فصلنامه تازه های علوم شناختی
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 96، زمستان 1401)

Obesity is associated with many comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and various cancers. Moreover, the risk for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease is also increased. In addition, individuals with obesity have significant cognitive deficits, especially in executive functions. Indicatively, obesity and being overweight are estimated to account for nearly 3.4 million deaths per year, which corresponds to the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. In today's society, high-calorie palatable food is abundantly available, and most people have a largely sedentary lifestyle, often leading to an imbalance in energy intake and expenditure. Excess energy is converted into fat, which results in weight gain and obesity. Cognitive and psychological problems play a vital role in the course, prognosis, and treatment of obesity. The present study aimed to design and validate the cognitive rehabilitation program and its effect on attention bias, self-regulation, and food craving in women with obesity.

The present study used a (group: training group vs. control group) between- and within-subjects (time-point: baseline, post-intervention, and follow-up two months later) design to test the effects of the training program on the dependent variables. Participants in this study included 40 female obese patients living in Urmia who were randomly assigned to two groups cognitive rehabilitation (n=20) and control (n=20). The experimental group received cognitive rehabilitation intervention in 16 sessions. The dot-probe task, self-regulating scale, and food craving scale in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages were used for both groups, and the findings were analyzed using a mixed analysis of variance test. Notably, after the end of the course, the control group also received cognitive rehabilitation intervention.Measures: The current study used a modified dot-probe task for assessing attention bias. Forty food-related words and 40 neutral words were collected and validated in our previous studies. The trial consisted of four sections separated by one-minute intervals. The same 40 pairs of words were presented in random order in each section. Each trial started with a fixation point presented in the center of the monitor for 500 Ms. A pair of words, one food-related and another neutral were then presented above and below the fixation point (position counterbalanced across trials). Each pair of words were shown, followed by a cue (letter ‘p’ or ‘q’). Participants were asked to press ‘p’ or ‘q,’ which appeared randomly in the location of either the food-related word or neutral word, as quickly as possible. After the participant pressed the key (or following 1500 MS if participants did not respond), the cues disappeared. Each trial was presented four times, and each pair of words randomly appeared in these trials.The Food Cravings Questionnaire–Trait (FCQ–T): Measures the frequency and intensity of food craving experiences in general. The questionnaire has 39 items, and response categories range from 1=never to 6=always. There are no inverted items. Responses to all items are summed up for a total score. Thus, higher scores represent more frequent and intense food cravings. Several subscale scores can also be calculated.Self-Regulation Questionnaire-Short Form: This scale has 16 items, two subscales of changing behavior to achieve remarkable goals, and the factor of obtaining satisfaction and well-being. Subjects answer the questions on a 6-option Likert scale from 1=very weak to 6=very strong, and a higher score in this questionnaire indicates better self-regulation.

 Data Analysis Plan: 

This research conducted a series of two (group: cognitive rehabilitation vs control) x three (time: baseline, post-intervention, follow-up) mixed analyses of variances (ANOVAs), a) with attention bias scores, b) food craving, and c) self-regulation as the dependent variables. Eta squared effect sizes were calculated and reported for ANOVA analyses, with 0.01 considered small, 0.06 considered medium, and 0.14 considered large.

In the first stage of program validation, along with the face validity method, the content validity method was used quantitatively and qualitatively method with a panel of ten experts and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI). The minimum and maximum CVRs for each item or component of the program were calculated as 0.85 and 1, respectively. Furthermore, the minimum and maximum CVIs for each item or component of the program were calculated as 0.90 and 1, respectively. Finally, the average content validity index (S-CVI/Ave) for the entire program was calculated as 0.95. Similarly, compared to the control group, cognitive rehabilitation significantly reduced attention bias, improved self-regulation, and decreased food cravings at post-intervention and follow-up.

cognitive rehabilitation may be a practical intervention for women with obesity in Iran with cognitive deficits. Therefore, specialists, researchers, and therapists in this field can use this intervention as an effective treatment option to improve the cognitive functions and psychological neuropathy of obese and overweight patients and consequently improve their mental health of these patients.

Making decisions is an inseparable part of everyday life. Today's society makes choices between different options, consciously or unconsciously (1). However, decision-making is only sometimes a straightforward and logical process for human beings, and people can intuitively make a list of options and select among them (5, 6). Unlike the rational decision-making style, which is characterized by using an organized and logical approach to analyze information and options to make a decision, the intuitive decision-making style strongly depends on predictions, instincts, and emotions. It makes decisions, direct focus on the information flow instead of orderly processing and analyzing it; it therefore, relies on intuition (7). Rational decision-making, which requires thinking about options and considering consequences, is likely to be supported by the cognitive control system, or it may play a role in that system at least. In contrast, intuitive decision-making, in which the individual does not think during decisions, may correspond to acting in the social-emotional system that intuitively responds to the likelihood of receiving a reward (8). Therefore, in comparison to rational decision-making, it seems that intuitive decision-making is more associated with impulsive and risky behaviors (13). Furthermore, rational decision-making is likely to have a positive relationship with actual performance in daily life and personality functioning. Personality functioning, which is measured through the questionnaire of Severity Indices of Personality Problems (20), involves five areas of social concordance, relational functioning, self-control, responsibility, and identity integration that adaptive functioning in each of these areas probably requires applying rational decision-making. The present study intends to clarify the latent patterns of the relationships between variables through a latent profile analysis to have a deeper understanding of the relationship between decision-making styles, risky behavior, and personality functioning, along with applying the simple correlation.

The current research was conducted cross-sectionally in a virtual form, with 428 adults in the society participating in it. Sampling was done in late summer and early fall 2021. The sampling method was voluntary, and the link to questionnaires was provided only to those who were eager to fill them out in groups and social networks while there was no obligation to do it. After translating, reverse translating, and rechecking the text to ensure the equivalence of the Persian items with the main items of the scale of logical and intuitive decision-making style, an online version of the questionnaire along with the questionnaire of personality problem severity index and the questionnaire of impulsive, self-destructive, and risky behavior was prepared. The link to them was provided to those willing to participate in the study. This research attempted to use as few questionnaires as possible so that much time was not required to respond to them and fatigue in participants was avoided. The data collected were analyzed using latent profile analysis, Spearman and Pearson correlation tests, and confirmatory factor analysis by SPSS version 26 and Mplus version 7.

Of 428 participants in this study, 234 (54.9%) were male, 192 (44.9%) were female, 289 (68.2%) were single, and 135 (31.8%) were married. The logical style, with a mean (standard deviation) of 19.68 (4.42), was a more common decision-making style compared to the intuitive style, with a mean (standard deviation) of 15.13 (4.25). There was a significant positive correlation between the logical decision-making style and all areas of adaptive functioning of personality (from r= 0.31 to r= 0.42) and a significant negative correlation between the intuitive decision-making style and all areas of adaptive functioning of personality (from r=-0.19 to r=-0.32). Although the relationship between decision-making styles and risky behavior was weaker than the relationship between these styles and personality functioning, the relationship between rational decision-making and aggression (r=-0.16, P<0.01), gambling (r=-0.17, P<0.01), risky sexual behavior (r=-0.32, P<0.01), reckless behavior (r=-0.32, P<0.01); criminal acts (r=-0.24, P<0.01), the relationship between intuitive decision-making and aggression (r=0.17, P<0.01), self-harm (r=0.14, P<0.01), and criminal acts (r=0.19, P<0.01) were strong enough to be significant at the error level of 1%. The results of using the latent profile analysis to investigate the latent patterns of the relationship between decision-making styles and personality functioning led to the extraction of three profiles (LMR=264.66, P<0.01) that one profile (including 34% of the total individuals) was characterized with high use of intuitive decision-making and low personality functioning. Another profile (involving 27% of the total participants) was characterized by increased use of logical decision-making and high personality functioning. The third profile (involving 38% of the whole individuals) was related to individuals with average personality functioning, and rational decision-making was slightly more than intuitive decision-making in such individuals.

The findings indicated that there was mainly a positive correlation between intuitive decision-making style and risky behaviors and also a positive and negative correlation between rational decision-making style and risky behaviors. However, two points are worth considering with regard to such

first, the correlation between decision-making styles and risky behaviors is mainly weak; second, risky behaviors involve a wide range that are is not uniform and influenced by the decision-making style to a different degree. Compared to risky behaviors, the relationship between personality functioning and decision-making styles is stronger and more uniform. Firstly, these findings affirm that people's performance in a field is closely related to their performance in other fields. Secondly, decision-making styles are one of the essential factors relating to this high performance in these areas. One limitation of the present study is that it is considered exploratory and intends to investigate relationships that have been less assessed prior to this. Hence, comparing the comparison of results with those of other studies is impossible. Therefore, conducting similar research on different groups can lead to more certainty about the present research findings and the role of decision-making styles in the daily performance of people.

The research, literature, and knowledge base in the area of executive functions increased dramatically in the past 20 years. Executive functions are popular or, in modern parlance, “trending” in the fields of cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, school psychology, and school/pediatric neuropsychology. In the popular press, executive functions are often referred to as the “brain boss” that guides all behavior; and basic definitions of executive functions often associate the frontal lobes as the primary source of these functions. Currently, the Integrated SNP/CHC Model (1, 12, 13) conceptualizes executive functions as independent but moderately correlated constructs and categorizes cognitive flexibility, concept recognition and generation, inhibition, planning, reasoning, and problem-solvingas executive functions. Miller views other common elements of executive functions, such as attention, working memory, and processing speed, as separate neurocognitive constructs that serve as facilitators/inhibitors of higher-order complex processes.Severalnew assessment measures (direct and indirect, targeted, or as part of larger batteries, measuring behavioral or cognitive manifestations) have been published or are in the development phase thatintended to more specifically measure executive functions and differentiate such skills from other neurocognitive constructs. Moreover, unlike other ratings of executive functioning, such as the BRIEF-A and the BDEFS (75 and 89 items), the ADEXI is a brief instrument comprising only 14 items. Its briefness makes it a suitable tool for evaluation in contexts where time is limited. In this sense, it could be used as a complement in the EF assessment of a wide range of patients, and it could also be combined with the use of laboratory measures, as has been suggested, given the low correlation between the two types of measures in specific populations. Likewise, briefness is an additional asset in the clinical field, considering that subjects' executive problems may struggle to compelete longer instruments, given their difficulty stayingfocused. The Adult Executive Functioning Inventory (ADEXI) seeks to assess EF by considering these limitations. The present study aimed to analyze the factor structure, the convergent and divergent validity, and the reliability of a Persian adaptation of the ADEXI in a non-clinical population.

Participants were 250 typically developing adults between 18 and 60 years old. Inclusion criteria were: age 18-60 years; fluency speaks in the Persian language; being able to provide informed consent to participate in the study; no history of neurodevelopmental, psychological, and a history of severe head injury or brain injury and other medical conditions that better justify cognitive impairment in participants. Furthermore, participants who unanswered 10% or more of the questionnaire were excluded from the study. Measures The Adult Executive Functioning Inventory (ADEXI): The ADEXI Holst and Thorell is a brief EF inventory, with only 14 items, scored on a likert-like scale of 5 points, from 1, “It does not describe me”, to 5, “It describes me very well”. It is suitable for evaluatingthe adult population with no clinical disorders since it does not describe extreme or pathologic behaviors, and it assesses two specific EF dimensions: Inhibition and working memory (25). The authors also found a high internal consistency for the ADEXI full scale, both for the inhibition and working memory dimensions and an adequate test-retest reliability, with estimates ranging between 0.68 and 0.72 for bivariate Pearson correlations (25).Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function–adult version (BRIEF-A): The BRIEF-A Roth et al. (24) consists of 75 items, each with three response choices: “never”, “sometimes”, or “often”. This measure is composed of an overall score (GEC) and two indexes, the MI and BRI. The BRI consists of four scales (Inhibit, Shift, Emotional Control, and Self Monitor) and MI includes five scales (Initiate, Working Memory, Plan/Organize, Task Monitor, and Organization of Materials). In the normative sample,moderate to high internal consistency has been reported for the scales (α=0.73-0.90), as well as for the indices and the GEC (α=0.93-0.96) (24).Persian version of the ADEXI: A Persian version of the ADEXI was derived from the English version of the ADEXI (25), based on standard translation guidelines and cultural adaptation processes, while observing applicable standards for educational and psychological testing (e.g., 28). First, the ADEXI was translated into Persian by two bilingual experts fluent in both Persian and English. As an additional check, a native English speaker, who was also fluent in Persian, was asked to translate the Persian version into English, and this reversed translationwas assessed for any discrepancies by two cognitive psychologists. Once the Persian version of the ADEXI progressed through the checks as mentioned earlier, pilot testing was performed with 20 adults; they were also asked to provide feedback on the clarity and comprehensibility of the questionnaire. Once the concerns highlighted in the pilot were fully addressed, the final Persian version of the ADEXI was used for the complete psychometric testing on250 adults reported herein. Participants answered all ITQ-CA items on a 5-point likert scale ranging from 1, “It does not describe me”, to 5, “It describes me very well”.Analysis Plan To describe demographic variables and obtain descriptive statistics of the items, IBM SPSS-28 was used, and Mplus version 8.3.2 with Maximum Likelihood Robust (MLR) estimation was used to carry out the CFA of the model.

Regarding demographic data, most of the participants were young adults (M=28.76; SD=5.09) years. Among the participants in the present study, 124 were male (49.6%), and 126 were female (50.4%). The educational level of the sample indicated that 98 (39.2%) had diplomas and lower, 87 (31.2%) had bachelor's degrees, and 65 (26%) had master's and doctoral degrees. In addition, 165 (66%) of the participants were married, and 85 (34%) were single. Findings indicated that the Persian version of the ADEXI form yielded scores with robust reliability (internal consistency ranging from 0.82 to 0.85 and test-retest correlations ranging from 0.89 to 0.90). Moreover, adequate convergent validity (correlations with the BRIEF-A ranging from 0.63 to 0.68). With respect factorial validity, and SEM revealed that a two-factor solution was the best fitting model for the Persian ADEXI. We evaluated measurement fit using the following fit indices and respective thresholds for fit: CMIN/df<5; Comparative Fit Index (CFI)>0.90; Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA)<0.08; Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR)<0.08; Tucker Lewis Index (TLI)>0.90 (32). The results from the measurement fit indices were favorable and highlighted that the ADEXI fit the data adequately (Table 1).

Conclusively, the ADEXI can be a valuable screening instrument for assessing deficits in working memory and inhibitory control in Iranian adults. However, similarly to other EF ratings, the ADEXI should be used as a complement rather than a replacement for neuropsychological tests. Taken together, the present study's results indicate that the Iranian adaptation of the ADEXI shows satisfactory psychometric properties and would be a valid and reliable measure to assess EF. Executive function behavioral rating scales are valuable tools to generate hypotheses about potential executive function deficits that should be further validated with actual performance on tests of executive functioning. Under no circumstances should a behavioral executive function rating scale be used as the sole measure of executive functioning.

Cancer is one of the most critical and challenging diseases in the current age. Caregivers play an essential and critical role and are known as a key factor in cancer treatment. Providing care to cancer patients is a complex, serious, challenging, multi-directional, and burned-out responsibility. This role imposes a heavy cognitive and emotional burden on caregivers, overshadowing various aspects of their lives, including physical and psychological health, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral elements, and quality of life. Cancer caregivers suffer distress, depression, anxiety, fatigue, stress, and emotional burn-out and experience low levels of satisfaction and quality of life. While the negative impact of caregiving has been widely addressed, much less attention has been given to the ways in which such adverse outcomes may be avoided or reduced. The objective of this study is focused on helping cancer caregivers improve their life experiences through psychological methods. Based on the primary caregiver’s problems, in this research improving emotion regulation skills and increasing resilience are addressed, which can lead to increased quality of life, mental health, and adaptation in caregivers. Cancer develops financial problems for caregivers, and providing all caregiving tasks takes lots of time. Accordingly, this research is carried out MemFlex as a low-cost and short-term intervention that matches caregivers’ exceptional circumstances and aims to determine its effectiveness on resilience and emotion regulation in cancer caregivers.

This survey is an applied research using a quasi-experiment design that applies repeated measurement (pre-test/post-test/follow-up) control group. The study population consisted of all caregivers to cancer patients who are diagnosed in Tehran hospitals and medical care centers. Sixty caregivers were recruited by convenience sampling method. They were informed there were no obligations to participate in this study, and they can choose to leave it in any phase. They were reassured that their personal information was completely confidential and signed an informed consent form. The participants were randomly categorized into experimental (intervention) and control groups, and each group consisted of 30 participants. Caregivers’ demographic data was gathered through a semi-structured clinical interview, and they were asked to fill Resilience Scale (CD‐RISC) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). Experimental group participants received MemFlex in nine sessions. In the initial session, experimental participants were instructed to complete eight MemFlex sessions for four weeks (two sessions per week). They were in touch with the researcher to follow instructions and ask their questions. At the end of the four weeks, the researcher contacted them to check that all workbooks were completed and to book the post-test. After that, both the experimental and control group refilled CD‐RISC and CERQ. Three months later, participants refilled questionnaires as a follow-up test. To provide ethics principles, participants in the control group received the psychological intervention. Gathered data were analyzed by mixed variance analysis on the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up scores by SPSS-24 after completing all research phases.

The mean and standard deviation of the participants’ age was 37.80±7.93 in the experimental group and 39.13±7.01 in the control group. The results showed increasement in Resilience scores mean from pre-test to post-test in the experimental group overall and each factor scores: personal competence and sense of self-efficacy, emotional and cognitive control under pressure self-control, positive acceptance of change, and spirituality; while no significant changes were found in the control group’s scores. The changes were steady in the follow-up phase for the experimental group. Considering emotion regulation scores mean, the results showed increasement in Adaptive Strategies factors: Acceptance, Positive refocusing, refocus on planning, positive reappraisal, and putting into perspective, and decreasement in maladaptive strategies factors: self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, and other-blame; while scores did not change for the control group. In order to investigate the effectiveness of MemFlex on resilience and emotion regulation, data were analyzed by mixed variance analysis (MANOVA). The normality of data distribution was checked and confirmed. The homogeneity of variances distribution was checked and confirmed using the Levene’s test. According to Pillai's Trace, resilience scores (personal competence and sense of self-efficacy, emotional and cognitive control under pressure self-control, positive acceptance of change, and spirituality) and adaptive emotion regulation Strategies scores (acceptance, positive refocusing, refocus on planning, positive reappraisal, and putting into perspective) increased significantly compared to the control group. It also showed that the scores of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, and other-blame) decreased significantly compared to the control group. The Bonferroni test was applied to confirm the results.

The results showed that participants in the memory flexibility training group had higher adherence than the control group. Furthermore, higher scores in adaptive emotion regulation strategies and lower scores in maladaptive strategies were observed in the experimental group than in the control group. Thus, it is concluded that memory flexibility training leads to increasing adherence and improving emotion regulation strategies in cancer caregivers. Considering the results of this research, it is recommended to study autobiographical memory playing a role in developing and contributing to psychological disorders. Malfunctioning of autobiographical memory (overgeneralization, missing specificity, and the like) is a significant point in distributing anxiety, depression, and distress, so it will be valuable and advantageous to conduct more studies regarding autobiographical memory. Furthermore, it is recommended to apply and study memory flexibility training on other significant factors that improve mental health and quality of life in all caregivers and patients.

Smartphones provide countless opportunities for users to get rid of negative emotional states and have more enjoyable experiences by interacting with others and digital content. Today game designers are looking for ways to improve the user experience to enhance players' experience by improving their connections with a game. On the other hand, modern education has taken a new approach through the conceptual combination of video games. Depending on several factors, players can experience emotions such as joy, anxiety, satisfaction, fear, or disappointment, while playing. In fact, two important questions that game designers need to ask themselves are why people play games and what motivates them to do so. It can be said that the main reason for the game for people is that "video games are now considered a human experience."In different style games, the player individually is informed about affairs, events, and processes that force them to take actions such as forecasting, planning, vital decisions, and finally sensitive management if the answers are accurate, correct, and intelligent Researchers such as have shown that such games have a significant effect on selective attention, working memory, spatial visualization, reaction time and even processing speed. For all the reasons mentioned, in this study, an attempt has been made to examine the type of interest of people in different styles of games, in order to be able to help game developers.Kansei Engineering System Kansei is a Japanese word that comes from the heart of Japanese culture and is a kind of psychological feeling or product imagination that has no direct equivalent in the vocabulary of other languages. The term is actually derived from Japanese culture, which is closely related to the characteristics of this culture. The concept of kanji is very much related to the concept of personal feelings. In this research, an attempt is made to help game developers to design games that are of interest to users by using the Kansei engineering system. Researcher made questionnaire In this research, the Kansei engineering system was used to evaluate products. At first, different styles of mobile games were studied. According to a study on a variety of smartphone games, the results obtained on the styles of these game categories are action, words, puzzle, simulation, driving, hobby, strategy, sports, and music. Then, based on the opinions of activities in the field of designing games, one or two games were selected from each group. The semantic differentiation method (5 scales) was used to prepare the questionnaire. For this purpose, first, the words and vocabulary related to the scope of the games were collected, out of about 70 words, 15 words "boredom, pleasure, excitement, cheerfulness, fun, fear, stress, addiction, violence, empowerment, despair, futility, Peace, challenge and usefulness" were selected. This study was conducted on five groups of 11 to 15 years, 16 to 19 years, 20 to 25 years, 26 to 35 years, and 36 years and above. Using a simple non-probability sampling method, 32, 31, 31, 25, and 24 people answered the questionnaire for each age group, respectively. 16 games were included in the online questionnaire along with Kansei words also, at the beginning of each game, users were asked to fill in the options for that game if they were familiar with it. After analyzing the results of the questionnaire, the correlation coefficient was used for clustering Kansei words. Words that were close in correlation coefficient were numerically related to each other, regardless of the semantic relationship.

The score of each Kansei word in different games for each age group was analyzed. Kansei's words for the game of call of duty had the highest score among all the games in all groups. In the age group of 26 to 35 years, the cooking fever score was also at the level of the call of duty game. In the age group of 11 to 15 years, Amirza game had the lowest score and most words in this game had a score of less than 2. In the age group of 16 to 19 years and 20 to 25 years, Talking Angela had the lowest score and most of the words in this game had scored less than 2 and 2.5, respectively. In the age group of 26 to 35 years and 36 years and above, cooking fever had the lowest score, and most words in this game had scored less than 3 and 2.5, respectively.The highest score in each cluster. In the age group of 11 to 15 years, the game of sudoku was the most frequent among all clusters. In the age groups of 16 to 19 years, 20 to 25 years, and 36 years and above, the game Call of duty was the most frequent among all clusters and in the age groups of 26 to 35 years, Angela's game was the most frequent among all clusters. Finally, in the age group of 36 years and above, in addition to Call of Duty, clash royale and street racing games were also more frequent among the clusters.

In this study, we tried to identify users' feelings towards different game styles by the Kansei engineering system and extract the features considered by different age groups and use them in designing games. In all groups, the word entertainment had the highest score and the word fear, violence, and despair had the lowest score. Call of duty was also very popular among all age groups due to factors such as graphics, social interactions, sound effects, narrative structure, 3D images, and realism. It can be concluded that in designing any style of play and for any age, creating a sense of the real world for individuals will be the key to success. Also, paying attention to the mental and emotional states of people, according to their age, will be very effective in designing the game. In addition, it is recommended that future studies can be conducted on various gaming platforms (eg PCs, tablets, etc.) besides examining different game designs, neurologically.

This study emphasizes the importance of targeting three social factors: parents, teachers and peers in multilevel interventions with the aim of optimizing academic engagement, subjective well-being and students' perception of self-worth during the transition to high school. Based on the self-system model of motivational development, effects of perceived social support of three social factors (parents, teachers, and peers) on dimensions of academic engagement with the mediating role of Subjective well-being and self-worth were examined. the role of gender moderation and socio-economic status were also measured.

This study focused on 578 students (307 girls and 271 boys) who studied in the first year of Tehran’s high schools which were selected by available sampling method. Song et al’s perception of social support scale (2015), Reeve’s academic engagement scale (2013), Rosenberg’s self-worth scale (1985) and Diner’s subjective well-being scale (1984) were used to gather the data for analysis using structural equation modeling.

  Results showed that perception of support by all three social factors (parents, teachers, and peers) positively predicts students' perception of self-worth, subjective well-being and academic engagement. Also, it was determined by examining the theoretical model that the indirect and significant effect of perception of social support on academic engagement is mediated by both variables of subjective well-being and self-worth. The results of hierarchical regression indicated the role of gender moderation and the lack of significance of this role for socio-economic status.

Intervention based on emotion processing and memory can provide a platform for improving the encoding, storing, and recognition of emotions in children. The current research study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation based on recognition of emotion processing and memory‎ intervention on facial emotion processing and visual working memory in children with symptoms of attention-deficit/impulsivity disorder in Selseleh city.

The method was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a control group. Using a multi-stage sampling method, 34 students from 8-12 years old elementary school with inclusion criteria were selected as the final sample and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups of 17 subject. Then, the experimental group participated in 50-minute sessions of Captain Log's visual working memory and emotion rehabilitation package intervention for 13 weeks. It should be noted before and after the intervention sessions, both experimental and control groups answered the subscales of facial emotion processing and visual working memory of the CANTAB(2014) instrument.

The MANCOVA results showed that working memory intervention improved visual working memory (F= 25/70 and P<0.001) and facial emotion processing (P=12/72 and P<0.001) in the experimental group compared to the control one.

It can be said based on the findings, that cognitive rehabilitation based on recognition of emotion and memory intervention was effective in improving emotion processing and visual working memory in children. Therefore, improving the cognitive and emotional abilities of students with attention-deficit/impulsivity symptoms in this approach is suggested at educational centers

Emotions are time-varying phenomena that are created as a response to stimuli. In order to continuously detect emotions, the response of brain signals and facial expressions to the video stimulus can be used. In this way, a series of stimulating videos are shown to viewers, and at the same time, their brain signals and facial expressions are continuously recorded, and their capacity level (negative to positive emotions) is recorded.

The purpose of this article is to understand human emotions using the analysis of electroencephalography signals. In this article, it is presented to recognize the emotions using the fuzzy convolutional neural network that selects the optimal and effective features from the electroencephalography signal to recognize and recognize the emotional states of different people. In the proposed method, first the electroencephalography signal will be decomposed into different alpha, beta and gamma bands, and then intelligent diagnosis will be performed.

The experimental results show that the relaxation and boring states are better recognized in the alpha band with 94.2% and 78.8% accuracy, respectively. In the gamma band, happiness is recognized better with 92.2% accuracy, and finally in the beta band, fear will be recognized with 92.3% accuracy. Also, the use of fuzzy logic in the proposed method has increased the recognition accuracy in all bands.

It is concluded that the proposed model using CNN has high accuracy in emotion recognition, in addition, the use of fuzzy classification has significantly increased the accuracy of the model.

One of the economic phenomena that has been investigated in different ways by researchers, is the problem of bank runoff. A bank rush refers to a situation where depositors suddenly withdraw their deposits due to fear of the safety of their deposits, in a mostly emotional reaction, which can lead to bank failure.

In this article, while combining the architecture of Emotional X-machine for the emotional agent  and Norma Emergence(NOE) for the normative agent, a model for the emotional-normative agent is presented and through it, the role of social norms in preventing ​​the bank rush phenomenon through simulation in Netlogo’s environment provided.

In a situation where without the use of normative reasoning, by activating the contagion of emotions and using 15 secondary agents, we have faced 100% bank failures. By activating normative reasoning, considering the mean of 0.5 for agreeableness personality variable and using the initial normative population of 50%, the number of bank failures will decrease to about 50%. By increasing the initial normative population to 100%, bank rush is completely contained.

Finally, the results obtained from the simulation clearly confirm the effectiveness of normative variables in preventing the occurrence of bank runs.

Exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) may negatively affect cognitive functions, such as memory. This paper proposes a way of evaluating the impact of microwave S-band electromagnetic waves on the head layers and hippocampus using COMSOL Multiphysics.

This study investigated the bioelectric properties of software-implemented biological tissues and the creation of EMFs in the S-band on the hippocampus.

These EMFs heat the hippocampus but are not enough to impact activity or cognition (memory). The temperature of hippocampus tissue increases by 0.0001 to 0.016°C when exposed to fields of 20 to 120V/m intensity. The specific absorption rate varied from 18×10-3 to 22×10-2 W/kg.

Therefore, the non-thermal effects of electromagnetic waves on cognitive disorders are likely linked to their interaction with brain waves.

MS disease has a negative effect on the psychological well-being of patients, and on the other hand, strategies for cognitive regulation of emotions are important in order to prevent psychological problems. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the prediction of psychological factors such as hardiness, resilience, and self-differentiation based on cognitive emotion regulation strategies in patients with MS.

The present study was a descriptive-analytical correlational study. The statistical population includes all MS patients living in Hamadan city in 2019, which according to the statistics obtained from the Hamadan MS Association, their number was 3050. Based on the "Morgan" table, 341 patients with MS were studied, who were selected by available sampling. The measurement tools include Kubasa et al.'s hardiness questionnaire, Connor and Davidson's resilience questionnaire, Skorn and Smith's revised self-differentiation questionnaire, and Garnevsky et al.'s cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. SPSS-23 software and Pearson correlation and linear regression tests were used for data analysis.

The results showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between the cognitive regulation of emotions and hardiness (r=0.392), resilience (r=0.165) and self-differentiation (r=0.23) in patients with MS (P<0.001), and based on the results of the regression test, the factors of hardiness, resilience and self-differentiation have the ability to significantly predict the level of cognitive regulation of emotions in patients (P<0.001).

The use of cognitive regulation of emotions by MS patients leads to improvement of their hardiness, resilience and self-differentiation. Therefore, health care providers are advised to seek training and strengthening the cognitive regulation of emotion in these patients in order to increase their toughness, resilience and differentiation in them to deal with the difficult conditions of the disease.

Border settlement is the social platform for the coexistence of various ethnicities and religions in Kurdistan, Sistan & Baluchistan, and Turkmen Sahra in Iran. But this platform, like many similar social contexts, is sensitive to inter-ethnic and inter-religious prejudices and cognitive representation of self and others. These intergroup prejudices are among the cognitive associations that lead to social categorization at the macro social structures and to the direction of intergroup relations and the distribution of social privileges at micro social structures. The current study aims to answer these three questions: (1) What kind of inter-religious prejudices exist in Sunni students living in Kurdistan, Sistan & Baluchistan, and Turkmen Sahra or migrated to Tehran? (2) What is the level of inter-religious prejudices among Sunni and Shia students living in the mentioned cities? (3) What is the effect of educational migration to Tehran on the type and level of inter-religious prejudices in Sunni students?

This is a mixed-method study using qualitative and quantitative tools. The Stereotype Content Model of Suzan Fiske was used for quantitative assessment. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the cognitive representation of self and other in inter-religious relations among Sunni students, we asked the participants to describe themselves and the Shiites of their provinces using at least five traits. Then we content analyzed the ‌presented traits, qualitatively.

Based on the survey data, in kurdish and Turkman students, migration to Tehran caused a decline in representation of the aboriginal shiite others and the self (based on the views of shiite people). Among Balochi students, who had the worst image of self and aborignal shiite others compared to Turkmen and Kurdish counterparts, migration to Tehran improved the situation, including improving the indicators of warmness and competency, which could transit this inter-religious prejudice from disgust to pride.

Prejudice greatly affects the relationship of Sunni people living in Kurdistan, Sistan & Baluchistan, and Turkmen Sahra with Shia residents. Educational migration to Tehran negatively affects the image of Shiite others among Kurdish and Turkmen people, while inter-religious communication are slightly improved among Baluchies after migration.