فهرست مطالب
Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences
Volume:21 Issue: 5, Sep 2022
- تاریخ انتشار: 1401/10/24
- تعداد عناوین: 15
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Pages 1113-1124
Ephippia Moina macrocopa hatching relates to the quality of nutrients received by the parent. Increasing the quality of the parent feed can improve the quality of the nutrient in eggs (ephippium) and can increase hatchability. This study was conducted to examine the addition of fatty acids in the feed through replacing rice bran suspension with fishmeal suspension on the quality and quantity of ephippia M. macrocopa. The treatment in this research was a substitution of rice bran suspension with fishmeal suspension by 0, 15, 30, and 45%. This study indicated that substitution of rice bran suspension with fishmeal suspension of 30% and 45% in Moina culture produced the same ephippia production but with a higher degree of hatching. Moreover, the substitution of rice bran suspension with fishmeal suspension by 30% increased the concentration of n-3 fatty acids (1.15%) in the egg of ephippia M. macrocopa.
Keywords: Mating, Hatching rate, Fatty acid, Egg, Ephippia -
Pages 1125-1140
In the present study selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) and zinc nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) included in the diets of white shrimp at 0 mg (control), 0.3 mg Se-NPs/ kg feed (T1), 0.15 mg Se-NPs+15 mg Zn-NPs/kg feed (T2) and 30 mg Zn-NPs/kg feed (T3). After 8 weeks, shrimps fed both Se-NPs and Zn-NPs showed higher (p<0.05) final body weigh, weigh gain, and SGR than shrimp fed the control diet. On the other hand, the FCR was decreased by Se-NPs and Zn-NPs when compared to the control whereas both Se-NPs+Zn-NPs revealed lower FCR than the other groups (p<0.05). Shrimp fed Se-NPs or Se-NPs +Zn-NPs revealed higher survival rate than shrimp fed the control and Zn-NPs while shrimp fed Zn-NPs showed higher survival rate than shrimp fed the control (p<0.05). The total haemocyte count, large granular cells, semi granular cells, and semi granular cells revealed higher counts in shrimps fed Se-NPs and Zn-NPs than the control (p<0.05). Shrimp fed Se-NPs or Se-NPs+ Zn-NPs revealed higher catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidas (GPX) activities than shrimp fed the control and Zn-NPs while shrimp fed Zn-NPs showed higher catalase activity than shrimp fed the control (P<0.05). The total protein, lysozyme, and phenoloxidase activities increased in shrimp fed Se-NPs or/and Zn-NPs with the highest being in shrimp fed both in shrimp fed Se-NPs and Zn-NPs followed by those fed Se-NPs then Zn-NPs when compare to the control (p<0.05). In conclusion, the co supplementation of Se-NPs and Zn-NPs showed higher performances, antioxidant status, and immune responses in white shrimp than the individual supplementation of Se-NPs or Zn-NPs.
Keywords: Litopenaeus vannamei, Zinc, Selenium, Growth, Immunity, Antioxidant -
Pages 1141-1155
Marines are unique resource that provides a diverse array of natural products, primarily from invertebrates such as sponge. As infectious diseases evolve and develop resistance to existing pharmaceuticals, these ecosystems provide novel leads against microbial, cancer, and viral diseases. The purpose of this study is to investigate antimicrobial and antifungal activities of derivatives of phthalates extracted from Haliclona (Soestella) caerulea on some pathogenic organisms. Sponge samples from Larak Island were collected by divers at a depth of 10 meters. After that, marine sponge extract collection was done by chloroform-methanol extraction as a solvent and through chromatography column and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy on the sponge sample, components of dioctyl phthalate (DOTP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were purified and identified. Anti-microbial and antifungal activity of extracted components were investigated by means of bacterial broth dilution method and microdilution broth method and minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC), minimum bactericide concentration (MBC), and minimum fungal concentration (MFC) were determined. The results indicated that DOTP of H. (Soestella) caerulea was active on Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus bacteria. MBC values of DOTP were determined as 2000 μg/m. DBP of H. (Soestella) caerulea was active on gram positive bacteria. MBC values of DOTP were determined as 1000 μg/m for B. cereus and Staphylococcus aureus and 500 μg/mL for B. subtilis. MFC values of DOTP and DBP were determined as 1000 μg/m and 2000 for Candida albicans. Hence it is assumed that the sponge Haliclona (Soestella) caerulea exhibited high antimicrobial activity.
Keywords: Marine sponge, Extraction, natural compounds, Dibutyl phthalate, Dioctyl phthalate, Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity, Larak Island -
Pages 1156-1165
In order to explore the influence of increased salinization on fish populations in Tarim River, sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity tolerance in T. yarkandensis (a native fish species), was measured in laboratory by applying slow acclimation (SA, gradual salinity increase) and direct transfer (DT) methods in spring season. Whereas Probit method was used to calculate the median lethal concentration (LC50). Results of slow acclimation for adult, juvenile and larva fish (LC50) showed 16.51 g/L, 12.94 g/L and 8.13 g/L[cy1] , respectively. Results of salinity tolerance (LC50) by DT method, were recorded as 16.16 g/L, 11.01 g/L, and 7.37 g/L for adult, juvenile and larva, respectively. The salinity tolerance of the fish showed age-dependent increasing tendency. The experiments have also been conducted in three other seasons to study the relationship between salinity tolerance of adults and seasonal salinity variances in Tarim River. Results showed a significant S relationship between river’s salinity and the LC50 of adults (data mixed the SA and DT) by using equations y=e2.788-0.121/X (R2=0.994, P=0.003) for DT, and y=e2.771-0.120/X (R2=0.927,P=0.037) for SA. These findings suggest that T. yarkandensis has a physiological adaptation for osmoregulation in developmental processes and in dealing with the seasonal salinity variances of the Tarim River.
Keywords: Triplophysa Yarkandensis, Salinity tolerance, Tarim River, Age, Seasonal variances -
Pages 1166-1179
Yersiniosis is the second important bacterial infections in coldwater fish culture with significant mortalities and economical losses in the Iranian fish farms. In the present study, the effect of extracellular proteins (ECP) on protective immunity of Y. ruckeri vaccine was evaluated in juvenile rainbow trout (7±1.2 g). For this purpose, 540 specimens of juvenile rainbow trout were randomly divided into 6 groups each in triplicates. Group 1 (G1) and Group 2 (G2) were orally administrated with formalin killed cells (FKC) and FKC+ECP, respectively. Groups 3 to 5 received ECP, FKC, ECP+FKC via intraperitoneal route, respectively. Group 6 received phosphate buffer saline as the control group. The humoral antibody responses to bacterial antigens were monitored by ELISA. LD50 of Y. ruckeri was determined used probit method sixty days after vaccination. Then, fish in each treatment were challenged intraperitoneally (I.P) with LD50 of Y. ruckeri virulent registered strain in Iran (KCW 291153). The ELISA results indicated that ECP could increase the serum ELISA antibody titer as the humoral immune response, but ECP with the FKC could increase antibody levels significantly in serum and intestine mucus. Also survival rates in G1 to G6 were 25, 31.25, 37.5, 56.25, 87.5 and 15 percent, respectively. Among I.P immunized fish the survival rate in G5 was significantly higher than the other groups. Although in orally vaccinated fish with FKC (G1) survival rate did not show significant difference with the control group, the FKC /ECP group (G2) showed a significant increase compared to control group (p=0.039). It was concluded that supplementing FKC with ECP increased protective immunity of Yersiniosis vaccine principally in I.P. route. Given the great benefits of the oral vaccine, whole cell/ECP can be considered as a protective antigen to design potential vaccines against this pathogenic micro-organism.
Keywords: Yersinia ruckeri, Immunity, Rainbow trout, Vaccination -
Pages 1180-1191
In this study, the effects of white-leg shrimp hydrolysate protein extracted in a progressive rise in temperature (40-60°C) (Gradual) and without centrifugation (Mix) on the colon cancer cells were determined. Both bioactive peptides were prepared using enzymatic hydrolysis with alcalase. The cytotoxic effect on HCT-116 cell line was evaluated using the Neutral red and MTT assay. In-vitro, antioxidant activity was performed using DPPH, TAC, and nitric oxide assays. Apoptosis with acridine orange/etho bromide and redox changes was evaluated in the cell lines.The results of toxicity assays showed that the survival rate of the cells were decreased by increasing the concentrations of the peptides (0.3, 0.6, 1.2, and 2.4 mg/mL). Based on the results of antioxidant activity (TAC, DPPH, No), the Gradual peptides had significantly higher antioxidant activity than Mix peptides (p<0.05). In addition, the Gradual peptide increased the concentration of nitric oxide compared to the control and Mix groups (p<0.05). Results also showed that the Gradual peptides reduced the secretion of catalase and GSH enzymes in the cancer cells (p<0.05). Both types of peptides increased apoptosis in the cancerous cell line and a higher value was observed in bioactive peptides treatments The results of the present study showed that the Pacific white shrimp hydrolysates protein obtained in a progressive rise in temperature showed anti-cancer activities against colon HCT-116cancer cell line.
Keywords: Peptides, Processing by-products, Colon cancer, Anticancer activity, Litopenaeus vannamei -
Pages 1192-1203
The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of replacing some conventional feedstuffs (barley and yellow corn) with mallow, Malva parviflora, leaves meal on the growth and feeding efficiency of sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna. Five experimental diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of mallow leaves meal M0, M5, M10, M15, and M20 respectively, were prepared by replacing barley and yellow corn. A total of 90 fish (2.55±0.17 g) were used, distributed equally into fifteen plastic tanks at a rate of 6 fish per tank. The experiment lasted for 60 days, during which fish were fed the experimental diets to satiation twice daily. Results exhibited a gradual significant (p<0.05) increase in the feed intake FI (r=0.935) of the fishes with increasing dietary mallow leave replacement. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio of sailfin molly fed control (M0) diet compared to fish fed on M5 and M10 diets at the end of the experiment. Increasing the involvement of mallow in M15 and M20 diets led to inhibited SGR, FCR, and PER significantly (p<0.05) compared to the control diet. In conclusion, using mallow dried meal in the diets at a 10% level was proved to be more suitable with no noticeable adverse effects on the growth and feeding efficiency of experimental fish.
Keywords: Feedstuff, Fish nutrition, Growth, Mallow meal, Sailfin molly -
Pages 1204-1221
Some functional, physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix protein hydrolysates produced by alcalase (SCPH-alcalase), acid (SCPH-acidic) and alkaline (SCPH-alkaline) were investigated. No significant difference was observed for degree of hydrolysis (DH), L*, a* and b* values among all types of hydrolysate samples (p>0.05). The highest protein recovery, protein and essential amino acids content were observed in SCPH-alcalase. All protein hydrolysates displayed antioxidant activities, that enhanced by increasing the hydrolysates concentration. The chemical hydrolysates had the highest DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, while SCPH-alcalase showed the highest ABTS (2, 2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radical-scavenging activity and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) (p<0.05). The highest solubility and the lowest fat adsorption were observed with the SCPH-alcalase (p<0.05). Increased numbers of hydrophilic groups of SCPH-alcalase are supported by FTIR spectra. The results showed the significant effect of different hydrolysis conditions on hydrolysates properties and indicated alcalase enzyme might be more suitable to produce hydrolysates with desirable functional, nutrition and antioxidative properties.
Keywords: Fish protein hydrolysate, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Chemical hydrolysis, Enzymatic hydrolysis, Antioxidant capacities -
Pages 1222-1240
A 56-day research was conducted to assess the influence of dietary protein content and carbohydrate: lipid ratio on growth performance, hematological parameters, intestinal histoarchitecture and digestive enzymes activities of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) juveniles (13.7 g). Four experimental diets were designed with various protein, lipid and carbohydrate levels namely LP-LCL (low protein 40%−low carbohydrate: lipid ratio=1.4), HP-LCL (high protein 48%−low carbohydrate: lipid ratio=1.4), LP-HCL (low protein 40%−high carbohydrate: lipid ratio=2.9) and HP-HCL (high protein 48%−high carbohydrate: lipid ratio=2.9). Fish were stocked into twelve 300-L cylindrical polyethylene tanks (15 fish in each tank) and fed with experimental diets. The low carbohydrate: lipid ratio diets improved growth rate of the fish. The lipid content of the whole body increased with decreasing dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio. The intestinal folds’ length and thickness significantly increased in the low carbohydrate: lipid ratio treatments. The intestinal total alkaline protease activity elevated by increasing dietary protein content, meanwhile the activities of lipase and amylase increased with increasing dietary lipid and carbohydrate levels, respectively. Blood hematocrit decreased but hemoglobin increased by increasing dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio. According to the results dietary lipid is more preferable than carbohydrate as an energy source for orange-spotted grouper juveniles and induces protein sparing effect in a low protein content diet.
Keywords: Dietary macronutrients, Digestive enzymes, Enterocytes, Grouper, Growth, Hematology -
Pages 1241-1266
In this study, alkaline, neutral, and acid enzyme activities, molecular weight distributions, and proximate compositions of live feeds were determined in a time-dependent manner. Samples were taken from three different live feeds and Artemia cysts. R refers to rotifer, A-0 refers to non-enriched Artemia / A. nauplii, and A-1 refers to enriched Artemia / A. metanauplii. Sampling was done at 0th, 6th, 12th, and 18th h (T) and before enrichment as R (R-0) and A1 (A1-0). Depending on time, while enriched rotifers have high acid enzyme values at pH 3 and 4, neutral and alkaline enzyme values of enriched Artemias were higher (p<0.05). Time-dependent decreases were detected in the enzyme activities of enriched Artemia and rotifers. Live feeds enriched for up to 12 hours should be used with a molecular weight fraction of 2,532 Da≥ (p<0.05). When marine finfish such as European sea bass and gilthead sea bream are started feeding, their digestive enzymes have alkaline and then acid characteristics. On the other hand, in this study, it was determined that rotifer enzymes had higher acid protease activities and A. metanauplii had higher alkaline protease enzyme activities. Considering this situation, A. nauplii should be given together with rotifers and A. metanuplii should be started as soon as possible. In addition, considering the enzyme activity values of the rotifers used as the first feed, the use of rotifers that are not enriched in terms of the contribution of live feeds to the larval digestive system should also be taken into account.
Keywords: Protease, Molecular weight, Proximate, Rotifer, Artemia, Live feed -
Pages 1267-1277
The aim of this study was to evaluate the labeling of rosemary extract nanoparticles (RE-NPs) using 67Ga radioisotope, and their biodistribution in healthy rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) tissues. RE-NPs were prepared by gamma irradiation (irradiated at a dose of 30 kGy of gamma-ray by 60Co (PX-30 IssIedovapel, Russia, dose rate of 0.02 Gy sec-1) and ultra-sonication methods at two concentrations of 0.5% and 1% and labeled by 67Ga radioisotope. Quality control studies were done using the RTLC method. The radiolabeling RE-NPs at 1% concentration showed 97% efficiency using a mixture of sodium acetate and acetic acid buffer at pH=6.5 after 30 min at room temperature. In the biodistribution study, 54 healthy fish were randomly distributed into two treatment groups (n=18 fish/treatment group) and one group served as healthy control. Fish received 3.7-7.4 MBq (300 µL) of radiolabeled RE-NPs at 1% concentration and free 67GaCl3, intraperitoneally. The 67Ga-RE-NPs single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) demonstrated the highest tracer accumulation in the kidney and the least uptake in the brain at 24 h after injection of 67Ga-RE-NPs. However, 48 h after injection of 67Ga-RE-NPs, the uptake was negligible in all organs as compared to free 67GaCl3. The obtained results revealed that administration of 67Ga-RE-NPs, as a natural tracer, by IP injection can be a good imaging method to visualize and understand the whole-body, especially the kidney and spleen tissues distribution and pharmacokinetics in healthy rainbow trout.
Keywords: Rosemary, 67Ga, radiolabeling, Biodistribution studies, Rainbow trout, Gamma irradiation, SPECT -
Pages 1278-1297
Effects of two different doses, treatment I (0.30 ppm) and treatment II (0.15 ppm) of paraquat, were investigated on mRNA transcript of the catalase gene (cat) and CAT activity in zebrafish. We determined tissue-specific distribution of zebrafish cat and bioinformatics analysis. Muscle, liver, intestine, heart, kidney, brain, eye, gills, swim bladder, skin, ovary and testis tissue samples from three female and three male fish were dissected to detect tissue-spesific distrubition while liver and gill tissues were dissected to evaluate the effect of acute stress in zebrafish. The steady-state level of zebrafish cat transcript in gill (311±11.32) was lower than liver (595.53±14.41) but higher than muscle (132.89±9.21), testis (120.03±6.99), kidney (118.96±8.87), ovary (104.31±8.22), intestine (37.28±3.11), brain (19.17±2.01), eye (18.30±2.10), heart (15.79±2.01), spleen (7.7±0.91), swim bladder (6.97±0.21), and skin (4.59±0.31). Expression of cat was significantly decreased in liver and gill tissues after exposure to two concentrations of paraquat (p<0.05). Measurement of enzyme activities in zebrafish, exposed to 0.30 and 0.15 ppm of paraquat for 72 h duration, showed significant (p<0.05) variations in CAT activity compared to that of the control. Different steady-state levels among tissues in zebrafish could be explained by duplicated genes in teleost fish that arose through teleost specific-whole genome duplication exhibiting a dissimilar tissue distribution.
Keywords: Bioinformatics, Gene expression, Enzyme activity, Catalase, Zebrafish -
Pages 1298-1334
Gastropods are considered as the main molluscs of rocky shores and often show marked zonation patterns both horizontally and vertically. Biodiversity and distribution of gastropods were investigated at 8 stations on rocky shores of Qeshm Island during the coldest and warmest months January and August, respectively, in 2018. In the present study, 35 gastropod species were identified. The highest frequency of gastropod (550±345) was observed at S2 station (Tula 2) and the lowest one was observed at S8 station (Naz Island) (273±83.70). Planaxis sulcatus was found as the dominant species at all stations (%55.76). The results of the 3-way permutational (MANOVA) test showed that the species’ structures of the gastropod community are different at various stations and during sampling months. The results of the nMDS test confirmed these differences in the structure and species composition of the gastropod population during two months. The highest diversity (Shannon index: 3.13) and species richness (Margalef index: 4.53) was observed at the S2 station and the lowest diversity (Shannon index: 2.73, Margalef index: 3.03) was observed at the S8station. According to the results of the SIMPER test, the highest percentage of participation in Bray-Curtis dissimilarity between the two months in summer and winter and at different sampling stations in terms of species density was related to Planaxis sulcatus. The structure of gastropod population at the studied stations can be influenced by the factor of seasonal changes.
Keywords: Biodiversity, Spatial Distribution, Rocky shores, Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf -
Pages 1316-1334
Among infectious pathogens, fungal and fungal like organisms cause the remarkable social and economic impacts on ornamental farmers. Some freshwater ornamental fishes including the cardinal Carassius auratus, Green Terror Cichlids (Andinoacara rivulatus), the guppy (Poecilia reticulata), the Koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) with typical signs of severe respiratory symptoms were prepared from a large commercial breeding centers ornamental fish shops in Tehran, Iran. The gill samples were taken and laboratory evaluations carried out. Accordingly, Culturing of fungal isolates, sequencing and molecular identification, pathogenicity as well as gross and microscopic evaluations were also carried out. Four isolated with NCBI-accession numbers of OL891804, OL912959, OL990026 and OL912961, respectivelyas Fungal sp., Penicillium sp., Fungal sp. and Candida sp. were reported and registered in Genebank. Eventually, the Ornamental fish diseases of Tehran ornamental fish centers where a few fish including the cardinal (C. auratus), Green Terror Cichlids (A. rivulatus), the guppy (P. reticulata) and the Koi (C. rubrofuscus), were suffering from gill disorders had been infected with Penicillium crustosum, Alternaria alternata, Filobasidium like organism, Candida zeylanoides, respectively.
Keywords: Ornamental fish, Fungal infection, Penicillium crustosum, Alternaria alternata, Candida zeylanoides -
Pages 1335-1342
A new non-native ctenophore species, Beroe ovata, was recorded for the first time in the southern Caspian Sea on 13 November 2019 during a regular plankton sampling program. Considerable aggregations (1-5 individuals/m3) of B. ovata were found near an aquaculture site for fish cage, about 8.5 km offshore. The arrival of B. ovata, a non-native ctenophore predator for the Caspian Sea, has been much anticipated since the arrival of its prey, another aggressive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the late 1990’s. The adverse impact of M. leidyi has been devastating since its appearance on the Caspian Sea, causing unprecedented decreases in mesozooplankton biodiversity and biomass, resulting in a collapse of fisheries on small pelagics. The occurrence of B. ovata in the Caspian Sea is of significant interest for scientists, environmental managers and other stakeholders like fishermen since this new invader had already shown its ability to help in recovery of the fish stocks and ecosystem in whole in the Black Sea. Based on the outcomes of intensive field and laboratory studies in these neighbouring seas, we could suggest that the arrival of B. ovata also will result in the recovery of the Caspian Sea ecosystem.
Keywords: Ctenophore, Beroe ovata, Mnemiopsis leidyi, non-native species, Caspian Sea