فصلنامه مطالعات روابط بین الملل
پیاپی 59 (پاییز 1401)

The present study seeks to answer the question why the European Union, despite its political will to expand relations with Iran and in particular its efforts to maintain BRICS within the framework of the designed mechanisms, failed to exercise its strategic independence and fulfill its obligations within BRICS. The findings show that the EU's lack of strategic independence is due to the EU's transatlantic dependence on three levels of institutional security deficit, asymmetric interdependence in the economic sphere, and the preferences of EU transnational corporations in relation to US markets. At the level of the institutional security deficit; Given the United States' security umbrella and lack of military-defense independence, the European Union is forced to adjust its approaches to US interests and goals. At the economic level; The interdependence of economic, trade, and investment interactions on both sides of the Atlantic and the asymmetry of this relationship (US strategic economic superiority) have severely limited the possibility of EU economic action independence. The third level concerns the preferences of the market and the private and transnational corporations of the European Union and the rational and risk-taking pattern of companies under secondary US sanctions, which has been a major obstacle to the independence of the EU approach to Iran. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library. In this regard, books, articles, documents, Internet resources and comments of relevant officials have been used to collect data.

With the victory of Donald Trump in January 2017, significant changes took place in the US economy. These changes included the withdrawal of the United States from international agreements, the increase of customs tariffs, and the protection of domestic production. Emphasizing "America First" in his inaugural address, Trump sought new governmental approaches that would free the American economy from long-term problems. For Trump, this was possible by changing macroeconomic approaches. The decision had several reasons and consequences that are the subject of this study. Therefore, the main question of the present study is on what principles was the Trump administration's policy of economic nationalism based and what were the practical consequences? This article examines the hypothesis that the foundations of the Trump administration's economic nationalism stem from three elements: Trump's personality, Republican approaches, and external pressures, and its practical manifestation in the form of US withdrawal from international agreements or efforts to amend them, increase tariffs, and Support for domestic production has been evident. The research method used in this research is qualitative. Findings show that the implementation of the Trump administration's policy of economic nationalism has led to a conflict between US hegemonic requirements and greater isolationism. Hence, the decision-makers of the American foreign policy apparatus in this period have tried to reconcile the nationalist and globalist views.

China’s view to current international order has become important after rapid economic growth in the country. Due to its high population, geopolitics, and transformation of China into the world’s largest economy until 2030, some scholars believe that China will be challenged the current international order to achieve hegemon position. However, the economic growth and China’s rising have taken place within the framework of the current international order. Also, change the current international order will cost a lot. So, it seems that China wants to maintain the existing international order. The main question of this article: «what is the stand of status quo in China’s view to current international order?» The hypothesis of the article is «By assessing the official documents of the Chinese government, its participation in conventions and treaties and its votes in international organizations, China is considered as status quo state. China's rapid economic growth and development took place in the current international order, Thus, China regards preserving this order in its own interests». In this Article, descriptive-analytical method has been used.

China issued a map to the UN Secretary-General announced the drawing of a Nine Dash Line in the South China Sea, In 2009. This Nine-Dash Line cover's all the main islands of the South China Sea. Also, the method of delimitation with this Nine-Dash Line is such that it interferes with the Exclusive Economic Zones and the Continental Shelf of other neighbors. This way of drawing lines was not reformed even with China's accession to the Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982). The Philippines as the most affected and protesting country, Claims incompatibility of China's Nine-Dash Line with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) and considered all Chinese actions contrary to its obligations under this convention. According to this Convention and aimed at resolving disputes, The Philippines submitted its bill and petition to the Arbitral Tribunal pursuant to Annex 7 of the Convention. The summary conclusion of this study is that although the delimitation of borders, including maritime borders, is unilaterally practical in principle, a country cannot introduce itself as a coastal country outside the scope of international law and in areas that overlap with other coastal countries, to draw border lines unilaterally, and it is assumed that the Nine-Dash line drawn by China has no legitimate justification. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and relying on library resources.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the current turbulent situation in Afghanistan on the presence of ISIS in this country. ISIL has been present in Afghanistan since 2015 and despite its differences with the Taliban, it has been fighting the central government in terms of how it fights. ; And the crisis of insecurity is spreading in this country. If these conditions exist in Afghanistan, security will not be returned to this country with the presence of ISIS. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The results show that the political crisis and security challenge in Afghanistan originate from three levels: cultural, social, economic, political and geopolitical. At the socio-cultural level the element and the key are "tribal-centered", at the economic level the element "poverty-unemployment", at the political level the "vacuum of internal power" and at the geopolitical level the "competition of regional and supra-regional powers" are important. Domestic violence between conflicting identities has not only prevented the formation of inclusive civil authority, but has also provided space for foreign powers to intervene by supporting each of the identities involved. . Afghanistan's internal crisis has no military solution, and negotiations to balance the groups involved are the only conceivable solution to end the crisis. Otherwise, groups such as ISIS have a very high potential and motivation to operate in Afghanistan.

The return of the Taliban to power and the withdrawal of the United States from Afghanistan have presented opportunities and threats to the West Asian region. Undoubtedly, the formation of the weak Taliban government in Afghanistan has worried the neighbors of this country, especially the Islamic Republic of Iran, about future relations. Now the question of the article is, what effect will the coming of the Taliban have on the internal political and social structure of Afghanistan and the future of relations with Iran? It is assumed that according to the prevailing conditions in Afghanistan after the return of the Taliban, based on the existing differences, the future of Iran-Afghanistan relations will face challenges related to issues such as geopolitics, conflict in the eastern borders of the country and creating insecurity, hydro-hegemony, and drug trafficking. , immigration and asylum, the base for the formation of terrorist groups such as ISIS will be faced. The findings of the article indicate that the Taliban is not united and coherent, because the political Taliban must be separated from the ideological Taliban. The future of the relations between the two countries contains threats and opportunities, the threats are mostly in the area of ​​border insecurity, water issues, immigration and drugs, and opportunities in the economic field. In this article, descriptive-analytical research method has been used. The main method of collecting information for this article was through library resources and related sites, especially in the descriptive sections.

The security issues of the world today have a certain entanglement and complexity that each of which can lead to other security issues. one of these new issues is the collapse of government. the issues of the failure of governments in matter of international peace and security was first raised by the united states of America after 11 September. however, the international community has not had a clear understanding of the threat to international peace and security posed by the collapse of government. in this regard, a study of UN resolutions on the crisis in Somalia, which has been recognized as a failed state in the world for three decades since 1991, seeks to identify the various threats to international peace and security caused by collapse governments came out. In this descriptive content analysis study, 97 UN resolutions on the Somalia crisis were analyzed. as a result. it has been determined that the failure of government will pose at least 13 types of threats to international peace and security.

The evolution of human rights on the one hand and the universality of this concept on the other hand have left a tremendous impact on the international system. In this evolution, we see the presence of three different regimes of human rights, including civil rights, social political rights, and collective rights; The justice-oriented view of human rights has been the most important goal of this process in the past 60 years. The effects of this concept on the relations between North and South countries is one of the topics that has been neglected in previous researches.In the present article, the basic question is "what role has human rights played in the convergence of these two areas, considering the growing gap in North-South relations". In response to this question, it can be hypothesized that "despite different perceptions and the priority of the specific interests of each country (both in the North and the South), paying attention to the universality of human rights and the third generation can reduce this gap." This article tries to examine the three concepts of human rights and the close relationship between human rights and development to show that technology transfer can bring new opportunities for southern countries.