Investigating the factors affecting motor development is very important in identifying the causes of motor developmental delay for parents and occupational therapists in the development of pediatric treatment. This study aims to model dynamic factors affecting fine motor development milestones of 9-12 months old infants.

in this study 283 children were screened by age and stage scale which included providing the home environment for motor development-infant scale, parental postpartum attachment scale, Beak habitual physical activity questionnaire, and general health questioner. Factors affecting motor development were classified into three parts: individual, maternal and environmental factors.

Structural equation model showed that according to the fitting indexes reported, the conceptual model of this research does not have an acceptable fitting level. Regression results showed that none of the factors had a significant contribution to the prediction of fine movements in the maternal factors group. Linear regression in the individual factors group showed that age with an effective coefficient of -0.15 and motivation with an effective coefficient of 0.14 had a significant contribution to the prediction of fine movements. And in the environmental factor group, the number of siblings with an effective coefficient of -0.17 and parents' encouragement with an effective coefficient of 0.15 had a significant contribution to the prediction of fine movements.

The present results showed that the present predictive variables had poor predictive power, so more research is needed to identify stronger predictors of fine motor development.

Intruduction: 

Hesitancy about vaccination has grown, and the World Health Organization now considers it a major threat to global health. Hesitancy about vaccination and not doing it in people who have not been vaccinated yet and those who have a weak immune system and are vulnerable to infection reduce immunity against the disease. This psychometric study was the Persian version of the Covid-19 vaccination Hesitancy scale in Iranian adolescents and children.

This methodological and cross-sectional study was performed using a simple sampling method with a sample size of 1260 people. The instrument used in the study was a questionnaire including demographic questions and a translated vaccination Hesitancy scale (VHS) that was sent to eligible individuals through social media. The completed scale data were analyzed using SPSS-AMOS26 software

Exploratory factor analysis revealed two-factor structures that generally explained 49.73% of the total variance of parents' desire to receive the Covid 19 vaccine in children and adolescents. According to the findings of the Confirmatory factor analysis, all fit indices were appropriate and the model fit was confirmed. The convergent and divergent validity showed that both factors have good convergent and divergent validity. The results of internal consistency showed that Cronbach's alpha and omega McDonald's combined reliability and maximum reliability of the two extracted factors are excellent (> 0.77). In addition, the scale had good reliability values (> 0.3). According to these results, it also had a good internal consistency scale.

The Persian version of the vaccination Hesitancy scale had acceptable construct validity and reliability. It has two factors with 9 items that explain 49.73% of the total variance of vaccination Hesitancy in the parents' desire to get the Covid 19 vaccine in children and adolescents. This scale can be useful for researchers and healthcare providers in identifying and screening parents who are skeptical about vaccinating children and adolescents

One of the controversial disorders recently introduced in DSM-5 is Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD). The main symptoms of DMDD include regular outbursts, verbal and behavioral anger, and constant irritability. The present study aims to explore the prevalence of DMDD and its associated disorders

The study population included all 9-12-year-old students(Grades 3 to 6 elementary)in the academic year 2018-19 in Bushehr County. Accordingly, 2,063 students were selected through two-stage cluster sampling to fill out the researcher-made anger and irritability questionnaire and the CSI-4 Questionnaire and to participate in a clinical interview based on DSM-5.

Study results showed that the prevalence of DMDD among children is 6.1 percent. According to the multivariate logistic regression, the rates of comorbidity with DMDD for other disorders include ADHD (P=0.01, OR=2.03), ODD (P=0.000, OR=5.96), CD (P=0.003, OR=3.52), GAD (P=0.000, OR=7.99), and social anxiety (P=0.001 and OR=2.32). Moreover, depression and demographic features had no significant predictive power for this disorder.

The study results showed that the prevalence of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder was close and similar to DSM-5 criteria and showed high comorbidity with emotional and behavioral disorders

Controlling children's anger is one of the main concerns of most parents, and given that aggressive behavior in children can be formed and observed, and when these behaviors are formed and not taken into account, they may become permanent and affect various aspects of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of positive anger management practices on emotional control and interpersonal interactions in children aged 5 to 6 years in Isfahan.

The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a follow-up period with the control group. The statistical population included all aggressive children aged 5 to 6 years with files in active counseling centers in the field of children in Isfahan during the summer of 1399. Thirty children with aggression were selected by purposive sampling method based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and then 15 people were randomly substituted in experimental and control groups. The research instruments included: Eberg and Pinkas 'Children Behavior Questionnaire, (1999) Pashiri Talaei and Yazdkhasti's Emotional control questionnaire (1397), Yazdkhasti and Farhadieh's Interpersonal Interaction Questionnaire (2015). In the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages, the questionnaires were answered by the children's parents. For the experimental group, intervention sessions were held for 12 sessions, while the control group was not exposed to any intervention. Data were used using statistical methods including mean, Standard deviation and multivariate analysis of covariance were performed using SPSS software version 23.

The results showed that positive anger management practices have a significant effect on emotional control (p<0. 001, f=4) and interpersonal interactions in the group (p<0.001, f=4) of children aged 5 to 6 years with aggression. The results also showed that 0.81% of interpersonal interactions are related to interactions between the two groups.

Teaching positive anger management practices have significant effects on children's emotional control and interpersonal interactions, so it can be concluded that this training can be used to control children's emotional and interpersonal interactions.

Surgery is a negative event that is associated with adverse effects on children. One of the most common complications of surgery is anxiety. The mother's voice can be used as an intervention to control children's anxiety. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal voice on postoperative pre-operation anxiety in children undergoing lower abdominal surgery in 2019.

In this clinical trial, 80 children aged 1-6 years admitted to the pediatric surgery ward of Imam Ali Hospital in Zahedan were selected by available and gradual sampling methods and randomly divided into two groups, intervention (40 people) and control (40. ( Data were collected using the modified- Yale preoperative anxiety scale. In the intervention group, the mother's voice was played before surgery. Anxiety was assessed in both groups when entering the operating room and after the sound was played.

The results showed the mean of the anxiety before playing the mother's voice in the intervention group was (57.12±6.59) which received a significant decrease to (52.82±6.90) after the intervention.  The mean of anxiety was significantly different in the two groups, (intervention and control) (P= 0.0001).

This study shows the effect of a mother's voice on reducing anxiety in children undergoing surgery. Therefore, nurses are advised to use the mother's voice to control anxiety in children undergoing surgery.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-healing training on self-compassion, self-esteem, and aggression in poorly supervised teen girls.

The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest-follow-up design with a control group. The research population included poorly supervised teen girls in Isfahan that were for sake of this research gathered by public instigators in counseling centers. 40 people that were willing to participate in this research by the accessible method were randomly put into two groups the experimental group (20 people) and the control group (20 people). Self-compassion scale of Ross Vonk, Pummir, Kristin Neff, and Vangacht (2011), Stanley Coopersmith’s self-steam scale (1967), and Eyesenk and Gllenn Wilson’s aggression scale (2011) were used as a pre-test. Afterward, the experiment group was put under 14 sessions (a 30-minute session per week) for learning how to self-heal. After that both groups took the post-test and a month of follow-up was executed for both groups.

For analyzing the results, a frequent variance analysis test was used. Results show that teaching self-healing had a significant effect on the rise of self-compassion and self-steam and a decrease in aggressive behaviors in participants (p<0.05).

According to the results of research that are done so far, we can put teaching self-compassion as a new optimistic approach method for increasing teen girls’ psychological health with relatively stable effects, in the subject of increasing self-care skills

The Validation of Life Skills Questionnaire can help to assess life skills in ten-year-old children; Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the validation of the electronic form of the Life Skills Scale in ten-year-old children.

This study is a tool psychometry that the statistical population included all ten-year-old children in Kerman province. The number of samples was determined based on psychometric criteria to be 100 for the predictive validity section and 430 for the construct validity section. Research data were collected electronically through two questionnaires on the life skills of Cronin and Allen (2017) and the life skills of Sharma (2003) by sending the link of the questionnaire to the mobile phones of parents of children. Content validity, convergent, and construct validity methods were used to evaluate the validity of the scale. The reliability of the scale was assessed by internal consistency methods and class reliability.

The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the researcher-made scale consists of eight factors and has good validity and reliability. The second-order confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed the eight-factor model. This questionnaire was administered along with the short form of the Sharma Life Skills Scale (2003) which had a significant correlation between the two questionnaires also Cronbach's alpha coefficient for all questions and dimension questions were all greater than 0.7. Therefore, Cronin and Allen Life Skills Scale (2017) with 43 items has good reliability and validity in 10-year-old Iranian children.

The Cronin and Allen Life Skills Scale (2017) questionnaire can be used to assess life skills in ten-year-old children.

Covid-19 is a public health emergency around the world that has affected all members of society, especially vulnerable groups, including children. Current research has been conducted to establish knowledge and attitudes about the infection and spread of covid-19 disease and related factors in parents of hospitalized children.

 In this descriptive-analytical study, 250 parents of children admitted to the 17 Shahrivar Medical Education Center, affiliated with Gilan University of Medical Sciences, were selected from samples available from October to the end of December 2019 for 3 months. The criteria for participation in the study were a minimum of literacy and informed consent to participate in this study. Data were collected and analyzed using an investigator-designed questionnaire, which includes a questionnaire to measure knowledge and attitude after verifying validity and reliability (Couder-Richardson coefficient 0.8 for the knowledge part and Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0.82 for the attitude part).

the parental knowledge average was 10.32 (good) and the parental attitude average was 19.17 (average). A significant positive association was also observed between knowledge scores and parental attitudes (P <0.001). The mean knowledge and attitude scores of parents living in urban areas were significantly higher than those of parents living in rural areas (P = 0.004, P = 0.002), respectively. Mean knowledge and attitude scores in mothers with a bachelor's degree were significantly lower than in other mothers (P <0.001, P = 0.001, respectively); similar results were observed for the education of fathers. Furthermore, a positive and significant relationship was observed between knowledge and household income (p <0.001).

By examining average parental attitudes towards COVID-19 in children, various strategies, including awareness programs and the presentation of findings to country health officials, can help improve parental attitudes and knowledge. These measures will lead to a faster fight against infectious diseases, including Covid 19.

Considering the importance of the multidimensional character of the home environment in developmental research, especially the motor development of children, the current study examines the effect of parents' socioeconomic status, sports experience rate, and the level of physical activity on the level of motor affordances.

The research method with a cross-sectional approach was descriptive, and data collection was a survey that was conducted in 2022. Participants included 236 parents (father and mother) with children aged 18-42 months and were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Parents scored their physical and athletic activities based on level and background/experience. Their socioeconomic standing was determined based on their income and education. The home environment was assessed using the Persian version of the Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development-Self-Report (AHEMD-SR).

The results showed no significant relationship between the rate of sports experience and the level of physical activity of fathers with home motor affordances scores. However, this relationship was significant with the rate of mothers' sports experience (P<0.001, r=0.24), and motor affordances were significantly different from mothers' sports experience (P<0.001, effect size = 11%). The results showed a significant relationship between motor affordances and the mothers' level of physical activity (P<0.05, Eta = 0.21). In addition, there is a significant difference between motor affordances and the mothers' level of physical activity (P<0.05, effect size = 6%). In addition, socioeconomic status indicators had a significant effect of 44% on the level of home motor affordances (P<0.001).

Only the higher the mothers' rate of sports experience and the level of physical activity (more than two years) along with the criteria of socioeconomic status in providing and strengthening home motor affordances for children is more influential and effective. Among the different dimensions of motor affordances, the two dimensions of fine-and-gross motor toys are strongly influenced by the economic conditions of families as well as the sport's history of the mothers.