مجله سبک شناسی نظم و نثر فارسی (بهار ادب)
پیاپی 80 (دی 1401)

Nasafi Tafsir by Najmuddin Nasafi is one of the most important works of the fifth and sixth centuries AH in which the author provided a concise translation of the Qur'an. Has interpreted. The discourse analysis of these two books can show the principles of belief and ideology of the authors. One of the most important theories in the field of discourse analysis is Norman Fairclough's theory, which examines the relationship between the internal and external criteria of the text. Fairclough examines the text in three axes of description, interpretation, and explanation. In the word description stage, the grammar and structure of the text are examined. The discussion of words has a special place because it is the foundation of a text. Fairclough believes that the words of a text can be analyzed discourse in three areas: empirical value, relational value, and the expressive value of words. By examining these three axes, we can understand the spiritual, psychological, personality, belief, ideological, philosophical characteristics of the author of the text and the prevailing conditions in his time.

In this article, the authors try to examine the discourse in the translation of these two books in the field of word analysis with a descriptive-analytical method and libraries.

Semantic creativity in the field of empirical value of words in Meybodi's interpretation is more complete than Nasafi interpretation. Meybodi brings together words and phrases that are not synonymous, and sometimes takes into account the causal relationship in establishing this relationship; But Nasafi in such cases tries to explain more with different interpretations and his goal is to express the importance of the issue. Also, the use of words in the metaphorical sense in Meybodi's interpretation is more than Nasafi, and in the field of the value of word relations, as a result of which the text has a better interpretation and beauty, Nasafi interpretation has acted more powerfully than Meybodi. Nasafi is stronger than Meybodi and the choice of words with a semantic load that affects the emotions of the audience in his words is more.

In terms of empirical value of words, Meybodi is more creative than Nasafi in his interpretation and has acted better. It has a relative effect on the expressive feelings of the audience more than Meybodi.

Mohammad Ali is one of the prominent and capable writers with a style in contemporary Persian literature. therefore; It is important to study his works from a stylistic point of view. This article examines the stylistic features of the story of "Mashi and Mashianeh" at three levels of thought, language and literature with examples of the story. The main purpose of this article is to review and explain the characteristics of the story of "Mashi and Mashianeh" in three levels.

Ongoing research; It has been done in a descriptive-analytical way.

Mohammad Ali has established a new method in the field of novel writing with the publication of Mashi and Mashianeh. He was able to create a unique style by combining colloquial language and novel prose and relying on religious, mythological and historical sources. Mohammad Ali's poetry has added to the beauty of the work in parts of the story while showing the author's ability. The most important literary feature of this author is the use of novel virtues, especially similes, which mainly have sensory and research aspects.

At the intellectual level, the author, while giving importance to the position of women in the story, narrates the story in the language of women. Adherence to ethics and behavior, dream, dream, love, explaining the concept of Iranian myths and myths are the most important intellectual features of this work. At the linguistic level, his use of Arabic words and his disobedience in the syntactic structure are other features of the story. At the literary level, the author has tried to use the words, content and structures of ancient literature in a pleasant way. He has used rhetorical industries such as puns, rhymes, etc. in spiritual rhetorical industries of contradictions and observations such as many and many similes.

This research has been written with the aim of studying and comparing the reflection of music in the poetry of Shahriyar and Ebtehaj. In order to achieve this, the authors have studied words and terms related to music (instruments, musicians, Iranian original music, general musical terms, musical occupations, musical verbs). In addition, we examined the forms of imagination and literary function of the words of music in the poetry of Shahriyar and Ebtehaj. After examining the musical samples of Shahriyar and Ebtehaj's poems, we expressed the similarities and differences in the reflection of music in the poetry of these two poets.

This research is a library and has been done by descriptiveanalytical method.

This study shows that music has been an instrument for these two poets; A tool for conveying their intended concepts and themes.

One of the most important aspects of the similarity between the musical verses of Shahriyar and Ebtehaj is bio-music, addressing the poet's self and the high frequency of accompanying music with sadness. The most important aspects of the difference in the musical reflection of Shahriyar and Ebtehaj's poetry can be found in the musical view and attention to musicians.

This study focuses on Analysis of the Diplopia (Cross-eyed) in Masnavi Manavi.The presented subject has been detected poetic of works of Rumy to present the symbolic meanings and concepts of this term to the reader in order to discover the meaning of some of his verses and writings. Ahvaliat means “diplopia” “visual impairment” But in Rumi's words, according to the context of the anecdote, it finds a special meaning and concept; And this causes the word to be different and to be interpreted in a special way.

This research is based on analytical-descriptive method and has been done by using library resources. Research field is Rumi's poems: Masnavi Manavi.

In Rumi's words, "Ahvaliat" does not mean a body malformation, but has a meaning beyond the maim and is used in its esoteric meaning. So, in the way Rumi consider things and his lexicon There are various types of misunderstanding and intellectual distortion arising from evilness such as: anger, lust, nervousness, domineering Imagination and egoism, etc., which prevent man from understanding the proper action and truth.

the results that have been detected from this research is that Rumi used some of the physical defects and imperfections of the body in another meaning and concept, namely, moral defects and sensual morbid. These meanings are different according to the context of the anecdote (symbolic) narratives. According to Rumi, it makes it difficult for its owner to distinguish right from wrong, to the point that it sometimes leads him to the wrong path. Rumi - of course - by explaining the types of conditions, has shown the method of treatment to humans.

Gnosticism is a blended school and emphasizes on a series of general teachings such as authenticity of dualism and conflict of worldly objects, enlivenment and avoidance of matter, access to the Alevi world through knowledge (GNUS). Islamic mysticism, by combining some Gnostic propositions in the form of Eshraghi monotheism in contrast to numerical monotheism and extreme Sunniism and government, used it to stylize the Text and Islamic beliefs. Ayn al-Qudzat Hamedani, a reckless IranianIslamic mystic with knowledge of the Gnostic teachings and influenced by it, and by combining Manichean and Mandaean dialects and mediator thoughts, which in this article refers to neo-Platonic and Hermetic thoughts, sought to create a new reading of the holy text of Muslims with their Gnostics and mediator thoughts.

Our research methodology is based on library data and posteriology analysis based on the works of the old ones.

The main finding of this study emphasizes on the effect of Gnostic religions and Neo-Platonic and Hermetic philosophies on the Monocelal view and Islamic narratives of Ayn al-Qozzat by preserving its Islamic authenticity.

The answer to what new forms have been created in combination with the old intellectual species and the nature of new thoughts, especially in the intellectual system of Ayn al-Qozzat and its Islamic format, is one of the important results of this study

The works left from the past are considered the cultural heritage of a land and provide extensive information about the intellectual, belief and linguistic structure of its authors to today's generation. The creation of literary works has had ups and downs in different periods. In some periods, including the Qajar period, based on political developments and occasions that have been established in governments, different methods and styles have emerged; In such a way that the years of the Qajar period have been very rich and diverse in terms of the creation of works of prose and poetry.

In this study, the work of the mentioned work has been studied with the stylistic approach and content analysis method and using the library resources.

Meftah al-Futuh is a book of prose by the works of Mirza Mohammad Hossein Sharif Kermani, including the performance of miracles, the expression of battles and the states of Imam Ali (as) in the battle with the Nakesin, Qaseteen and Mareqin. This book has an acceptable and pleasant style due to the author's efforts to decorate the words and use novel expressions and bring beautiful poems from different poets, as well as bringing beautiful verses, hadiths and combinations in praise of Ali (AS).

Meftah Al-Futuh is important on the one hand due to its content characteristics and religious beliefs and the inclusion of historical narrations, and on the other hand in terms of the author's mastery of literature, culture and customs of society and the use of folklore works. In addition, in terms of sources and content, Meftah al-Futuh is based on quoting historical narrations from authentic Shiite and Sunni books, including the book Al-Fi. AlMuftah al-Futuh in terms of using folklore literature related to popular culture, the author's writing power, strong expression and the use of narrative tricks to create tension in historical narratives and create excitement and desire in the audience, use instructive poems, original phrases, and new combinations Attention and contemplation.

The political, social, intellectual and cultural conditions of each poet's life cause the creation of different types and personalities in his poems. Hafez's poetry is no exception to this rule; Because most poets' poems are based on special characters and characters. Hafez speaks with the design of special characters and their functions and the use of the industry of ambiguity or the same multiplicity of meanings, ambiguous and multi-purpose, and this issue shows the depth of his worldview and thought.

The present article has a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources to study the semantic multiplicity of types and characters in Hafez's divan.

The findings of the present article show that among the prototypes proposed by Hafez, some are sacred and in some cases are his role models, some are praised by him and some have been criticized. These types and characters, whether accepted or hated, are sometimes used in their original and real meanings, and sometimes in non-original meanings, and in many cases even have a multiplicity of meanings.

Most of the prominent figures of Hafez's court such as prophets and infallible Imams (as) - mystical figures, kings and ministers, heroes and myths, romantic figures, political and social figures, cattle, birds, trees and flowers are real types. Perhaps the main reason for the design of some characters in Hafez's poems is the special political and social conditions of his life and the interactions he had with those special people, and the creation of some characters may have been due to their identification with them. Some of these characters are praised by him, some are influential in his life, some are his role models, some have been criticized.

A description has been written on the works of Sharafname Nezami that has been less studied so far. The methodologists of these explanations reveal the mysteries presented to them to the audience and, in addition to introducing them, guide modern researchers in writing accurate and scientific explanations. The purpose of this research is the methodology of manuscripts of Ganjavi's Sharafname Nezami.

In this research, the methodology of four linear descriptions of honor based on two aspects of structure and content was studied. First, in terms of structural and formal features, the method of writing the introduction and forehead of the explanations, the reason for the description, how to introduce the base text, how to end the description, the title of the description, the marking and the number of detailed verses and the use of abbreviations are discussed. Then, in terms of content, the commentators' method for understanding the verses of the Sharafname Nezami is explained.

The commentators of linear explanations have mostly used tools and propositions such as testimony, citation, expression of the meanings of the words and their meanings, explanation of literary points and grammatical rules. In other words, they have tried to explain most of the linguistic, literary and intellectual points.

Comparison of these linear descriptions shows the components of citation description of difficult words, meanings and concepts of verses, testimony of verses, narrations and poems, dealing with various topics, explaining various terms, paying attention to the versions of exchanges in the versions of "Am", "Majs", respectively. And "Majk" has been observed, but in the description of "Majn" the description of words and concepts is concise, concise and telegraphic, and it can be considered as a cultural dictionary with limited explanations of verses.

The context and purpose of the stories written for the age group of children and adolescents, in addition to being attractive and engaging, should also contain social, instructive and educational content. Humorous literature is a good bed to help the child and adolescent audience in intellectual development while paying attention to the entertaining aspects of the story.

Leading research based on theoretical and documentary studies has been done by library method and content analysis method. The society studied in this article is five stories by contemporary satirical writers in the field of children and adolescent literature.

Some children and adolescent comedians focus only on the humorous and entertaining aspects of a work, while others focus on discovering the identity, meaning of life, and social issues in addition to the entertaining aspects of the story.

Among the authors studied, Marzooqi and Akbarpour have paid more attention to the entertainment and humor aspects of their stories, and Shafiee, Eboud, and Hashemi have significantly and significantly included in the content of their stories issues related to moral aspects, social problems, and children's intellectual issues and concerns. And adolescents.

Pragmatics is an important branch in contemporary linguistics, analyzing the meaning of what somebody says or writes in a specific linguistic context and is being comprehended by the reader. Presupposition is among the most significant subjects in pragmatics, which focuses on what the speaker or writer assumes to be true before anything is said. It also focuses on common information between the speaker or writer and the reader or listener. This study analyzes how verbal humors are created using presupposition and the tools of such method in the selected Iranian comedy plays during 1920-1940.

This paper uses qualitative research methodology and is based on library research and record keeping. It analyzes the sources and six Iranian comedy plays written during Pahlavi I era, using content analysis and descriptive method.

Analyzing these plays, one finds that verbal humor is one of the methods playwrights use in creating comedy. The use of presupposition is one of the techniques playwrights use to form verbal humor. They use multiple presuppositions in many different ways for such purpose.

The verbal humor in the comedies of Pahlavi I era are shaped based on various presupposition, using the following techniques: Breach of the characters’ or the audience’s presupposition, contradiction of the characters’ presupposition, humorous usage of multiple presupposition, or changing of one presupposition to another, or mixing up the form of a specific presupposition.

This article endeavours to study the poetic imagry employed in Simin Behbahani's Dasht-e-Arzhan to shed light upon its multilayered visual rhetoric, its sumptuous imagery on external and internal facets as well as the poet's imaginative and pictorial perspective. This descriptive- analytical reading is an attempt to delve into Behbahani's poetic images, deployed in Dasht-e-Arzhan, for their imaginative richness, the diverse perceptual levels they render, and the transition between these levels, from the superficial and intermediate towards the inner and profound layers of perception. The work comprises of an examination of the imagery on both surface and deep perceptual levels and identification of instances of positive and random images.

The present study is a theoretical study that has been done by library research method. The study area and community is the Dasht Arjan in the collection of poems by Simin Behbahani.

Simin Behbahani is one of the contemporary poets who has remained faithful to traditional poetry in form and form, but in many other cases is considered a new poet. Imaging is one of his tricks in this regard. He has his own style and style both in using the elements that make up the image and in the way he presents poetic images.

The study yields fascinating results since the images employed in the masterpiece are of deep and random nature. Moreover, they are significantly imbued with romantic characteristics.

Examining and analyzing text contrasts to achieve the nature of the central concept in a work through dual contrast analysis is one of the methods of studying texts in the constructivist method. Claude Levi-Strauss is a constructivist linguist who believes in bipolar opposition or semantic opposition. Based on the confrontational attitude, many of the stories of Shahnameh are formed from dual confrontations; The main purpose of this article is to investigate the contrast between the two stories in the historical part of Shahnameh based on Strauss's constructivist theory.

In this article, the authors have emphasized the descriptiveanalytical method based on the method of document mining and library studies in three stories of the historical part of Shahnameh, namely the story of Bahram Gour, Khosrow Anoshirvan and Bahman.

The findings of this study show that in the historical part of Shahnameh, under the influence of its mythological part and also the concept of duality in mythology, we are still faced with the infrastructure of dual contrasts to historical events.

The findings of the study indicate that the confrontations in the historical part of Shahnameh such as the confrontation of justice and oppression, Iran and Iran, the battle between good and evil, the confrontation between father and son or confrontation with predatory and wild animals all serve as general confrontations. And in order to strengthen the fundamental reciprocal aspects of myth, that is, the idea of good and evil.

Metonymy is one of the literary devices produced by people and therefore has good compatibility with Colloquial language in folk poetry. A review of the characteristics of metonymy in the Colloquial poetry of the past century that historically covers the constitutional revolution, the Pahlavi period, and the era of the Islamic Revolution shows a comprehensive utilization of this device.

Essential data for this research has been obtained through study in library resources. Then, these data are examined by descriptiveanalytical method.

The colloquial poems of the Pahlavi period are twice as visual as those of the pre-and later eras and the most ironic language of colloquial poetry also belongs to this period. In contemporary Persian colloquial poems, the most widely used form of imagination is "metonymy". Considering the variety of types of metonymy based on its functionality for the public and the clarity or the secrecy of them, linguistic and lexical types are more suitable for colloquial poetry. Poets' inventive metonymies can also be used in such poems provided that the relationship between the present and absent sides of the speech is not complicated and so does not disturbs the basic philosophy of colloquial poetry, which is the simplicity and easy communication of the audience with the subject. The cooperation between proverbs and ironies in contemporary colloquial poems indicates a kind of harmony between these two elements, since both have their roots in ordinary people's understanding.

Colloquial poems people-friendly poems utilize the literary capacity of metonymy to make softer contact and a deeper connection with the reader. If a folk poet uses both metonymies and proverbs in his literary text, the effect of his words will be more, and it is a common technic that Colloquial poets of the previous century (2021-1920) have utilized very commonly.

Rahim Moeini Kermanshahi is one of the contemporary poets who has written songs for composers for many years and is familiar with the science of music and musicians. In this article, with the aim of examining the reflection of his familiarity with music, his poems have been studied in terms of music and the influence of music on his style of poetry.

The article has been done with library studies and has been written in a descriptive-analytical method by selecting poetic samples. The statistical population of the research is the book "Burn the candles (ey sham’eha besozid)", which is his first book of poetry and he composed it at the same time as composing a song.

Musical words are one of the stylistic features of Dr. Moeini's poetry that he has used in synthesis, imagery and lyrical content. His poems are full of poetic music. In Outer Music and lateral music, the choice of poetry measure in accordance with the rhythm of the music, the poetry measure of the distance, the verses of Moraddaf, the Leonine verse and balance. And in the internal music, the types of repetitions in the form of Alliteration, puns and repetitions at the level of the verse and the whole sonnet have made his poems suitable for scaling for the rhythm of the music.

Moeini Kermanshahi, because of his work with musicians and songwriters, has been able to consciously or unconsciously use musical words and expressions in a poetic, linguistic, literary and intellectual style levels, and in poetry he has written poems that are suitable for singing.

One of the basic functions of literary texts and its special purpose is to produce multiple meanings that, by examining the hidden and internal networks of the author's mind, can show how a word has the ability to find different results in the poet's mind and language. The main purpose of this research is to study the structures of Omid Majd's sonnets in constructing images and meanings to show how a capable poet has been able to create new meanings in order to create images and how the reader can achieve the poet's thinking infrastructure by discovering the basics of imagination.

This research has been done in a descriptive-analytical method based on library studies and the method of document mining in the office of "Hamrah Baran" of Omid Majd lyric poems.

The research findings indicate that different constructs of the poet's imagination cause different language games and create deep structures of meanings with different communication networks in speech, which at first glance and relying on common and familiar rhetoric cannot be understood, and cannot Realized its semantic depth.

Majd's care and diligence in using the network of images has caused rhetorical subtleties and the creation of new meanings in his lyric poems, which shows the poet's high level of knowledge and literary accuracy.