نشریه امنیت ملی
پیاپی 44 (تابستان 1401)

this paper examines the history of afghanistan , which is always full of incidents and ups and downs , which have been involved both internal and external factors .the findings of this paper indicate that the existence of different ethnicities , especially a maximal ethnicity and bias in the name of pashtun , has a determining role with respect to the features of the tribal society , which has a determining role in the thoughts of the taliban and forming of this extremist current , while it has intensified the conflicts and conflicts of the ethnic type . now , the question arises : how are the pashtun tribes formed over time and what criteria are they ? to face this , we had to have a brief history of afghan history and the form of ethnic pashtuns .the present study by documentary and library method , in addition to reviewing the written records and records , analyzing and describing them , seeks to analyze the ethnic pashtun society with the presence of the taliban which is a clear symbol of these people in the afghan arena .it seems that this research and the results of this study pave the ground for the study of the most scholars about the geopolitics of afghanistan and how the ethnic enclaves are present in the country 's power .

Collective Life And Society, Are Human Needs. Survival And Improvement Of The Society And Community Have Elements Such as; Local Social Networks And Societal Security. Network Has The Varieties, Local Social Networks Is An Example. In Addition to Local Social Networks, the Existence or Feeling of Security is Essential for the Comfort, Convenience of Human Life and Empowerment of Individuals and groups. In the Shadow of Security, Individuals and social Talents Grow, so Societal Security Is One of The Dimensions Of Security. Very Important Factors Such as; Local Social Networks Affect Societal Security, This Is The purpose Of This Effect Study.Purpose–Applied Research, Nature Of Data; Quantitative, Descriptive Technique – Correlation And Surveying. The Types Of Questions And Hypothesis Are Causal-Explanatory. Data Were Collected Using Means of Questionnaire And Literature Rewiew And Face Validity, Non formal And Formal Pre- Test Done. Sample Was Selected from Probability Sampling by Mixed Sampling Method, Determined In Several Stages. Simple Random By Cochran Formula and Morgan’s table. Factor Analysis Was Used To Acsess The Construct Reliability Of The Questionnaire And The Questionnaire had a general Reliability. According To Cronbach's Alpha, The Statements Had The Necessary Reliability. To Express The Effect Of Variables On Each Other And The Data Associated With The Questionnaire, From The S.P.S.S. Software Data Were Analyzed To Help Inferential Statistics (Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient, Regression)And Descriptive Statistics Techniques. Among The Variables: Local Social Networks with, Types Of Support, By Expanding The Types Of Support, In Local Social Networks Enhances Societal Security.

Iragi Kurdistan Region in terms of Geopolitical importance Sensitive Position and Abundant oil and gas Rreserves it has Provided the ground for the Presence of Regional and Supra Regional Avtors that Seek to Play a role in climate change in line with their National interedts. the Fundanmental question is which of the actors has the highest number of plays and discourses and who are the power engineers one by one? Frome irans point of view which ones are considered to be one and which one is considered a rival and heterogeneous.?The present article seeks to answer such question.This research has been applied in a qualitative way with a descriptive- analytical approach.In this way, information is first collected through library and Internet resources then som in- depth interviews were conducted with some experts .Finally,an expert scientific meeting was used to test the reliability of the discussion to extract the most important transformational actors in the Iragi Kurdistan region.According to the research, the most important domestic activist in the Iragi Kurdistan region is the Democratic Party. The most important regional actor in Iran and the most important trans regional actor in the United States.The razor and the inference steps are practiced in the article.

Content production plays an important role in the development and progress of countries in order to strengthen national power.In order to promote the Islamic Republic of Iran to cyber power and to take the initiative in this field, it is necessary to be active in the virtual media as well as in fine content production.One of the most important concerns in this area is to identify the dimensions, main components and sub-components for drawing a fine content production of the strategic structural model according to national security approach, including "political-security", "cultural, artistic, and historical", "social" and economic approaches in cyberspace.In this research, the final model has been drawn and approved by performing mixed research methods (quantitative and qualitative methods)In order to identify the dimensions, components and sub-components of this research, while using theoretical literature and previous research studies, 11experts in this field have been interviewed.Then, by analyzing the content of the upstream documents, as well as the statements of the I.R.I Supreme Leader about cyberspace and also the interviews with experts about this filed, the initial components and sub-components were extracted.The fine content production has many dimensions such as stakeholders, approaches, functions, templates and contexts, each of which has different components and its own dimensions.The model presented in this article focuses on national security approaches.Operating each of these sub-components will greatly increase the country's authority to provide some national security in cyberspace through the production of luxury content

Present study aims to design and evaluate an appropriate policy model with cultural-historical components of Iran in Central Asia in the face of the threats of Radical Islam. From this perspective, it has benefited from a consecutive exploratory design scheme; Thus, in the qualitative phase of the research, data were collected from a semi-standard interview with 10 experts who were selected through targeted and theoretical sampling method. In order to analyze the data, the thematic analysis method and the thematic network type were used through the theoretical coding process. The qualitative phase have shown that the optimal model of optimal policy with the cultural-historical components of Iran in Central Asia in the face of the threats of radical Islam from six comprehensive themes has reached theoretical saturation : Adopting an appropriate cultural approach in foreign policy; Strengthening cultural and historical relations; Using scientific and academic capacities; Strengthening Persian language and literature; Paying attention to media cultural policy and Strengthening common religious elements by relying on its moral aspects. In addition, in the quantitative phase of the study in order to evaluate the conceptual model obtained from the qualitative study, at first the researcher-made questionnaire was designed and after validation and reliability, the research were performed on 291 students of universities in Tehran. They were selected by relative stratified sampling method; Compilation and analysis by Spss23 software were analyzed in two parts: descriptive and inferential analysis. The quantitative results showed that the constructed model has the necessary fitness

Sense of security is one of the most important features in an urban place. Concept of sense of urban security has been always at the center of attentions in understanding urban studies. The principle objective of this research is to examine possible scenarios of scense of urban security and propose the desired ones for the future of Tehran Metropolitan by strategic foresight model. This study first conducted the survey based on literature review to identify major factors on the sense of urban security in Tehran metropolitan. Researchers show that eight main criteria are important in assessment of sense of urban security in Tehran metropolitan. Mic-Mac and Scenario Wizard software were used for analysis. Based on the point of view of 30 experts, four factors belong to the cause group and four factors are the effect group. The results showed that four factors including 1) that faith, spirituality ، values, and religious beliefs 2) justice, equality and non-discrimination 3) material welfare (sustainable income and employment) and far from poverty, unemployment and expensiveness and physical sustainability were identified as a strategic driving forces. Finally, 6 scenarios were selected with the highest consistency based on favorable, static, and critical conditions. Scenario analysis does not depict a favorable future of the Scense of Security in Tehran Metropolitan on the vision of 1404.

The present study, entitled The Role of Citizenship Diplomacy on Women's Political Participation (a case study of Tehran's women in 1997-96), was conducted to investigate the impact of citizenship diplomacy on women's political participation.Among the variables of the concept of citizenship diplomacy are considered the most important and influential ones, which include a favorable and positive image of the country, a good understanding and attainment of common views and values, participation in peaceful activities and conflict resolution, exchange And sharing information.The statistical population of the study consisted of 385 individuals who were selected by multistage cluster sampling method and a questionnaire was used for data collection. Statistical methods including descriptive and inferential statistics were used by Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression. The results showed a significant relationship between the variables.The research method in this study is a survey and a theoretical framework based on the theories of Samuel Huntington, Melbourne and Goel, Robert Dale, Perry on the concept of political participation and the theories of John Mellesin, Joseph Montville, Diana Chiagas, and Ana Maysondo in Dipole.

In the last decade, the world has come up with a new phenomenon called social media or better known as web-based and mobile-based social networks, one of the consequences of their emergence, the provision of easy, low-cost, easy-to-use communications and the link between people, groups, streams and nations. And how did these factors lead to mass movements and ultimately help to shape the social crisis? What is the role of this research in answering the question of virtual social media and cyberspace? The purpose of this article is to explain the role of cyberspace and social media in creating social crises. The research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of scientific and descriptive method. It has been done through library, interview and using Analytical Hierarchy Process software. The results show that virtual and cyber social media, including mobile-centric social networks, are effective in shaping social crises and their role is direct and significant. This will be the case in the future with the development and expansion of virtual social media, leading target groups. And conflicts such as hypocrites, monarchists, startups, etc. will play a greater role in shaping crises and exacerbating critical conditions in society, and the coordination of cyber and cyber managers, military and security agencies, and the country's media is essential.

The threat posed by terrorist groups in Iraq, not only for the country but for the whole world, and especially for neighboring countries, is important in addressing the criminal legal response to the Iraqi judiciary. Despite the extent of the terrorist acts of this group and its members, the measures taken by the criminal policy of this country to deal with the detainees, as well as the challenges in this regard, are among the main questions of this article. In this regard, the pathological attitude towards the country's Code of Judicial Procedure in interaction with the Special Law on Combating Terrorism and referring to the cases of members of terrorist groups, especially ISIS, shows that criminal proceedings are a form of the same rules of criminal procedure. It follows other crimes and does not have a differentiated criminal proceedings. In addition, the method of committing the crimes of the members of this terrorist group makes it doubly difficult to determine the method of assigning the crimes that have been committed as a group, and this will delay the trial. For this reason, the implementation of the judicial process in a discretionary, politicized and mainly military manner has made it possible to question the observance of the proceedings mentioned in the Code of Criminal Procedure.

To gain an understanding of cultural security in the Islamic Republic of Iran, it is necessary to have a comprehensive and discourse view of it. Therefore, this study seeks to answer the question: what is the concept and components of cultural security in the Iranian-Islamic discourse? To answer the research question, using meta-analysis method, different approaches to the concept of cultural security and its components in research in the field of Iran and Islam were examined. The statistical population of this research includes 25 articles and dissertations (15 cases in the field of cultural security concept and 10 cases in the field of its components), the sample population is considered as a whole. The validity of this research is content-formal which has been confirmed by ten professors. For the reliability of this research, the Holstie formula has been used, considering that according to the calculated formula, the number 0.8 has been obtained and the mentioned number is more than 0.7, so the result has the necessary reliability. Finally, the results show that the concept of cultural security in the Iranian-Islamic discourse has a "combined approach (preservation and expansion)", "transnational", "as a foundation of security" and "with a view to both national and Islamic values." Also, "Islamic-Iranian identity", "Islamic, national and revolutionary values", "Political component of cultural security", "Social component of cultural security", "Economic component of cultural security" and "Cultural independence" as components of security Cultural issues are present in the Iranian-Islamic discourse.

Attention to the concept of the international system and how to change its structure has had a special place in the study of international relations and has been the site of widespread theoretical controversy.Numerous factors and drivers are influencing transformation of the international system.The main question of the research is what factors affect structure of the international system and in other words what are drivers of structure of international system?Therefore, the aim of this article is to identify drivers of structure of international system with a futuristic perspective. In study, while using the theory of structural realism (neo-realism) as a theoretical framework, descriptive structural analysis of ISM and Mick Mac program has been used. In the process of identifying drivers of the structure of international system, the method of "individual interview" and "library study" has been used and to design the future model of international system, the method of structural-interpretive modeling has been used. Structural-interpretive modeling is one of the exploratory methods of model design that allows drawing complex relationships between a large number of elements in a complex decision-making situation. After examining factors such as political power, economic and military power, globalization, international institutions, climate change, the spread of technology, weapons of mass destruction, regional conflicts, human rights, terrorism, immigration and citizenship, infectious diseases and population. Were proposed in the research hypothesis, research findings show that political, economic, military and cultural power are most influential drivers in evolution of structure of international system.

The transition from the era of information and communication revolution and fundamental changes in cyberspace has taken networks, resources and security and terrorist threats out of the limited situation, and has expanded in the structure of the world system. The aim of the present study is to identify the extent to which security and terrorist threats are affected by cyberspace in the international environment. The present study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method as well as a survey method and a researcher-made questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, multivariate regression and factor analysis were used to analyze the data. The statistical population of the research includes professors, students and media experts. The sample size according to Cochran's formula is 384 people, which was increased to 402 people to increase the accuracy factor. According to the findings, the variable of communication and information technologies plays a role in the spread of security and terrorist threats in the international arena. From the perspective of Internet respondents, Persian-language satellite networks and virtual networks are the most important threat to the interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Security is a basic need, and an Islamic government use power to ensure public security. Based on the statements of the General Command of the Armed Forces, NAJA in its responsibility, which is to create security, is the manifestation of the sovereignty of the Islamic Republic. This study aims to explain the role and position of the NAJA in using power to ensure public safety. This research is practical and qualitative. In this research, content analysis method has been used. So, the text of the statements of the General Command of the Armed Forces(from 1989-2019) has been analyzed and the contents of 216 extracted statements were analyzed. The identified themes were organized into four main axes. In these four areas, the role of the NAJA in creating order and security in the country is the prelude to playing its other three roles for the people, the government and religion. By providing order and security: 1. It provides shelter and peace of mind for the people and makes daily life possible; 2. It demonstrates the authority of the government and provides the ground for the administration and growth of society in all areas. Slowly, and 3. By preserving values and setting standards for them, it helps religion and perpetuates its dignity. This position for the NAJA in the intellectual system of the General Command of the Armed Forces is the same position that Imam Ali (AS) gave to the soldiers in the Islamic system.