pathology have no significant effect on Internet addiction (P> 0. 1). But personality aspects and social cognitions have a negative effect on Internet addiction (P<0.01). Also, the effect of Internet usage expectations on the relationship between pathology and Internet addiction (P<0.913); between personality aspects and internet addiction (P<0.917), and on the relationship between social aspects and internet addiction (P<0.951) is not significant. Additionally, coping strategies have a positive and significant effect on the relationship between pathology and Internet addiction (P<0.000) and have a negative and significant effect on the relationship between personality and Internet addiction (P<0.000).

It seems that controlling mood and anxiety symptoms, teaching strategies to increase self-efficacy, self-esteem, perceived social support and coping skills, and changing Internet use expectations are helpful in preventing the development and maintenance of Internet addiction.

Many studies have shown that psychological therapies are effective in preventing divorce. There is a lack of research in the field of psychoanalytic treatment with the aim of changing or modifying the personality structure of neurotic women seeking divorce.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Horney psychoanalysis based on three personality types on the personality organization of women divorce applicants.

This study was a single-subject design of A/B type. 6 subjects from all women seeking divorce referred to some counseling centers in Tehran in 1399 were selected by purposive sampling and were assigned to three groups of two by answering the Horney-College questionnaire (2011). The Interview of the Personality Organization (STIPO-R) Clarkin (2016) was conducted in three stages. The treatment was administered in totally fifteen 60-minute sessions, 1 sessions weekly and follow-up was one month later. The obtained data were analyzed using standard visual drawing method, stable change index with modified formula to calculate statistically significant change and using the improvement percentage formula.

Horney psychoanalytic therapy causes changes in the subscales of identity (%44/16 improvement), object relations (%33/98 improvement), immature defenses (%49/71 improvement), aggression (%44/65 improvement), moral values (%48/6 improvement) and narcissism (%54/16 improvement). Their change in reliable index also showed that these changes were significant
(P< 0/05) & (P< 0/01).

These findings indicate significant changes in the components of personality structure, so Horney analytical psychotherapy by changing the personality structure of neurotic women seeking divorce can be usefull for psychologists and couple therapists to prevent divorce.

The World Health Organization has mentioned infertility as a public health problem that can lead to depression, anxiety, social exclusion, and sexual disorders. This biological, psychological, and social crisis creates a defective cycle that weakens fertility and causes dysfunction in sexual performance and satisfaction. But do infertile couples in Tehran also experience such quality experiences in life?

The aim of this study was to investigate the phenomenon of infertility experience and the impact of this event on the marital quality of life in couples.

The research method was qualitative and phenomenological. It tried to examine and discover the lived experience of infertile couples by entering the phenomenological world. The population of the present study consisted of all couples with infertility experience who were referred to Royan Research Institute in 1400. The sampling method was purposeful according to most qualitative schemes in order to have phenomenological information, and the researcher based the obtained data on 15 Analyzed the Colaizzi method. The validity of the findings was confirmed by the re-coding method by expert professors.

Analyzing and coding the cognitive phenomenon by Colaizzi method, identified 36 sub-categories and according to their similarity and semantic similarity, in 7 main concepts including the couple and social suffering from child-free life, intellectual and emotional issues in the treatment path, suggestion of Divorce or polygamy, lack of empathy and compatibility of those around the couple, isolation and apathy of the couple, increase in anxiety and stress of the couple, decrease in the quality of the marital relationship, decrease in the financial security of the couple are categorized.

The results showed that the phenomenon of infertility, in line with previous research, is associated with a noticeable decrease in the marital quality of life in couples in Tehran city and has created important issues, including the possibility of separation and divorce, coldness of relationships, decreased motivation, intellectual, emotional and social challenges, which are necessarily paying attention to the reduction of these cases is felt in order to increase the marital quality of life in these couples.

One of the influencing factors on women's sexual performance is their perceptions and feelings towards sexual relations and recognition of their own sexual aspects and, in a general definition, sexual self-concept. On the other hand, negative beliefs and cognitions are an important factor in sexual disorders, and cognitive-behavioral therapy and the use of cognitive reconstruction methods can help to treat sexual disorders.

The present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in the development of the sexual self-concept of married women.

The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research was made up of all women referring to gynecological, maternity, and counseling centers in Babol city in 2014. 30 people were selected as the research sample by simple random sampling and randomly replaced into two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). First, both groups answered the sexual self-concept questionnaire of Snell et al. (1993) (pre-test). Then the experimental group underwent cognitive-behavioral intervention for 8 sessions and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data analysis was done using the statistical method of analysis of covariance.

The results showed that in the post-test stage, there is a significant difference between the two groups in sexual self-concept, sexual satisfaction, sexual self-confidence, and sexual depression (P<0.01). While there was no significant difference in the score of sexual desire and motivation between the groups (P<05). This means that people's scores in sexual self-concept, sexual satisfaction, and sexual self-confidence have improved and decreased in sexual depression.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy has had an effect on the development of the sexual self-concept of married women, and therefore experts can use this intervention to increase sexual self-concept, sexual satisfaction, and self-confidence, and reduce sexual depression in women.

types of research have emphasized the relationship between Academic well-being and self-compassion. Despite the high importance of the role of academic well-being, so far, limited research has been conducted in Iran. In some of these studies, the factors predicting students' academic well-being, including the role of self-compassion, have been identified, but the mediating mechanisms of this relationship have not been identified yet.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-compassion and academic well-being with the mediating role of happiness and academic self-efficacy in students.

The design of this research was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included the students in the second year of high school in Tehran who were studying in the academic year 2021-2022. 370 students were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method using Krejcie & Morgan table. Using Tuminen-Sweeney et al.' s(2012) academic well-being questionnaire, Morgan-Jinker's (1999) academic self-efficacy questionnaire, Argyle & Lu's (1989) Oxford happiness questionnaire, and self-compassion questionnaire data were collected.

The results showed that there are significant relationships between academic well-being and self-compassion (r= 0.42, P< 0.01), happiness (r= 0.60, P< 0.01), academic self-efficacy (r= 0.44,
P< 0.01), self-compassion and happiness (r= 0.64, P< 0.01), self-compassion and academic self-efficacy (r= 0.23, P< 0.01). The proposed model was evaluated by the path analysis method. The results indicated that happiness and academic self-efficacy mediate the relationship between self-compassion and academic well-being.

The findings of this research showed that students with high self-compassion and better academic well-being had more happiness and experienced better Academic self-efficacy.

Happiness is one of the main components of quality of life in all age groups, especially students Studies have shown that happiness is significantly correlated with the big five personality traits, especially neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness. In addition, satisfying basic psychological needs is one of the primary conditions for achieving happiness and life satisfaction. However, the role of these components in the student population has not been studied.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the mediating role of satisfying basic psychological needs in the relationship between personality traits and students' happiness.

For this purpose, a sample of 356 male and female students was selected from among the students of universities of Golestan province using stepwise cluster sampling. Selected individuals completed the NEO Personality Traits Questionnaire (NEO-PI) (1992), the Gugnea Psychological Basic Needs Scale (PBNS-G) (2003), and the Oxford Happiness Index (OHI) (2002). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) and LISREL software version 8.81.

The results showed that in all the fit indices, the structural model for Happiness has a suitable and acceptable fit. According to the research results, neuroticism was negatively correlated to happiness (-0.29), extroversion (0.31), and psychological basic needs satisfaction (0.50) positively significantly correlated with happiness (P< 0.05).in total 36% of the variance of the happiness is predicted and explained by these variables.

It seems that students who experience lower neuroticism and higher extraversion experience more happiness. In addition, the satisfaction of basic psychological needs was associated with increased happiness of students.

Studies suggest the positive effects of reality therapy on mood and emotional disorders. It teaches people to be aware of their basic needs and emphasizes coping with reality, responsibility, and evaluation of right and wrong behaviors. However, there is a research gap in the application of this approach to focusing and controlling their relationships and identifying and changing cognitive distortions and stress in the research community.

This study aimed to determine the efficacy of reality therapy on differentiation and distress tolerance of mothers of intellectually disabled children.

Based on a quasi-experimental design, pre-test and post-test with a control group, 30 persons of all mothers of children with intellectual disabilities (trainable) in exceptional primary schools in District 4 of Tehran in the academic year of 2019-20 were chosen as sample using a convenience non-random sampling method based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in reality therapy intervention sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data collection tools were Skorn and Smith questionnaires and Simmons and Gaher's (2005) distress tolerance scale. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data.

There was a significant difference between the two groups in differentiation and distress tolerance (P<0.0001). A comparison of means in the two groups of intervention and control showed that reality therapy increased differentiation and decreased distress tolerance.

Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that reality therapy helps people acquire successful identity and increase differentiation and distress tolerance of mothers with disabled children by using techniques such as familiarity with one's responsibilities, helping to accept and increase responsibility, also reducing the importance of the past in the present behavior, and emphasizing the inner control.