Regarding increasing practices of the United States in exercising unilateral sanctions against targeted States and also the third States, the study on special kinds of sanctions named" secondary sanctions", seems to be absolutely necessary.The United States, by its secondary sanctions, affected the principles of international relations such as the independence and the political and legal sovereignty of States and blemished the primary rules of international law in different fields including the international economy and trade. According to American secondary sanctions, the third international entities especially the big commercial companies which do trade in American territory, are not allowed to do business with sanctioned countries. In case of non-obedience that company will be under heavy sanctions of the American domestic law.

The present study was conducted by descriptive and analytical methods.

This research intends to study the legality of secondary sanctions from the international law perspective. For this purpose, the compatibility of the international customary and conventional rules were studied and analyzed. The output of the research demonstrates the fact that the secondary sanctions of the United States against I.R of Iran are baseless according to the international customary and conventional rules and lacks international legality. The EU practices on limiting secondary sanctions effects shows that American sanctions has not approved by States practices.

The growth and development of technology and its expansion have caused criminals to use these technologies as required by their criminal acts, so that today identifying criminals has become one of the most important concerns related to the security of countries, the evolution in the nature of committing crimes Especially, the organization, transnationalization and technicalization of crimes requires a change in the approach of the police and the criminal investigation procedure, which should be upgraded and transformed in line with the change in the type of crimes committed. According to the advances in genetic science, the achievements of this knowledge can be used in the identification and prosecution of dangerous and international criminals.

The current research is practical and descriptive-survey in terms of type and purpose, the statistical population of this research includes 217 specialized police officers in Faraja in the year 1400, the data collection tool is a researcher's questionnaire based on the Likert scale. The obtained information was analyzed in a descriptive-inferential manner.

The findings of statistical data analysis show the significance of tests and the effectiveness of biological evidence in tracking and identifying criminals in transnational crimes. According to the results of the research and the role of biological evidence in the detection of transnational crimes, in order to discover transnational crimes and deal with criminals in a targeted way, the use of genetic knowledge by international police investigation officers is inevitable.

One of the claims against real estate is the claim of aggressive possession, which is considered a part of legal claims in addition to the criminal aspect.. In iran's legal system, the seizure of Adwani is the former squatter's claim that another, without his consent, has taken immovable property from his possession and demands the restitution of his possession for that property. In The United Kingdom, the "force possession" lawsuit has been raised, so that for a dispute that a person is immovable about property and wants to remove someone who harasses his property, they use the title of "force possession", while it is rooted in British law in judicial procedure and has influenced French law on the basis of principles.

This article was written by analytical-descriptive method with the aim of investigating these claims in Iranian and British law.

In the cases of the seizure of Adwani, the Iranian legislator has supported the appearance of seizure and the basis for the provisions governing these claims is to protect public order. Overtaking either the plaintiffs, the newness of the adopted takeover or being a part of the adwani are among the pillars of the realization of the claims of the seizure. In England, in order to raise a dispute over the possession of Adwani for the study of ownership, three main elements, namely the existence of real seizure, the conflict of possession and the expiration of the legal period, and generally can be enumerated the conditions for the seizure of Adwani to study ownership based on the doctrine of time in publicity, openness and unambiguousness, proprietorship and conflict.

The spread of the corona virus in China at the end of 2019 and the beginning of 2020 has once again turned the minds of the world community towards the issue of biological attacks. At the same time, the development of biological weapons has become a challenge for the present age. Accordingly, the question is whether humanitarian law developments cover biological attacks. What are the dimensions of this regarding the spread of the virus?

This research was carried out in terms of practical purpose and in terms of gathering information by documentary method and through the study of valid laws and sources, and the obtained information was analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manner.

One of the most dangerous non-conventional weapons of mass destruction are biological weapons, based on the 1925 Geneva Protocol and the 1975 Convention on Biological and Toxin Weapons; Their production, acquisition, transfer and storage is prohibited. In spite of the prohibitions stipulated in international humanitarian law, the special characteristics of biological weapons in terms of the impossibility of distinguishing between military and civilians, the difficulty of identifying the type and origin of these weapons have practically created a huge challenge in the way of applying these regulations. These huge changes in biological weapons require bigger changes in international humanitarian law, changes that should be made both in the concepts and examples and in the nature of the said regulations. This important issue undoubtedly requires the participation of all countries and international governmental and non-governmental organizations.

The necessity and discussion about the rule of law in the procedure of the Security Council after decades of neglect has attracted the attention of jurists. Paying attention to the rule of law with its emphasis on human rights is the concept of limiting the arbitrary power of governments in order to preserve fundamental individual rights and freedoms and is a tool to maintain international peace and security for the promotion of human rights.

The current research was done with a descriptive-analytical method.

The discussion of the rule of law in the Security Council has contained different perceptions, and this has caused it to still not be defined in most sources; Because the rule of law and its implementation are used as a political tool in the hands of the members of the Security Council and to take advantage of their political interests. This in itself shows the dominance of practical politics over the international arena and the precedence of politics over rights, in many cases international rules by its drafters.

cultural heritage due to military, political, religious and economic reasons; Throughout history, they have always been attractive targets in armed conflicts, international and domestic, the review of the competent body to deal with crimes against cultural heritage at the international level is a significant issue and this article will review the capacity of the International Criminal Court with regard to the ruling procedure for dealing with the Al-Mahdi case.

The current research is descriptive-analytical in terms of practical purpose, in terms of implementation method, and data collection is done through document review and data collection and by using library resources and available research documents.

The International Criminal Court, which was established in the context of human rights, to protect human beings and their values, and all its mechanisms and tools in line with this goal, unfortunately, are based on the innovative criminal provisions of the second additional protocol to the convention. The Hague is indifferent to the protection of cultural property in armed conflicts. One of the most important challenges in the field of cultural heritage protection is the lack of a definition of cultural heritage in the statute, the superiority of the approach that favors the benefit of civilians over the innovative approach based on cultural values, and finally the incomplete criminalization of harmful acts against cultural heritage.

Considering the existing ambiguity regarding the protection of cultural heritage in the statute of the court, it is important to pay attention to the decisions issued by the court regarding the protection of cultural heritage, and the decision of this court in the Al-Mahdi case regardless of its symbolic value. has revealed the inefficiency in the protection of cultural heritage and the necessity of revising related laws and regulations, especially the Rome Statute

The International Court of Justice is a part of the United Nations system, and as an international actor, it should pay attention to the developments in the political and social structure of the international community and the supremacy of some values ​​over the will of governments. This organization itself is actually a system that was created to ensure security and achieve permanent peace. International law, like domestic law, is not pre-arranged, the court cannot be binding, but the court has an essential role in ratifying laws, Therefore, the court derives the rule while not making a law. What was studied in this article is the breaking structure made by the court "in the case of military and paramilitary actions of the United States of America against Nicaragua".

The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical and library and internet sources were used to collect information.

In the case of Nicaragua, the court, in proving its opinion that the principle of prohibition of use of force and the principle of non-intervention are customary, cites and expresses several conventions. The 1944 Chicago Convention has emphasized the exclusive and complete sovereignty of a country over its airspace, and the 1958 Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Seas and the 1982 Monte Gobi Convention have also taken steps in this direction. Citing the above conventions, the court comes to the conclusion that "the provisions of the aforementioned conventions are merely a positive response to the established and previous principles of customary international law."

 Generally, appearance of values in global society (peace, human rights, people's self-determination and ...) is of such universal importance that in considered non derogatory by the states in their interactions and terms; therefore, it is believed by a lot of states that the reaction to sever breach of these values are inevitably more severe than of those which is related to bilateral legal communication. As a result, it is imagined that this reaction should have public and collective aspect in comparison with private and bilateral reactions.

Method:

This article is written in analytical-descriptive method.

Findings and results:

The practice of reaction to sever and widespread breaches of human rights show that in other areas, severe reactions to breaches are allowed. Hence in the present research, the author is trying to block the states who own modern military weapons’ way to resort to excuse and deception in using these weapons and guarantee the liability of the states using them in a desirable way for other states by suggesting doubled obligations in addition to corroborated responsibility.