Plant Biotechnology Persa
Volume:4 Issue: 2, Summer and Autumn 2022

Food derived antioxidants have a special property for long term use as chemopreventive factor in disease states such as alcoholic liver diseases and hepatitis. This research decided to assess the property of several Eruca sativa Mill extract in ethanol induced liver injury in animals.

30 rats were divided into four groups included treatment groups with E. Sativa extracts (Water and methanolic), prophylactic and control. Oxidants/antioxidants profile, lipid profile, and serum liver functions tests were done.

The finding revealed that extracts of E. Sativa decrease the alcoholic liver injury. In addition, the extracts of E. sativa may exert their prophylactic and cure role against ethanol oxidative stress by enhancing the antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant molecules levels.

Totally, this research proofed that the E. sativa leaves water extract is better than methanolic extract in decreasing alcoholic liver injury.

Liver, as an organ, is predominantly responsible for the metabolism of drugs, alcohol, and foreign chemicals; hence, it is vulnerable to injury that may result in different liver diseases. The protective effect of Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. aqueous leaf extract against Methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity in male wistar rats was investigated.

24 male rats were divided into four groups of 6. Group one received normal saline only and served as control while group two received 200mg/kg Ch. odorata aqueous extract daily for ten consecutive days. Group three received intraperitoneally, a single dose of 20mg/kg Methotrexate on the ninth day of treatment while group four received 200mg/kg Ch. Odorata aqueous extract for ten consecutive days and a single dose of 20mg/kg Methotrexate intraperitoneally on ninth day of the study.

Results showed that Methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity decreased liver synthetic molecules (Total Protein and Albumin); decreased endogenous antioxidants (Catalase and Superoxide dismutase); increased liver function enzymes (Alanine aminotransferase and Aspartate aminotransferase), and increased lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde). Corroborating biochemical assessment, Histopathological analysis of untreated Methotrexate rats showed liver sections with focal necrosis, dilation and congestion of central vein and portal vein whereas aqueous leaf extract of Ch. odorata reduced the degree of lesions with seen improvement and reduction of hepatocytes degeneration.

Thus, Ch. odorata (L.) offered protection to the liver from damage caused by Methotrexate attributable to its active bioactive agents including flavonoids which scavenges free radicals, enhanced the antioxidant status and protected against oxidative damage and oxidative stress.

This study evaluated the effect of ethanol extract of Aju Mbaise (EEAM) on sperm morphology, semen quality, sex hormonal levels, gonadosomatic index and testicular histology of Avodart-induced rats.

The study had normal control, Avodart control, EEAM control, Avodart+500mg/kg EEAM, and Avodart +1000mg/kg EEAM groups. The rats were orally administered 0.5 mg/kg Avodart and 1 hour later treated with EEAM for 28 consecutive days. The Avodart control had milky white semen with low Ph, volume and semen consistency compared to the normal control and EEAM treated rats with creamy white semen with higher pH and semen consistency, respectively.

The results indicated a substantial decline in spermatozoa mass motility; spermatozoa live proportion, spermatozoa concentrations, normal spermatozoa proportions, animal live weight, paired testes weight and relative testicular weight in the Avodart control compared to the normal control. The Avodart induction caused a significant reduction in the serum testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone levels compared to the normal control. Also, there was a substantial decline in spermatogenic activity and the absence of mature spermatocytes in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules in the Avodart control relative to the normal control and EEAM control. The alterations in the sperm morphology, semen quality, sex hormonal levels and gonadosomatic index were significantly reverted to normal in the EEAM treated Avodart induced rats in a dose-dependent manner compared to the Avodart control.

These findings showed that EEAM ameliorates Avodart toxicity and improves fertility by restoring sperm quality and sex hormonal levels to normal in rats.

Eclipta alba is a seasonal medicinal plant native to Pakistan and its associated countries, vastly present in tropical and sub-tropical regions, having multi-branched white flowers. Almost all parts of E. alba are being used in the treatment of various ailments due to the presence of wide range of phytochemical constituents. Therefore, this review article has been written to compile to therapeutic applications of said medicinal herb.

Selective reference material was selected using different search engines like PubMed, NCBI, Google Scholar, Science direct etc.by putting Keywords including E. alba, its medicinal uses, nutritional benefits of E. alba, diseases, and E. alba etc.

Researches revealed that traditionally E. alba is well known to cure several diseases like hair growth disorders, efficacious hyperglycemic activity through inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and aldose reductase as well as by stimulating insulin secretion. Obesity is considered as the mother of disease, and many health occurs from obesity, so by its lipid-lowering activity, it lowers all types of fat. Mosquitoes as vectors cause serious human diseases like malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue fever and chikungunya have become major causes of mortality and morbidity among people. E. alba has insecticidal, larvicidal and ovicidal activity to control the mosquitoes borne diseases. Liver ailments such as liver enlargement, hepatitis and cirrhosis of liver have been a major issue for public issue. Wedelolactone, the chemical constituent of E. alba is very potent in liver ailment and due to its anti-viral activity, it can kill the virus responsible for hepatitis and other viruses as well. E. alba has efficacious anti-inflammatory activity, because of anti-oxidant constituents present in this herb. A very important role of this herbal plant is in hair growth promotion activity, so it has major value to treat hair problems such as alopecia, thinning of hair and hair color problems. It activates the hair follicles and enhances the hairs growth. It also has anti-hemorrhagic, antibiotic, antiseptic, anti-microbial activity and has very in snake bite scorpion sting.

Although, E. alba has several health-related benefits, but still more research is under consideration in scientific community related to its phytochemical constituents and mechanism of actions.

Tapinanthus globiferus is a hemi-parasitic plant used in ethonomedicine to treat different ailment including fungal infections. The aim of the study was to isolation the bioactive compound from leaf of T.globiferus growing on Balanites aegyptiaca.    

The plant material was collected, identified pulverized to powder using mortar and pestle. The powdered plant material was subjected to maceration with 90% methanol to obtained crude methanol leaf extract which was further partitioned with solvent of increasing polarity to obtained n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and n-butanol fractions.

Chromatographic separation of ethylacetate fraction using a combination of silica gel column and sephadex LH-20 column led to the isolation of flavonoid (3,5,7- trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one). The structure of the compound obtained was established by Spectroscopic analysis (FTIR, NMR).

Chromatographic studies of ethyl acetate fraction of T. globiferus growing on Balanites aegyptiaca, afforded a 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation of this compound from Tapinanthus globiferus growing on Balanites aegyptiaca.

Thus, in this work, phytochemical screening, acute toxicity and antifungal evaluation on the methanol extracts of different parts (leaves, seed and aerial part) of Mitracarpus hirtus against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Histoplasm capsulatum, Mucor sp, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gallinae, Trichophyton mentagrophyte, and Trichophyton rubrum using agar well diffusion and broth dilution techniques.

The phytochemical screening of the methanol extracts of different parts of the plant revealed the presence of tannins saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids and the median lethal dose (LD50) was estimated to be greater than 5000 mg/kg which indicates that the plant is non-toxic.

Susceptibility test for the methanol extracts showed mean zone of inhibition ranging from 19.33±0.58-23.33±0.56 mm against the test organisms while the standard drug, Fulcin had 24.33±0.58 – 31.67±0.58 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts ranges between 0.25-0.50 mg/mL while the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) ranges between 0.25-1.00 mg/mL against some of the fungal pathogens.

The findings of this study have revealed the antifungal efficacy of methanol extracts of the different part of M. hirtus which supports the ethno-medicinal claim of the use of the plant in the treatment of fungal infections.

The aim of the present study is to identify, report and compare native medicinal plants that are used for treatment of depression, anxiety and stress, anorexia, insomnia and headache and migraine in the Ilam city, Ilam province, Iran.

A standard questionnaire was used to obtain information regarding traditional therapeutic uses of plants that are effective on common psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety and stress, anorexia, insomnia, headache and migraine. Data collection instruments included a questionnaire and interview. The study population also included 37 perfumers. First, a complete list of the perfumers of Ilam city was extracted from the Food and Drug Vice-Chancellor of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. The questionnaires included questions on the personal information of perfumers and a list that contains the no names of native plants, but included their used organs, usage, and traditional therapeutic effect. The results showed that twenty-two plant families are effective in treating common psychiatric disorders.

Fabaceae plant family with 7 plants and Lamiaceae plant family with 5 plants were the most effective plant families used for the treatment of common psychiatric disorders. Also, the most plant organs used for the treatment of the above disorders included aerial parts (38%), leaves (14%), fruits (14%), flowering branches (14%), and seeds (12%).

Native medicinal plants of Ilam city are traditionally used to treat common psychiatric diseases and can be used as natural and effective treatments of disorders such as depression, anxiety and stress, anorexia, insomnia, headache and migraine.

Liver, as an organ, is predominantly responsible for the metabolism of drugs, alcohol, and foreign chemicals; hence, it is vulnerable to injury that may result in different liver diseases. The protective effect of Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. aqueous leaf extract against Methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity in male wistar rats was investigated.

24 male rats were divided into four groups of 6. Group one received normal saline only and served as control while group two received 200mg/kg Ch. odorata aqueous extract daily for ten consecutive days. Group three received intraperitoneally, a single dose of 20mg/kg Methotrexate on the ninth day of treatment while group four received 200mg/kg Ch. Odorata aqueous extract for ten consecutive days and a single dose of 20mg/kg Methotrexate intraperitoneally on ninth day of the study.

Results showed that Methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity decreased liver synthetic molecules (Total Protein and Albumin); decreased endogenous antioxidants (Catalase and Superoxide dismutase); increased liver function enzymes (Alanine aminotransferase and Aspartate aminotransferase), and increased lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde). Corroborating biochemical assessment, Histopathological analysis of untreated Methotrexate rats showed liver sections with focal necrosis, dilation and congestion of central vein and portal vein whereas aqueous leaf extract of Ch. odorata reduced the degree of lesions with seen improvement and reduction of hepatocytes degeneration.

Thus, Ch. odorata (L.) offered protection to the liver from damage caused by Methotrexate attributable to its active bioactive agents including flavonoids which scavenges free radicals, enhanced the antioxidant status and protected against oxidative damage and oxidative stress.

The objective of this research was focused on the development of new organoclay based composite that serves as both antibacterial and dye removing agent for the treatment of microbial and dyes contaminated water from the source.

The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the kaolinite was improved through acid treatment. Chlorhexidine- loaded zinc- kaolinite was prepared via adsorption of chlorhexidine acetate (0.5 mmol/L) on zinc-kaolinite. The composites were characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). The antibacterial assays of the composites were conducted against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) using disc diffusion technique (DDT), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).

The CEC value of the acid treated kaolinite (Kaot2) was improved from 9.26 + 0.82 to 13.43+1.61 meq/100g, the morphology of the composite remains intact and indicate the presence of Zinc (Zn) after formulation. The target composite (Chx-Zn-Kaot2) shows its effectiveness against S. aureus and S. typhi showing the inhibition zones of 26 mm and 1.5 mm respectively. Similarly, MIC, with 120 mg/mL inhibit both organisms while MBC revealed that the target composite, 60 mg/mL kills S. aureus and 120 mg/mL kills S. typhi respectively.

The formulated target composite is a good candidate for the treatment of drinking water contaminated with such microorganisms and can be able to remove substantial content of dyes.

Zingiber officinale (Ginger) is a flowering plant that was once utilized in Chinese medicine, Indian medicine, and Greek herbal therapy to treat many illnesses.

Different parts of this plant, for example, roots and rhizomes, and its extract are widely used as a spice and traditional medicine. It has been shown that ginger has several therapeutic properties, including reducing inflammation, preventing cancer, lowering blood sugar and lipids, regulating the immune system, anti-apoptotic and anti-nausea, and anti-vomiting effects. In addition, nervous diseases, colds, rheumatism, gingivitis, toothaches, asthma, stroke, constipation, and diabetes have been treated with ginger. Ginger is also a powerful antioxidant and can prevent the production and activity of free radicals. Moreover, ginger extract has been utilized as a diaphoretic and anti-flatulent medication for gastrointestinal spasms. It's also used to treat indigestion and colic pain in the intestines.

In this contribution, we provide an overview of various reports of ginger properties in clinical studies and its effects on the treatment of diseases. In addition to summarizing the present literature. This study highlights the potential of this field to open up new avenues for researchers.

The objective of this research was focused on the development of new organoclay based composite that serves as both antibacterial and dye removing agent for the treatment of microbial and dyes contaminated water from the source.

The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the kaolinite was improved through acid treatment. Chlorhexidine- loaded zinc- kaolinite was prepared via adsorption of chlorhexidine acetate (0.5 mmol/L) on zinc-kaolinite. The composites were characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). The antibacterial assays of the composites were conducted against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) using disc diffusion technique (DDT), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).

The CEC value of the acid treated kaolinite (Kaot2) was improved from 9.26 + 0.82 to 13.43+1.61 meq/100g, the morphology of the composite remains intact and indicate the presence of Zinc (Zn) after formulation. The target composite (Chx-Zn-Kaot2) shows its effectiveness against S. aureus and S. typhi showing the inhibition zones of 26 mm and 1.5 mm respectively. Similarly, MIC, with 120 mg/mL inhibit both organisms while MBC revealed that the target composite, 60 mg/mL kills S. aureus and 120 mg/mL kills S. typhi respectively.

The formulated target composite is a good candidate for the treatment of drinking water contaminated with such microorganisms and can be able to remove substantial content of dyes.

Rarely optimal environmental conditions of the plant are available, from water, air and nutrients, Water stress often occurs due to lack of soil moisture or other factors may pay organisms to limited survival. The study of plants under these conditions and knowledge of how the plant responds to water stress on the basis of changing life and physiological processes, so this review describes some aspects of the changes caused by water stress in germination, morphological, physiological and productivity composition in higher plants.