مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
سال پانزدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1401)

Varieties are the most important plant breeding achievement. Cotton new cultivars introduce for yield increase, earliness, biotic and abiotic stresses resistance. Before new cultivars introduction to farmers, value of cultivation and use of their must be evaluated and comprised with common cultivars for superior cultivars introduction by Value of Cultivation and Use(VCU) trials conduction. Seed cotton yield and its components and earliness and fiber quality are the most important aspects of cotton cultivars value af cultivation and use. Verticillium wilting is the most important cotton disease in Golestan province. Therefore, cotton high yielding and early and tolerant to Verticillium wilting new cultivars like Golestan and Latif bred and introduced by Cotton research Institute in recent years. This research conducted in order to value of cultivation and use (VCU) determination of cotton new cultivars in Golestan province conditions for cotton new cultivars commercialization purpose.

In order to evaluation of Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) of SB35 and T3 new cotton genotypes in comparisons of Hekmat, Sajedi, Armaghan, Golestan and Sahel cultivars in Golestan procince, seed cotton yield and its components and some related morphological and fiber quality traits and Verticillium wilt tolerance, an experiment was conducted during 2016 and 2017 years in Cotton Research Institute Karkande cotton research station. Plant height, sympodial branches, monopodial branches number the highest sympodial branch and fifth monopodial branch length, boll number and 30 boll weight, seed cotton yield, earliness, fiber length, uniformity, fitness, strength and elasticity and Verticillium wilt plants percent were measured.

Results showed morphological traits and 30 boll weight and seed cotton yield in second tear more than first year and earliness in second year was more than first year. Also, studied new genotypes and cultivars determined 30 boll weight and seed cotton yield and fiber quality traits and Verticillium wilt tolerance were different. Golestan new commercial cultivar had the highest seed cotton yield and Sahel old cultivar had the highest boll weight and fiber length, strength and elasticity. Also, Hekmat new commercial cultivar had the finest fiber and Sajedi new commercial cultivar had the highest Verticillium wilt tolerance.

Based on results of this experiment and because of Verticillium wilt in Golestan province Sajedi cultivar suggested for introduction and commercialization as new commercial cultivar for cultivation. In order to evaluation of Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) of SB35 and T3 new cotto genotypes in comparisons of Hekmat, Sajedi, Armaghan, Golestan and Sahel cultivars in Golestan procince, seed cotton yield and its components and some related morphological and fiber quality traits and Verticillium wilt tolerance, an experiment was conducted during 2016 and 2017 years in Cotton Research Institute Karkande cotton research station. Plant height, sympodial branches, monopodial branches number the highest sympodial branch and fifth monopodial branch length, boll number and 30 boll weight, seed cotton yield, earliness, fiber length, uniformity, fitness, strength and elasticity and Verticillium wilt plants percent were measured. Results showed morphological traits and 30 boll weight and seed cotton yield in second tear more than first year and earliness in second year was more than first year. Also, studied new genotypes and cultivars determined 30 boll weight and seed cotton yield and fiber quality traits and Verticillium wilt tolerance were different. Golestan new commercial cultivar had the highest seed cotton yield and Sahel old cultivar had the highest boll weight and fiber length, strength and elasticity.

Rice is a good source of energy and has the highest protein efficiency among plant proteins. However, its protein content is relatively low compared to other cereals. Seed storage protein in rice classified into four groups: albumin and globulin in aleurone layer, and prolamine and glutelin in endosperm. Therefore, during the bleaching process of rice grains, albumin proteins and part of globulin are removed by its bran. Since the protein content of the grain and its amount will be directly related to its nutritional quality and due to the importance of rice grain in diet, seed storage proteins quality in a quantitative and qualitative breeding population of rice such as two new mutant cultivars, Roshan and Shahriar, with their parents (Nemat and Amol3 respectively) as well as qualitative varieties, Sang-tarom, along with two different varieties of brown and black rice was studied.

Qualitative properties of grain proteins were evaluated based on their solubility as well as the seed storage proteins For albumin, globulin, prolamine and glutelin proteins. Quantification of stored proteins was performed by Bradford reagent and quantification of their subunits by densitometric analysis.

The results showed that there is a significant difference for the amount of seed storage proteins of different rice genotypes. So that Sang-tarom and Roshan cultivars had the highest amount of albumin protein (19.53 and 22.40 mg/g respectively). This was while the brown grain variety with the lowest amount of albumin and globulin protein and the highest amount of glutelin and prolamine proteins has the highest amount of total protein (1640.43 mg/g). Evaluation of the banding pattern of stored storage proteins also showed that this banding pattern was the same in different genotypes except in Roshan (60 kDa) and Shahriar (13 kDa) mutant cultivars. Densitometric analysis of protein subunits also showed that the highest amount of glutelin subunits was present in Sang-tarom cultivar and the lowest in Shahriar cultivar and brown grain variety. Also, the highest amount of prolamine subunits was observed in Sang-tarom cultivar and brown grain variety and the lowest in Shahriar cultivar. As Shahriar cultivar was able to have the highest amount of glutelin to prolamine protein.

Although the profiles of seed storage proteins in different varieties of rice are the same, but this pattern is different in the two cultivars of mutant Roshan and Shahriyar. So that, the absent of the 60kDa subunit of proglutelin and the 13kDa subunit of prolamine can be used as protein markers in both Roshan and Shahriar, respectively. Our study demonstrated that although there is a significant relationship between protein subunits and the amount of stored proteins, but there was no significant relationship between stored proteins with different quantitative and qualitative rice cultivars. Therefore it seems that improving the seed storage protein quality will probably not limit the improvement of new rice cultivars with desirable quantitative and qualitative characteristics.

Due to Iran's location in the arid and semi-arid region of the world, the possibility of drought is high. Therefore, implementing low irrigation technologies to increase the efficiency of limited water resources is a scientific solution to reduce water consumption. On the other hand, rice receives two to three times more water than other crops and drought in rice is the most important factor limiting production worldwide, which indicates the need for optimal use of water resources to determine the real water needs of rice plants. Therefore, development and introduction of drought tolerant genotypes, using new irrigation methods, is a useful method to improve water productivity and efficiency in the face of drought and water scarcity. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate rice genotypes by measuring traits related to photosynthetic pigments and yield in order to select drought tolerant genotypes.

The present study, evaluated physiological and qualitative traits of grain with 10 rice genotypes that were known as tolerant genotypes in seedling stage based on the measurement of traits and mechanisms of drought tolerance split-plot arrangement using randomized complete blocks design with three replications in 2016, in Research Institute Rice (Mazandaran), Iran. Experimental research include three different irrigation regime (submerged surface (A0), alternate wetting and drying method up to 10 (A1) and 20 (A2) cm below the soil surface) and 10 genotypes rice that respectively are located in the main plots and sub-plots. The studied traits include physiological characteristics such as chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, harvest index, biological yield and grain yield. Photosynthetic pigments were measured by spectrophotometer and its concentration was performed by Welburn and Lichtenthaler (1994) method.

The results showed that the amounts of photosynthetic pigments in low irrigation treatments increased compared to flood irrigation. So that the ratio of chlorophyll a to b and carotenoid content in in AWD20 increased by 5 and 20% compared to flood irrigation treatment, respectively. Genotypes also showed a very significant effect on traits related to photosynthetic pigments and quantitative and qualitative grain yield. The AR8 genotype had the highest chlorophyll a and a / b (average of eight and two µgr.ml, respectively). The highest chlorophyll b and a+b were also observed in Vandana genotype with an average of 5.2 and 13 μg.ml. The highest grain and biological yields were related to Shiroodi and IR74428-153-2-3, respectively. The interaction of the treatments showed that Neda genotype among other genotypes during AWD20 water stress has a greater advantage over the studied traits.

The results of this study indicated the preservation of quantitative and qualitative traits of genotypes under drought stress. Also, genotypes showed different reactions to the studied traits. Neda, Vandana, AR8 and IR74428-153-2-3 genotypes were able to increase photosynthetic capacity and quantitative and qualitative grain yield by applying low irrigation treatments.

To reduce the food insecurity, crop production will have to be doubled, and produced in more environmentally sustainable ways. This can be achieved by expanding the area of crop production, increasing per hectare yield and improving crop quality. Furthermore, during the second half of the past century, rise in per hectare crop productivity was due to improved or high yield potential. The productivity of plants are strongly influenced by environmental stresses. In the water scarcity condition, using deficit irrigation and appropriate cultivar are the most strategies to improve water productivity. Hence, the present study was to design with the following

To determine yield and WUE of forage corn varieties at different levels of irrigation. To study the effect of deficit irrigation on physiological parameters of forage corn . To identify how interaction deficit irrigation and forage corn varieties affect yield, WUE and physiological parameters.

An experiment was conducted during 2018 and 2019 in Gorgan agricultural research station to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation methods under drip irrigation condition on forage yield and physiological parameters of corn cultivars. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design in form of split plot factorial experiment and replicated four times. Treatments were including three irrigation volumes [Irrigation at %100 (I1), %75 (I2) and %50 field capacity (I3)], as A factor, and varieties (SC704, SC705 and SC706) as B factor. In order to the development and management for Corn in summer season, the current study was conducted to find the effects of different varieties and irrigation on yield and physiological parameters of corn. Chlorophyll content was estimated using the method of Witham et al. (1986). Free proline concentration was determined by means of a rapid colorimetric method using an acid ninhydrin procedure developed by Bates et al. (1973). Data were analyzed using SAS. Treatment means were compared usingLSDat the 95%probability level.

Investigation of forage yield at irrigation treatment showed, the highest forage yield of I1 treatment was 50.06 ton ha-1, and reduced by %24.83 and %15.61 respectively when the irrigation interval was reduced by 75% to %50 field capacity. Comparison of fresh forage yield at varieties showed, fresh forage yield of single cross 705 with 45.65 ton ha-1 was%14.04 and %10.29 higher than single cross 704 and single cross 706 respectively. Interaction effect of irrigation value and variety showed, the most fresh forage production was belong treatment of single cross 705 and irrigation at %100 field capacity. Investigation of WUE of forage yield showed, irrigation at %75 field capacity with WUE of 7.94 kg m-3 fresh forage had the most WUE. The variety of single cross 705 with WUE of 7.38 kg m-3 fresh forage had greater WUE compared to other varieties. In the water scarcity condition, using deficit irrigation and appropriate cultivar are the most strategies to improve water productivity. The results derived from the irrigation study showed that despite the possibility of greater surface evaporation with light frequent irrigations, differentials of sorghum varieties and other indicators of plant water stress were found to be improved with low frequent irrigation. Irrespective of variety, intermediate irrigation regime had higher yield than the most frequently irrigated regime. Though, when comparing the three varieties, variety SC705 significantly produced higher dry forage in the main crop. The present findings suggest that in semiarid environments Corn should be irrigated infrequently but heavily. Therefore it is recommended to cultivate SC705 variety in the Gorgan corn farms,

Arnica montana L. is a rare plant under strict protection in several European countries and similar to medicinal plants has high commercial value. Water is one of the environmental factors which has a high impact on the growth and the essential oil content of medicinal plants. Plants are faced with various environmental stresses during their growing period. Each of these stresses has different effects on growth, metabolism, and yield according to the sensitivity level and stage of the plant growth. Management of nutrients consumption along with water consumption management influences the quantitative and qualitative yield of crops and medicinal plants. Manure is one of the organic fertilizer sources whose application in the sustainable management system of soil is conventional. In this regard, organic sources combined with chemical fertilizer can lead to soil fertility and increase crop production, because this system provides most of the plant's nutritional needs and increases the efficiency of nutrient absorption by the crop. This investigation was conducted to The effect of water deficit, combined application of manure and chemical fertilizer on yield, and some morpho-physiological characteristics of Arnica montana L.

A factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research greenhouse, Zist Exsir kemia Company of Esfahan in 2019. The first factor was 5 levels of manure application: 1) no amended fertilizer, 2) 25 percent urea + 75 percent manure 3) 50 percent urea + 50 percent manure 4) 100 percent urea and 5) 100 percent manure, while 4 levels of irrigation regimes: 100 percent, 75 percent, 60 percent and 50 percent of water requirement were used as the second factor. The water need of the other treatments was considered based on the water demand of control with the TDR (Temperature Dependent Resistor) humidity meter. Harvesting of the flowers from each pot was done once a week till the full flowering stage and the number of flowers per plant, dry flower yield, harvest index of the flower, biological yield, proline, electrolyte leakage, stomatal conductance, total chlorophyll, nitrogen uptake efficiency, phenol, and flavonoid content was studied.

The results of the experiment showed that the effect of fertilizer, irrigation regimes, and their interaction was significant on all the characteristics. Means comparison of the interaction effect of fertilizer and irrigation regimes showed that the maximum number of flowers per plant, dry flower yield, and biological yield in 100 percent manure with 100 percent plant water requirement, the maximum harvest index of flower in control with 75 percent plant water requirement, the maximum electrolyte leakage in 100 percent manure with 60 percent plant water requirement, the maximum stomatal conductance in 100 percent manure with 100 percent plant water requirement, the maximum total chlorophyll in 100 percent urea with 100 percent plant water requirement and the maximum phenol, flavonoid and proline contents were derived in 100 percent urea with 50 percent plant water requirement were obtained.

Based on the results obtained in this experiment, it can be concluded that the 100 percent plant water requirement caused a reduction in proline, electrolyte leakage, phenol and flavonoid content, and improved plant growth condition in most of the fertilizer treatments. Moreover, the application of manure (especially at high stress levels) could reduce the effects of drought stress to some extent. So, according to the findings of this study, in order to obtain the maximum plant yield in similar conditions, the application of 100 percent manure with full irrigation is recommended.

Garlic (Allium sativum L) is known as one of the agricultural- medicinal plants. Due to slow growth, small stature, close canopy and shallow roots, have low competitive ability against weeds. Removing weeds in early growing season can significantly help to achieve optimum garlic yield. One way to reduce the effects of weed competition is to application false and stale seedbeds. The aim of this research was to investigate the kind of seedbed treatments with the application of different dosage of Oxyfluorfen herbicide on weed control, yield and yield components of garlic.

A split-plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the cropping year 2020-2021 at Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. The main plot consisted of different planting seedbed 1. Conventional seedbed (without irrigation using plow and disc), 2. Stale seedbed using Paraquat herbicide (4 L/ha SL20%), 3 stale seedbed using Glyphosate herbicide (6 L/ha SL 41%), 4 false seedbed using flame application, 5 false seedbed with manual cultivation and different dosage of Oxyfluorfen herbicide (0, 1, 1.5 and 2 L/ha as split dosage) were considered as subplots.

The relationship between total dry weight of weeds and different dosage of herbicide in seedbed indicated that the highest dry weight of weeds (231 g/m2) in conventional seedbed and the lowest were two treatments for stale seedbed by using, glyphosate and Paraquat herbicides (52 and 48 g/m2). dosage required for 50% reduction of total dry weight of weeds in sampling 50 days after planting in seedbeds, flame cultivation, glyphosate, conventional and Paraquat were predicted 0.81, 0.60, 0.28, 0.75 and 0.50 L/ha respectively. The highest and lowest yield marketable yield of garlic were related to the application of herbicide 1L/ha in stale seedbed with glyphosate (538 g/m2) and Conventional seedbed with non-application herbicide (49 g/m2). Also the results indicated that the yield of garlic in the application of false seedbed with flame was higher than seedbed with cultivation. Wastage percentage of bulbs was 46% in the absence of herbicide in conventional seedbed treatment. Wastage percent of bulbs in application herbicide dose 2 L/ha was higher than 1.5 and 1 L/ha.

Stale and false seedbed significantly reduced the total dry weight of weeds in two samples 50 and 85 days after planting (64 and 48%) and increased garlic yield (50 %) compared to conventional seedbed. Application of 2L/ha of Oxyfluorfen herbicide in all seedbed treatments had effect burning on garlic. Application of 1.5 L/ha of Oxyfluorfen for proper control of weeds and achieving the optimum yield is recommended.

Salinity stress is one of the environmental stresses and restricts growth and production, the intensification of which in recent years has led to a significant reduction in yield in plants. About 20% of the total irrigated land in Iran (about 33 million hectares) is saline land. In Iran, about 7 million hectares of agricultural land have different degrees of salinity, which is likely to increase due to unfavorable factors such as poor drainage, evapotranspiration and improper use of groundwater resources. The first effects of salinity in plants are osmotic stress. Silicon is the second most abundant mineral compound on Earth, and its positive effects on plant tolerance to environmental stresses have been identified. Silica uptake by plants under salinity stress increases H + -ATPase and H + -Ppase activity in plasma membranes and tonoplasts, resulting in decreased sodium uptake and increased potassium uptake and altered ion division in roots and leaves of Plants. Therefore, current research was conducted to investigate the effects of silicon spraying on physiological traits of basil as an important medicinal and food plant under salinity stress.

This experiment was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design with 4 replications in potted conditions in Behbahan city of Khuzestan province in 2021 . The first factor was salinity stress (zero and 150 mmol) and the second factor was silicon spraying (zero and 2 g / l), which was considered in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation. In this experiment, traits such as quantum yield, chlorophyll index measured by SPAD meter, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll, soluble sugar and soluble protein in basil were measured.

Evaluation of the data showed that salinity stress reduced quantum yield, number of chlorophyll meters (SPAD), chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll, soluble sugar and soluble protein. The results of the present study also showed that silicon spraying, especially under salinity stress condition, increased quantum yield, number of chlorophyll meters (SPAD), chlorophyll a, soluble sugar and soluble protein. At the 150 mM salinity stress, the effect of silicon spraying on improving the effects of salinity stress on some traits such as quantumy yield and soluble sugar was more, so that these traits increased by 0.95 and 36.49%, respectively. The interaction of salinity and silicon spraying showed that non-stress irrigation of salinity and silicon spraying increased soluble sugar and soluble basil protein.

The results of this experiment showed the beneficial effects of silicon spraying under salinity stress. The beneficial effects of silicon appear to be more pronounced when the plant is exposed to salinity stress, although this benefit exists under favorable conditions.

Sugar beet is one of the most important industrial plants that is grown in various climates. Crop nutrition management is one of the most important factors in increasing the yield and quality of sugar beet crop. In the proper nutrition of the crop, every element should be available to the plant enough, because in the case of nutritional imbalance, adding a number of nutrients in addition to reducing yield, also disrupts plant growth and ultimately leads to a slight reduction. And the quality of the product will be.

This research was conducted in the year 2019 as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in two regions of West Azerbaijan province, Khoy and Naghadeh counties. Nitrogen factor at four levels as N1 (fifty percent at planting and fifty percent at 6-8 leaf stage), N2 (fifty percent at planting and fifty percent at 8-12 leaf stage), N3 (1.5 times N1) and N4 (1.5 times N2) in main and boron plots in four levels B1 non-use, B2 soil use, B3 as foliar application in two stages of 6-8 leaves and 8-12 leaves and B4 as foliar application in two stages of 8 and 16-20 leaves in the subplot.

The results showed that in all four levels of nitrogen, root boron accumulated at the B4 level and reached its highest level and the minimum root boron was obtained from plants treated in B1 (control treatment). The highest efficiency of boron treatment in increasing root boron observed in N1. Root yield also increased due to increasing amounts of nitrogen and boron. Application of nitrogen at higher levels resulted in an increase in sodium, potassium, α-amino nitrogen and consequently molasses sugar, which with the increase of root impurities, the percentage of root sugar also decreased. Technological yield of sugar is also dependent on root impurities, which decreased with increasing impurity of technological yield, so that the effect of B4 on increasing the technological performance of sugar was more pronounced in N1 and the highest technological yield of sugar was obtained in N1B4. The coefficient of reduction of sugar productivity in all four levels of nitrogen in Khoy was lower compared to Nagadeh, so that at least it belonged to N3 plants in Khoy.

In general, the results showed that the application of nitrogen at higher levels resulted in increased sodium, potassium, harmful nitrogen and molasses sugar and reduced technological performance of sugar and with increasing boron treatment more sugar was stored in the root and consequently root yield increased.

Water stress as the most important environmental stress in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, reduces the quantitative and qualitative yield of crops through affecting on the physiology and biochemistry of plants. Chickpea as an important protein plant is also exposed to Water stress under dryland condition. Damages caused by environmental stresses can partially be reduced with proper nutritional management. The form of nano-fertilizers can be beneficial due to improving plant uptake and accessiblity to the fertilizer. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of mesopor zinc and silicon (zinc nanoparticles immobilized on SBA-15) on the defense system of chickpea in Water stress.

The research was carried out in Research Farm of Maragheh University with geographical coordinates 37°23' N; 46°16' E and 1485 meters above sea surface in northwest of Iran, during 2018-2019 growing season as Split-plot experiment conducted based on a randomized complete block desing with three replications. The main factor included Water stress (W1: 90% of field capicity, W2: 60% of field capacity, W3: 30% of field capacity) and sub factors included fertilizer treatments F1: control (no fertilizer application), F2: zinc sulfate, F3: silicon, F4: zinc sulfate+silicon, F5: mezopor zinc- silicon. Parametrs such as Plant height, grain yield, activity of Catalas, Ascorbat peroxidas, Guaiacol peroxidase enzymes, H2O2, Malone dialdehyde, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and Carotenoid were evaluated.

According to the results of this study, with increasing Water stress intensity, plant height and chlorophyll b significantly decreased and foliar application of mesopor zinc-silicon height increased chlorophyll b about 50% compared to the control. Also the results showed that the catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, chlorophyll a, carotenoid, plant height and grain yield were affected by intraction effect of fertilizer × Water stress. With increasing stress intensity, the amount of hydrogen peroxide increased significantly compared to non stress. On the other hand, in all of the traits, the application of fertilizer treatments, especially mezopor zinc- silicon in Water stress (90%, 60% and 30% of field capicity) have the highest amount.Also mezopor zinc- silicon with increasing antioxidant enzymes catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase were significantly increased, which reduced malondialdehyde by 50% compared to no foliar application in 30% of field capicity. Also, a significant increase in chlorophyll a and carotenoids was observed with the application of this treatment in all three levels Water stress.

In general, the results of this study showed that foliar application of zinc and silicon, especially at high stress intensities is the best treatment composition due to its effect on reducing the amount of hydrogen peroxide and subsequently reducing the amount of malondialdehyde, as well as a positive effect on the plant defense system and reducing Water stress damage and finally increasing grain yield.

Corn is a crop which grows in a wide range of temperatures and due to its diversity, adaptability and high nutritional value is one of the most important crops in the world. Among the required nutrients by crops, nitrogen is the most important nutrient element affecting the quantitative and qualitative yield of crops. Nowadays, the application of biological fertilizers such as vermicompost has been considered as a suitable alternative for chemical fertilizers. The use of vermicompost gives vitality to the soil due to the activity of microorganisms and it is considered a long-term investment and a permanent part of soil structure.

In order to evaluate the accumulation of nitrate in aerial organs and seed yield in corn as affected by the rate of biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers, a field experiment was conducted in 2018 cropping season in Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Iran, Rasht. This experiment was performed as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Maize cultivars including 703, 704 and 705 (as main plot) and the rates of different nitrogen fertilizers such as N1 = no use of nitrogen fertilizer (control treatment), N2= 200, N3= 300 and N4= 400 kg nitrogen per hectare and N5= 8500, N6= 17000 and N7= 25500 kg vermicompost per hectare (as subplot) were comprised experimental treatments.

The results of this experiment showed that the highest corn seed yield and dry forage were obtained in 703 and 705 corn varieties as affected by 300 kg nitrogen per hectare, respectively. The greatest nitrogen accumulation was shown in stem of 705 corn variety. The interaction between 705 corn variety and the application of 300 kg nitrogen per hectare, produced the highest stem dry weight. The greatest weight of leaf dry was obtained in 704 crop variety as affected by 25500 kg vermicompost fertilizer per hectare that had no significant difference with the application of 300 kg nitrogen fertilizer per hectare. The application of vermicompost fertilizer increased the dry weight of photosynthetic area of plant (leaf) in 704 variety and decreased 1000-seed weight of corn. Hence, the seed yield of corn decreased in response to vermicompost fertilizer compared to nitrogen fertilizer.

Results showed that the highest rate of nitrogen was accumulated in stem of 705 variety of corn. Increment of the dry weight of leaves in 704 and 705 varieties of corn in response to 300 kg nitrogen per hectare and 25500 kg vermicompost per hectare had no significant difference. The application of vermicompost biological fertilizer in comparison to nitrogen chemical fertilizer could enhance the dry weight of photosynthetic area of plant (leaf) in 704 variety of corn. But, seed yield of corn decreased as affected by biological vermicompost fertilizer compared to chemical nitrogen fertilizer.