نشریه فنآوری تولیدات گیاهی
سال بیست و یکم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

In order to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid on yield and fruit quality of grapes, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design on five-year-old vines of ʻSultanaʼ seedless cultivar. First at the stage of cluster emergence, all of the vines were sprayed with 10 mg/l of gibberellic acid except control and then, at the second stage, different gibberellic acid treatments including 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/l concentrations were applied when the berries were at 1-2 mm diameter. Exogenous gibberellic acid application significantly increased the weight, volume, length and diameter of the berries compared to the control. Cluster axis length and cluster weight as well as total vine yield were also significantly improved by gibberellic acid treatments. The reduction of length to diameter ratio of berries due to gibberellic acid resulted in the production of rounder berries than the control. Traits such as pH and volumetric mass (weight to volume ratio) of berries were not affected by gibberellic acid. As the yield increased, the process of fruit ripening was delayed by the gibberellic acid. Due to gibberellic acid treatment, the soluble solids content (SSC) of fruit decreased and the total acid content of fruit extract increased.

Water stress is one of the most important growth limiting factors of plants and the most common environmental stress. An experiment was conducted as a factorial design in a completely randomized design with three replications to study the effect of palm leaf biochar and water stress on morphological characteristics and micronutrients concentration of holy basil plant. Treatments consisted of three water levels [100% field capacity (without stress), 75 and 55% field capacity] and three biochar levels (0, 2 and 4% by weight). Results showed that the application of 75 and 55% of the field capacity decreased 6.6% and 19.2% of plant height, 13.8% and 38% fresh weight and 8% and 20% dry weight, respectively, as compared with control,. However, in 55% of the field capacity, SPAD index significantly increased by 18.8%. With application of water stresses, the concentration of zinc and copper decreased, but iron and manganese significantly increased as compared to the control. Addition of 2% of palm leaf biochar significantly increased the iron and manganese concentration in the holy basil by about 26 and 11.7%, respectively, as compared with control.

In this study, the effect of different disinfectant substances (70% Ethylic alcohol, sodium hypochlorite, Mercuric chloride, Cetrimide & chlorhexidine, Dettol, Cephalexin, Permanganate, Ridomil, Potassium phosphite) for contamination control in rhizome derived explants of Alstroemeria cv. ‘Balance’, were investigated. After culturing, explants pollution rates for different treatments, was measured daily. These experiments were implemented in a CRD design with 20 treatments and 3 replications. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done compared using LSD's test at 0.05 level of probability. It was revealed that disinfection with 70% Ethylic alcohol for one min, 3% sodium hypochlorite + 1 drop of Tween or dishwashing liquid for 20 min, 500 mg diluted Cephalexin in 400 milliliter sterile distilled water for a quarter; Et.Cl.Cf (C), was the most effective method in bacterial infection control. The procedure of disinfection with 70% Ethylic alcohol for one min, Dettol 1:40 diluted in sterile distilled water for 30 min, 3% sodium hypochlorite + 1 drop of Tween or dishwashing liquid for 10 min; Et.Dt.Cl (R), and disinfection method with 70% Ethylic alcohol for one min, Cetrimide and chlorhaxidine 1:10 diluted in sterile distilled water for 30 min, which the rhizomes being rinsed with sterile distilled water, which had been sterilized with 70% Ethylic alcohol for one min, 40% sodium hypochlorite + 1 drop of Tween or dishwashing liquid for 35 min; Et.Cl. (T) revealed the best effect on fungal contamination control. Disinfection with 70% Ethylic alcohol for one min, Cetrimide and chlorhaxidine 1:10 diluted in sterile distilled water for 30 min; Et.Cc. (L), was not effective in contaminations control.

In order to investigate the effect of biopotase and iron sulfate on physiological characteristics of fenugreek under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted as split plot in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications, 2017. Treatments were included: drought stress (including normal irrigation as non-stress and irrigation in early growth for 14 days as drought stress) as main factor, biopotase (0 and 5 kg.ha-1) and iron sulfate (0 and 1.5 per thousand) as sub-factors biofertilizer treatments were considered. The results showed that the effects of drought stress, bioptase and iron sulfate and their interaction on the most traits were significant. The height and fresh and dry weight of the plant were affected by bioptase and iron sulfate. The highest biological yield and grain yield were observed in 5 kg bioptase trainee under drought stress conditions. The treatment of iron sulfate in drought stress conditions increased 22.54% in 1000 seed weight compared to control in drought stress conditions. Bioptase and iron sulfate treatments under irrigation conditions increased 29.66% total chlorophyll compared to control under stress conditions. The interaction of drought stress and bioptase caused 85.48% increase in carotenoid than control in drought stress conditions. The results showed that biofertilizer and iron sulfate fertilizers could modify drought stress in fenugreek strain and improve the qualitative and quantitative properties of this medicinal plant.

This study was conducted in order to achieve the best cultivar compatible with the climatic conditions of Lorestan province, in a randomized complete block design in the Zagros Botanical Garden of Khorramabad city. In this experiment, seven pistachio cultivars named Asia Mohammad Aghaei, Akbari, Ouhadi, Kaleghoochi, Mumtaz, Khanjari and wrinkles were compared in terms of growth and adaptation to Lorestan climate for five years. The results showed that the effect of cultivar on plant height, tree trunk diameter, survival percentage and fruiting percentage was significant during 5 years. The results of comparing the mean of the data showed that among the studied cultivars, in terms of tree height, excellent cultivars and Kalechoochi and also in terms of trunk diameter of cultivars, Kaleghoochi Ahmad Aghaei and Akbari are superior to other cultivars. The results also showed that Ahmad Aghaei and Koleghoochi cultivars were superior in terms of survival and fruiting percentage, respectively. In general, the results of this 5-year study showed that there is a potential for pistachio growth and fruiting in Lorestan province and the best cultivar for planting in Lorestan is Ahmad Aghaei.

Due to the role of salicylic acid in resistance to environmental stresses, this study was conducted at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad to evaluate the effect of this compound under saline condition on peppermint. In a pot experiment, the effect of salicylic acid at five concentrations (0, 5, 10, 50, 100 ppm) and salinity (sodium chloride) at three concentrations (0, 75, 125 mM), in a factorial experiment based on Completely Randomized Design with 15 treatments and three replications was evaluated. The simple effect of salinity showed that with increasing salinity, anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity increased. This was while the number of days to flowering, plant height, number of lateral branches, leaf area, aerial part dry weight, and leaf to stem ratio decreased significantly. The simple effect of salinity also reduced the percentage and yield of essential oil. Significant interaction was observed between different concentrations of salicylic acid and salinity in terms of the effect on the number of lateral branches, dry weight of underground and aerial part, root to shoot ratio and percentage of essential oil. Also, the simple effect of salicylic acid treatment on delay flowering and reduction of plant height was significant. Salicylic acid treatment reduced the percentage of essential oil. However, this treatment was able to prevent a reduction in essential oil yield significantly. Therefore, salicylic acid treatment was able to reduce the possible negative effects of salinity stress.

Proper nutrition of the plant is one of the important factors in improving the yield and quality of the product. In plant nutrition, each element must be sufficiently available to the plant at different stages of development. To achieve this goal, the effect of urea foliar application on grain protein and nitrogen remobilization in experimental Sardari wheat ecotypes in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design in both rainfed and irrigated conditions in 2013-2014 crop year in Kermanshah research farm located in The city of Islamabad-e-Gharb was implemented. Experimental treatments were: foliar application of urea fertilizer application in Three levels including: control, fertilization in Heading, and Flowering as main plot and cultivar as sub-plot in fourteen levels (including 12 Sardari ecotypes along with Azar-2 and Rijaw cultivars as controls). The results of analysis of variance and mean comparison between foliar spraying treatments in both rainfed and irrigated conditions showed that grain protein, grain hardness, zeleny number, grain gluten, grain nitrogen, nitrogen remobilization in flowering stage, nitrogen transfer remobilization efficiency and nitrogen remobilization contribution. Grain nitrogen remobilization was increased by foliar application at both stages of Heading and flowering using urea fertilizer. The highest increase in grain protein was related to foliar application at flowering stage. Also, grain hardness increased due to nitrogen foliar application at Heading and flowering stage. In this study, nitrogen remobilization efficiency in rainfed conditions ranged from 54.31 to 62.73% for Sufi ecotypes and land drops and in irrigation conditions ranged from 32.24 to 49.52% for Tudar ecotype and Rijaw cultivar. In both rainfed and irrigated conditions, foliar application at flowering stage had the highest and control (without foliar application) had the lowest share of nitrogen remobilization to seed.

To evaluate the effect of grafting cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. Super daminos) on Cucurbita moschata collected in Isfahan and Cucurbita pepo on plant growth and physiology, comparing with self-grafted and non-garfted as a control an experiment was designed. The experiment based on carried out as a compound experiment based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 replications. Treatments were temperature included optimum temperature (27±2) and cold temperature (12±2) on cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. Super daminos) in the greenhouse of Isfahan University of Technology. Results were shown that the dry weight of the shoot decreased with temperature stress and grafting on C. moschata and C. pepo (Isfahan) enhance the dry weight of the shoot under stress. Grafting on Isfahan rootstock and self-grafted cucumber increased chlorophyll content compare with other treatments in optimum condition. Grafted cucumber on C. pepo (Isfahan) increased photosynthesis compare with other treatments in stress conditions. Mesophyll conductance decreased in stress temperature and grafting on C. pepo (Isfahan) improved it. Generally, grafting on C. pepo (Isfahan) with improving some growth and physiological characteristics of cucumber increased it tolerate to low temperature compare with non-grafted plants.

In order to investigate the application of superabsorbent polymer and potassium sulfate under deficit irrigation condition on quantitative and qualitative yield of sesame, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in the research farm of Birjand University in 2018. Experimental factors include three levels of irrigation (full irrigation, irrigation up to 50% of flowering and irrigation up to 50% of capsule emergence), three levels of potassium fertilizer (non-use, application based on fertilizer recommendation and 1.5 times fertilizer recommendation) and two levels of superabsorbent (Zero and 100 kg.ha-1). With stopping irrigation, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, oil percentage, oil yield and protein percentage decreased but leaf potassium percentage increased. The highest grain yield was under normal irrigation conditions (2342 kg.ha-1) and the lowest was under irrigation conditions at flowering stage (668 kg.ha-1). The interaction effect of irrigation in superabsorbent on grain yield, harvest index, oil percentage and oil yield was significant. Consumption of superabsorbent reduced the negative effects of stress and improved traits. Also, potassium consumption in soil was associated with increased potassium accumulation in leaves. The simultaneous use of superabsorbent and potassium sulfate did not have a significant effect on growth and yield, but the use of potassium fertilizer due to the modification of drought stress and superabsorbent due to its role in reducing the effects of water shortage and improving drought stress tolerance is recommended to maintain yield.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), as one of the most important economic products in the world, has one of the highest quality edible oils. Safflower cultivars are hardy plants compared to other plants due to different methods of tissue culture and regeneration. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a high efficiency method for the regeneration of safflower commercial cultivars. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of BAP, Kin and TDZ on callus induction and shoot regeneration of hypocotyl and cotyledon explants for two safflower cultivars (Soffeh and Golmehr) in different concentrations of BAP, Kin, TDZ and NAA (0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg/l) were evaluated. The results showed that the highest frequency of shoot regeneration also was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 0 mg/l NAA and 1 mg/l TDZ (33%) from cotyledon explant of Golmehr cultivar. There was a significant difference between cultivar’s shooting, Golmehr cultivar showed a better shooting percentage. Finally, shoots were transferred to eight different rooting media. The best medium for rooting was MS medium supplemented with IBA (2 mg/l) + sucrose (2%) + agar (7%). The results showed that Golmehr cultivar was better than Soffeh cultivar in terms of regeneration and response to optimization.

Narcissus tazetta L. is one of the most important flowering bulbous plants that are traditionally propagated by bulb splitting which is a costly and time-consuming method. Therefore, the application of in vitro culture techniques can help to increase the reproduction coefficient of this ornamental plant. So, the study was conducted in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, the effect of twin scales position on the mother bulb on the regeneration of twin scales of Narcissus were investigated in MS medium containing 1mg/l BA in combination with 0.2mg/l NAA in a completely randomized design. In the second experiment, the effect of different types of auxin on rooting of Narcissus plantlets was investigated. For this purpose, ½MS medium containing 1 mg/L NAA, IBA, IAA and hormone-free medium was used. The results showed that the application of different layers of Narcissus twin scales had a significant effect on the number and diameter of regenerated bulblet. In fact, application of the inner scales of mother bulb led to an increase in the number of regenerated bulblet, but the diameter of regenerated bulblet decreased. Since the diameter and number of regenerated bulblet are both important parameters during in vitro culture conditions, it is recommended to use twin scales group one and two for propagation of Narcissus bulb. The results of this study also showed the superiority of hormone-free ½MS medium and ½ MS medium containing 1 mg/l IAA for rooting of Narcissus tissue culture plantlets.

Edible coatings from hydrocolloids are secure and applicable compounds for the shelf-life extension of horticultural products as suitable replacements for synthetic coatings. The purpose of the current study was to use edible coating of carrageenan enriched by Ajwain in order to extend the shelf-life of strawberry fruit. The experiment was carried out as a factorial in a complete random block design with five treatments including the control (without coatings), carrageenan 1%, carrageenan 2%, carrageenan 1% + 1% Ajwain essential and carrageenan 1% + 1% Ajwain essential at 5°C, relative humidity of 70% and for 18 days. The analysis of the antibacterial effect of Ajwain essential, shelf life, weight loss, tissue firmness, soluble solid content, titratable acidity, anthocyanin, Vitamin C and total phenol were carried out every three days. The results revealed that carrageenan coating enriched by Ajwain essential oil delayed decaying and contamination process together with a positive effect on the other biochemical parameters. Moreover, compared with the control treatment, carrageenan coating resulted in decrease in anthocyanin changes, total phenol, Vitamin C, weight loss and fruit firmness when applied separately and mixed. 1% and 2% carrageenan coatings enriched by 1% Ajwain essential delayed weight loss by means of controlling moisture loss in storage conditions. Overall, it could be suggested to use carrageenan 1% coating enriched with 1% Ajwain essential as a safe and beneficial method to maintain of strawberry fruit during storage.