مجله کاربرد سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی و سنجش از دور در برنامه ریزی
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 48، تابستان 1401)

Outsourcing, as one of the tools for developing organizations and improving productivity in the form of downsizing, has attracted the attention of managers and officials of organizations and has been implemented in different ways. Geographic information. The current research is a mixed qualitative and quantitative type. It is descriptive-correlation in terms of type and applied in terms of purpose, which was conducted in the form of a survey. In the qualitative part, geographic information system (GIS) software was used to map the distribution of sports places. In the qualitative part, the statistical population is 30 sports complexes (indoor and outdoor) from the sports places of Semnan city. Also, to check the relationships between the research variables, 224 people voluntarily answered the researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity and reliability had already been checked. Structural modeling and measurement of multiple relationships between variables (smart pls software) were used to investigate and determine the extent of relationships between variables. The results of the survey showed that the distribution of sports spaces in the north and center of Semnan city is more than other parts, the per capita sports space of Semnan city in Semnan province ranks first and the area of sports spaces ranks second after Shahroud. Taekwondo, football and gymnastics are the sports priorities in Semnan city, and in total, the relationships between the variables showed that causal conditions and background conditions are effective on the outsourcing of sports facilities. It is suggested to the trustees of sports organizations to prevent parallel work with an inter-organizational division of work, so that in this way, sports organizations in a dynamic, complex and fast world can outsource sports venues to experienced people. to prevent the negative results of outsourcing and on the other hand to cause better financial performance of outsourcing.

Peri-urban area, which is sometimes referred to as an urban fringe, can overcome the urban form and spatial planning challenges of the 21st century. In industrial or post-industrial countries, peri-urban are the realm of economic, social and spatial structure changes, while in newly industrialized countries and most developing countries, it is often a chaotic urban area that causes dispersal and uncoordinated urban development. Knowing and analyzing land use planning for these areas can lead to better management of these areas. The present research aims to identify and analyze these factors for peri-urban areas within a radius of 8 km between Tehran metropolis and Islamshahr city based on the data and maps of 2020 and based on 3 general categories of land use i.e. urban, agricultural and conservation with Considering the incompatibility between them. The research method is based on the applied and descriptive-analytical approach, which by considering the pattern of analysis of Land-Use Conflict Identification Strategy (LUCIS) and its implementation in the environment (GIS) was able to measure the desirability of the influencing factors of each of the mentioned land uses in the direction of planning. The findings of this research show that the uneven urban dispersion for any reason can have a direct and indirect effect on the formation and stability of peri-urban areas.Based on this, building the capacity for optimal planning is the best idea to respond to the interventions created in the unplanned development process of these areas. We can point to this achievement that peri-urban spaces are generally created spontaneously and unplanned around cities and metropolises need planning and foresight, so as not to destroy the agricultural lands around the cities; Lands with existing protective use should also be taken into consideration and protected so that we can witness a planned urban development in these areas.

The number of Internet users and communication styles is expanding and increasing day by day, the use of new and smart technology has become a part of today's and future life. One of the most important uses of the Internet and communication and information technology is in tourism, on the other hand, the legal dimensions of electronic tourism are ambiguous according to Iran's law. The development of e-commerce needs a proper legal framework, the current thesis in 5 chapters with a descriptive analytical method based on the collection of information is aimed at identifying, discovering these factors and determining their effectiveness. According to the findings of the study, the e-tourism industry is growing in Iran and the world, but there are challenges in the field of legal and legal aspects of e-tourism, including areas of access to tourism services and business, e-tourism crimes, e-trust, granting licenses and legal approvals of centers and There are tourist facilities. In order to determine the relationships and dependencies between these criteria, AHP hierarchical analysis method has been used. After obtaining the relationships and dependencies between the criteria, it is time to weigh them. This evaluation has been done as a pairwise comparison. For this purpose, 30 questionnaires were answered and collected by experts. The results of the research show that among the three main criteria of the research, structural-managerial factors have the greatest impact on the inadequacy of Iran's tourism legal laws and after Those executive factors and content of laws are the most effective factors. Also, among the investigated sub-criteria, tourism's cross-sector nature and multiplicity of decision-making centers and overlapping duties of related organizations play the biggest role in the inadequacy of tourism laws. The legal and legal challenges of e-tourism should be taken into consideration by the policy makers and institutions in charge of this industry, because due to the universal nature of these challenges, efforts to solve them are a necessity, which facilitates the process of attracting tourists by turning threats into opportunities. foreign and the satisfaction of the domestic tourist.

The research is applied in terms of purpose, explanatory in nature and combined method (qualitative-quantitative). The data collection method is library-documentary. The statistical population was formed by 124 experts and experts from the government agencies of the city of Tehran. Probability and stratified sampling method. The tool for collecting information is the questionnaire of the type of closed questions. For the future research of Tehran city management and to investigate the desired drivers, the criteria influencing the development management of Tehran city have been ranked using the TOPSIS model based on the experts' score. By examining these criteria, possible, probable and desirable scenarios have been developed. The aim of the current research is scenario planning and explanation of the development of urban management with an emphasis on earthquake vulnerability management with a future research approach using GIS. The indicators used for medical centers and hospitals were population density, open spaces, distance from the fault, road network. In the fuzzy inference zoning maps of AND operator, 1453.13, 499.17, 154.9, 35.11 hectares are located in very low, low, medium, high and very high risk areas, respectively. In the OR zoning model, 7.02 hectares are in the very low risk category, 35.11 hectares are in the low risk category, 358.19 hectares are in the medium risk zone, 1755.85 hectares are in the high risk zone, and 2156.18 are in the very high risk zone. The results of the research show that Among the evaluated criteria, the emphasis on the decentralized and integrated management structure with a score of (0.967) has taken the first place. Based on the future research method in Tehran city development management, three scenarios were formulated. The first scenario: change in the structural criteria of Tehran city management (integrated approach in urban planning and management). The second scenario: change in the functional criteria of Tehran city management. The third scenario: Governance is digital democracy. In this zoning, the most vulnerable areas are located in the northern part of the city.Therefore, in the zoning map resulting from the AND operator, more relief and relief centers will be needed in times of earthquakes. In the OR zoning model, 7.02 hectares are in the very low risk category, 35.11 hectares in the low risk category, 358.19 hectares in the medium risk zone, 1755.85 hectares in the high risk zone, and 2156.18 hectares in the very high risk zone. Therefore, the largest area in this zoning model is in the very low class, and this logic considers many areas without risk due to the convergence between criteria, and only a very small part of the center of the study area has been identified as having a high risk. And finally, the zoning model of the GAMA operator, respectively, 185.23, 557.92, 595.88, 643.62, 158.76 hectares were in the very low, low, medium, high, very high risk classes, and the medium risk class covered most of the study area. In this zoning, the most vulnerable areas are located in the northern part of the city.

The Persian Gulf contains a significant part of the world's oil reserves. Generally, oil spill is one of the main pollutions in this region. Determining the degree of sensitivity of coastal areas to this type of pollution is the first step to control and prevent oil pollution. The aim of this research is to predict the vulnerability of oil spill in the Persian Gulf. Therefore, in this research the criteria of oil pipelines, oil platforms, shipping lanes, ports, heavy metals, water level fluctuations, rainfall, sea currents, air pollution and monsoons were used to determine the high-risk areas vulnerable to oil in the Persian Gulf. The innovation of the current research is to provide a new hybrid approach to determine the effective vulnerability criteria of the Persian Gulf. In this regard, the combination of geographic weighted regression (Gaussian and triple cubic kernels) and particle swarm optimization algorithm were used. The proposed hybrid method is suitable for spatial regression problems because it is compatible with two unique properties of spatial data, namely spatial autocorrelation and spatial non-stationary. The values of R2 and RMSE obtained from the GWR method with the triple cube kernel were 0.9971 and 0.2142, respectively, which indicates the high consistency of the triple cube kernel compared to the Gaussian kernel. Also, the obtained results showed that oil transfer pipes, oil platforms and the passage of oil tankers have a significant impact on the vulnerability of the Persian Gulf.

 Among natural disasters, earthquakes are one of the newest fundamental challenges of societies, which every year, despite causing great economic damage, cause many deaths and hinder the coordinated and continuous development of societies. The main purpose of this study is to assess the vulnerability of Neyriz neighborhoods to earthquakes. In terms of purpose, in the field of applied research and in terms of research method, it is descriptive-analytical. The method of data collection is documentary and survey. By distributing the questionnaire according to the experts of the research, the effective criteria for identification and their relative importance were determined using the method of hierarchical analysis. Prioritization of urban neighborhoods was done using FVikor method (FVikor), as one of the new multi-criteria decision-making methods, in Gis software environment. The results obtained from fuzzy Victor in the neighborhoods of Neyriz show that Qala-e-Beheshti neighborhood with a weight of 0.908 is in the first place and Bazaar neighborhood with a weight of 0.089 is in the last place. In terms of earthquake vulnerability of neighborhoods in terms of all criteria, Beheshti neighborhoods, health, hospitals and commanders’ low vulnerability, stadium neighborhoods, Abadzdasht Jadid and Goodajar moderate vulnerability, Abadzdasht neighborhoods Old and the neighborhood are very vulnerable and the neighborhoods of Sadat, Shadkhaneh, Qala Mahmoud Khan and Bazaar are very vulnerable.