نشریه اقتصاد باثبات
سال سوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 8، پاییز 1401)

The properly and optimized the facilities and credit can lead to increased investment, production, employment and economic growth. In addition, budgetary credits as financial policy plays an important role in economic growth. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the relationship between government budget credits and bank credits based on financial and monetary policy on economic growth and distribution of revenue in the country's provinces. In this regard, the credits allocated to different provinces have been evaluated based on the monetary and financial policy. To analyze this relationship, statistical information from 2000-2019 and panel autoregressive methods were used. The results of the impulse from the budget credits had a positive effect on the economic growth of the provinces. It has also led to a more inappropriate distribution of income in the country's provinces. The effects of monetary policy on economic growth variables and revenue distribution have been such as government spending, but the intensity of monetary policy has been greater than financial policy. The results of the impulse from the budget credits had a positive effect on the economic growth of the provinces. It has also led to a more inappropriate distribution of income in the country's provinces. The effects of monetary policy on economic growth variables and revenue distribution have been such as government spending, but the intensity of monetary policy has been greater than financial policy.The results of the impulse from the budget credits had a positive effect on the economic growth of the provinces. It has also led to a more inappropriate distribution of income in the country's provinces. The effects of monetary policy on economic growth variables and revenue distribution have been such as government spending, but the intensity of monetary policy has been greater than financial policy.

New viewpoints related to the financial system indicate that the financial structure of the economy is endogenously determined by the structure of the real sector; In this way, the structure of the real sector in each stage of economic development is considered an effective factor in the composition of the banking system and the capital market. Due to the lack of a similar internal study, statistical data for Iran's economy in the period of 1357-1399 was collected and in the first step, using the Gregory-Hansen cointegration test, the hypothesis of the existence of a long-term relationship between the real structure, the financial structure and other control variables have been investigated. The obtained result indicates the existence of a long-term relationship; The result was also confirmed by the ARDL bounds test approach. In the second step, the long-term and short-term model coefficients were estimated and then using causality test, the causal relationship between the structure of the financial and real sectors was investigated. The findings of the second phase show that the structure of the real sector of Iran's economy, which is measured by the ratio of the value added of the agricultural and industrial sectors to the total economy value added, has not had a significant effect on the financial structure of the economy although both short-run and long-run causality relationship verified. Considering the various types of financial services that the banking system and the capital market provide and the types of financial needs that companies need in the real sector, it can be concluded that the financial sector of Iran's economy has not been able to meet the financial needs of companies. In other words, the structure of Iran's financial sector is far from its desired level.

Inflation rate, one of the components of economic stability, has always been a special concern of policy makers. Therefore, in addition to increasing instability in the economy, a high inflation rate causes an increase in welfare losses, a decrease in household purchasing power, and an increase in uncertainty in the economy. In addition, it makes long-term decisions such as savings, investment, work, and retirement difficult, and by increasing the probability of making a mistake in estimating the future inflation rate, it causes losses to economic enterprises. Based on economic theories, factors affecting inflation are divided into three categories: inflation caused by demand pressure, inflation caused by cost pressure, and structural inflation. Therefore, inflation reduces the credibility of macroeconomic policymakers, especially the central bank, and its continuation can cause political and social instability. The components of the knowledge-based economy can also lead to the reduction of inflation through the channel of improving institutional quality, increasing the productivity of production factors, reducing production costs and improving the level of innovation. In this research, the factors affecting inflation with emphasis on the knowledge-based economy in oil exporting countries are investigated using the generalized moment method (GMM) in the time period (2011-2021). The results show that Lag of inflation, liquidity growth rate, GDP growth difference from liquidity growth, economy openness and government consumption expenditure in different scenarios have a positive effect and real GDP growth, institutional regime and economic incentives, human capital, research and market complexity have had a negative effect on the inflation rate. Information and communication technology index has not had significant effects on inflation.

What are the prerequisites for economic development? What system should countries choose in the economic and political structures to achieve economic prosperity? Theoretically, there are some implications that political freedom is necessary for economic freedom and economic development. In fact, it is the choice of a democratic political structure that puts countries on the path of development. Of course, some believe that political freedom is not a necessary condition, and countries can move towards development without political freedom. Accordingly,, there are two general views regarding the development process. On one hand, some believe that development is a fierce process that requires an iron fist. As a result, political and economic freedoms can be postponed until per capita income increases sufficiently. On the other hand, others consider development as a friendly process and believe that a growth-oriented strategy will be possible along with the strengthening of political and social freedoms. The present paper evaluates the role of political and economic freedoms to achieve human development. TIn this regard, the Freedom House, Fraser’s Economic Freedom, and Human Development Indices for 119 countries from the 1970 to 2018 (including 2497 observations) were collected. The findings showed that the level of political freedom explains the difference in human development and its sub-indicators (per capita income, education, and health) among countries in the world. The role of economic freedom is also weakly confirmed for the 1990s onwards. Therefore, human development is not possible without the expansion of civil liberties and political rights based on democracy, although the democracy alone may not be enough.

The world today is facing challenges that are caused by the transformations resulting from the progress of science and technology and the design of new needs. In this regard, the smart city model is a new solution that, in accordance with the advancement of information and communication technology and meeting the new needs of citizens in their urban life, forces urban planners to review and rethink their actions. This research, which is in the field of identifying the main and key factors in the future of the smart city in Tabriz metropolis, in terms of purpose and in terms of method, a combination of documentary and survey methods and in terms of nature, is based on the new methods of futures scientific, analytical and exploratory methods that have been done using a combination of qualitative and quantitative models.Meanwhile, to apply appropriate policy strategies, some 55 primary factors were identified by the panel of experts by using the resource review and Delphi method. In order to determine the key factors and effective drivers in this system, 16 factors were introduced using the cross-impact matrix. The final findings indicate that smart economy and smart mobility have the largest share as the main actors in this collection and will play a more effective role in the future of Smart City and it is expected that driver affecting on the smart future of Tabriz metropolis be one comprising mobility and economic components.Based on the results, among the 55 factors identified, 16 factors played a major role as key factors effective in the smart future process of Tabriz metropolis and were recognized as the main actors. The main requirement for developing scenarios for key factors is the definition of possible situations and a detailed analysis of the upcoming conditions, and finally 61 possible situations were compiled for 16 key factors. By thoroughly evaluating possible situations, 7856 possible scenarios, 21 plausible scenarios and 5 scenarios with high probability of future condition of Smart City in Tabriz were identified

In the time series econometric literature, data generation and stationary are important issues in model selection and estimation method. Difference Stationary and Trend Stationary processes are data generation procedures. In Difference Stationary specification (integrated), the stochastic component follows a random walk process (unit root process) that it yields stationary by differencing, while in trend Stationary specification process, the stochastic component follows a stationary process. The variable variation pattern in the random walk model with trend (random) and the trend stationary model (deterministic trend) is very similar. The revealed facts show the upward trend of Iran's macroeconomic variables over the past few decades, which are very close to the variation pattern of trend and Difference Stationary models. In empirical work, the distinction between these two models is not simple, and misapplying of tests cause incorrect results in the research process. The purpose of this paper is to review again how to perform a unit root test and identify the nature of (deterministic or random) trends of macroeconomic time series of Iran. In the first step, the generalized Dickey Fuller root unit test (ADF) was performed using the Dolado et al. (1990) and Hamilton (1994) approach and then Perron's test (1989) was used to investigate structural break. The results show that 4 variables of 6 time series including nominal GDP, industrial value added, consumer prices and stock money follow the random walk process with positive drift (random trend), but real GDP and stock price index follow the trend stationary process (deterministic process).