Due to its special geographical location, Iran is a land that has touched the nomadic phenomenon at the very beginning and is considered one of the most important nomadic regions in the world. The history of nomadism in Iran reaches more than 8000 years, and despite the decrease in their number throughout the history of the country and compared to the sedentary population, they are still known as the third most important community in the country and have their own unique economy. One of the prominent characteristics of Iranian nomads is the influence of their cultural manifestations in all the affairs of this country, so that the culture of Iran is a collection of the functioning of the nomadic cultures of the region.

based on the review nature of the research and using the method of collecting data and information in a documentary-library way and the author's scientific experiences, the descriptive-applied research method has been used to determine the numerical changes of the nomadic population of Iran.Geographical area of research: The geographical scope of the current research is based on the results of the national census of the nomadic nomads of the country on the scale of Iran, which are distributed in all the provinces of the country, except for the Kurdistan province, in the form of the Ili territory or a part of it.

The study of the country's nomadic population statistics from the Qajar period until now, which is mostly based on estimates, shows that the number and percentage of the nomadic population of Iran has been decreasing since the past and during the time of the first Pahlavi and Second, due to the policy of forced settlement (Takhte Qapu), their population share has decreased. For the first time in 1366, after the nationwide census of nomadic tribes of the country, official statistics of nomads were presented by the Statistics Center, based on these statistics, the nomadic population of Iran was equal to 180,223 households and 1,152,099 people. It has increased to 212,660 households and 1,186,830 people, respectively.

Nomads are scattered in 59% of the country's area, which includes 30 provinces out of the total of 31 provinces, and in the form of 104 clans and 560 independent clans, despite the decrease in the number and percentage of the nomad population from the Qajar period until now compared to the urban and rural population. According to the results of the nationwide census of nomadic nomads in Iran, the number of households and population of nomads has been increasing by 117.93% and 103.01%, respectively, during the years 1366 to 1387.

Introduction:

 A historical review of the evolution of demographic developments and livelihood changes in rangeland users could help to better understand the desired strategies. It could also provide livelihood alternatives and feasible policy frameworks in order to improve rangeland status and overcome crises and challenges facing sustainable rangeland management.

Purpose of the research: 

 In line with tribal affairs and the status of their rangeland-dependent livelihoods, four main aims are examined. First, a historical assessment of the evolution of demographic changes is presented (1). Subsequently, livestock production systems are described (2). Then, the situation of rangeland-dependent livelihoods in Iran is explained (3). Finally, while presenting the livelihood perspective in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province and in particular, Bazaft, suggestions for sustainable rangelands management are presented (4).

Methodology :

This paper evaluates the data and information of historical periods by reviewing historical sources in the field of pastoralists livelihoods and tribal affairs of Iran.Geographical area of research Demographic changes and livelihood developments of rangeland users, and by reviewing sources in the field of rangeland management, the paper evaluates the data and information of periods.

The results of summarizing and reviewing the resources show that the imbalance between humans, livestock and rangeland and reducing the share of livestock products are the main challenges of sustainable rangeland management in Iran.

In this regard, it is necessary to pay attention to a comprehensive perspective that could use all the potentials of the region for sustainable rangeland management. Sustainable rangeland management would be achieved while maintaining a balance between livestock, rangeland and humans to a variety of livelihoods in order to develop the complementary livelihoods of rangeland users in planning and policy making. Future studies could explain the shortcomings (weaknesses) of policy in the context of sustainable rangeland management and then, develop a policy-oriented livelihood framework.

Nomadic life is one of the ways of human livelihood that spreads in arid and semi-arid regions. The life of nomad depends on geographical factors such as climate and topographical conditions. Nomads migrate according to the environmental conditions in order to raise livestock. Therefore, the type of migration is mandatory.

The purpose of the research: 

Investigating the life of nomadic tribes of Iran at the end of the Qajar and Reza Shah periods.

This research analyzes the life of Iranian nomads at the end of the Qajar period with a descriptive-analytical method.The scope of the research: the geographical area of Iran and in the time period of 1920 AD onwards.

In 1920, the country of Iran was completely chaotic and the central government only controlled Tehran and its suburbs. The nomadic population at that time was 1.3 to 1.4 of the total population. In 1921, Reza Shah came to power through a coup d'état, and at first took charge of the Ministry of War, organized and equipped his army, and then officially came to power in 1925. Reza Shah's plans for the nomads consisted of disarming the nomads, forcing them to resettle and changing their cultural and social structure. Reza Shah's tactic to suppress the nomads was to make peace treaties with the big nomads and then after suppressing the weak nomads, Reza Khan among the tribes the nomads created differences and finally fought with the big nomadic leaders and suppressed them.

The results showed that Reza Shah's goal for Iran at that time was a united, independent, one-language and secular Iran.

Soil is one of the most important components of pasture ecosystems, which causes the production and growth of various plants on pastures. The excessive pressure of livestock on the pastures to resolve the necessary and unnecessary agricultural, biological and economic needs of humans has caused the destruction of the soil and vegetation in the pastures.

Purpose of the research: 

Considering the importance of studying the effects of livestock presence in natural ecosystems, the present study investigates the effect of continuous livestock traffic in natural ecosystems on some soil factors in Sarfaryab. For this purpose, two sites of continuous livestock traffic and a site without livestock traffic were selected.

In each of the studied sites, a transect with a length of 1000 meters was installed and at a distance of one hundred meters, a plot of 1 * 1 square meter was systematically randomly placed and soil samples were taken from each corner and center of the plot to a depth of 10 cm. They were mixed together and 20 soil samples were taken and studied for soil texture factors, organic matter, electrical conductivity, potassium percentage, phosphorus, nitrogen and soil acidity. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22 using independent t-test.

Geographical area of research: 

Sarfaryab is located 28 km northeast of Charam in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces.

The results of soil analysis showed; All the studied factors except soil acidity in the two studied sites have a significant difference at the level of 1% and livestock traffic causes an increase in some factors such as sand percentage and soil electrical conductivity and a decrease in some factors such as phosphorus, potassium, percentage Nitrogen, clay percentage and soil silt percentage.

Irregular livestock grazing reduces some soil factors such as potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, clay and silt, as well as increasing the electrical conductivity, acidity and sand of the soil.

In applied studies to solve ecological problems related to the management and protection of natural ecosystems, it is very important to know and investigate vegetation. Ecological investigation of the vegetation of Zagros forests, which are considered the largest vegetation area in the country, the issue of protection and protection is of particular importance.

Purpose of the research: 

In this study, the flora of Darbadam pasture area in the territory of nomads was investigated.

This area is located at 45°51' to 46°37' east longitude and 33°49' to 34°28' north latitude. The area of ​​this area is about 1000 square kilometers with an altitude of 1335 meters above sea level. According to Amberje's formula, it has a dry and cold climate Geographical area of research: Darbadam is a mountainous region with an average annual rainfall of 414.72 mm. The average maximum temperature is 37°C in August and the average minimum temperature is -20°C in January. The vegetation of this area was studied by floristic method and then their biological forms and geographical distribution were determined.

In general, there are 41 genera, 145 genera and 225 species in the region. Out of 145 genera, 27 genera (18.62%) and 36 species (16%) belong to monocots and 118 genera (37 81.) and 189 species (84%) belong to dicotyledons. The largest plant families in terms of the number of species are: Compositae with 33 species, Papilionaceae with 24 species, Poaceae with 18 species, Lamiaceae with 15 species, Boraginaceae with 13 species, Apiaceae with 12 and Liliaceae with 12 species. The life forms of plants in the region according to the Rankier method include 44.8% of phanerophytes, 22/ 10% is cryptophyte, 41.33% is hemicryptophyte, 2.66% is camphyte and 36.44% is trophyte.

The study of the geographical distribution of the flora of the region showed that the most geographical distribution is related to the Iranian-Turanian region with 124 species (55.11%) and the Iranian-Turanian/Mediterranean region with 39 species (17.33%). The high percentage of Iranian-Turanian elements shows that the protected area belongs to this phytochorion.

Introduction :

Synonym analysis is one of the types of co-occurrence analysis and is one of the important methods of bibliometrics that is used to map the relationship between concepts, ideas, and problems in basic sciences and social sciences.

The scientometric study of scientific research in the field of nomadic geography is a subject that has not been addressed so far; Therefore, the analysis of the scientific flow of migration geography can play an essential role in identifying important research areas.Geographical area of research Using full enumeration method, metadata of related documents available in ScienceDirect scientific database from 1999 to 2022 were counted and irrelevant options were filtered. In the defined period of time (23 years), the number of productions in this field in the world included 12,684 documents, which data were collected by using the title field and by entering the keyword "Nomadic" in the search bar of the mentioned database.

In terms of article type, 2 types of research and review articles, in terms of title, 11 publication titles in 6 subject areas between 1999-2022 with a total of 771 results were identified and stored in the VOSviewer software environment for retrieval and scientometric analysis.

Holocene, Africa, desertification, and semi-arid are key words that have been mentioned in the field of migration between 2011-2012. Since 2016, the keyword of climate change is an emerging and prominent word that has created a special connection with the words of agriculture, conflict, resilience and culture. Finally, the number of 9 maps was condensed and it became clear that the review of its core keywords can be a valuable guide for studies related to nomadism in the future.

Introduction:

 Environmental crisis is one of the most important challenges that humanity is facing in this century. The way to face this environmental crisis is definitely decisive in the quality of life of the current and future generations. Many of these environmental problems are rooted in the lack of awareness and cultural weakness in the relationship between humans and nature.

Purpose of the research: 

The goal is to know the causal conditions in order to promote the culture of preserving the environment and natural resources.

Methodology:

 The approach of the current research is qualitative and the data theory method based on the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin is used as the research method.Geographical area of research The geographical scope of this research is related to the local communities of users all over the country of Iran.

Results and discussion :

Causal conditions in this research, which are the reasons that motivated the researcher to conduct this research and made him seek to provide a model for the central phenomenon of media education. Therefore, the results obtained from among the categories extracted from all the interviews showed that in the media dimension, economic dimension, managerial dimension and social dimension of the main categories, the causal conditions of the media have been obtained and used in order to achieve the goals.

Conclusion:

 Managers' use of media and public relations and media analyzes of the environment play a fundamental role in good environmental governance. Therefore, the most rational thing is to give the highest value to the media as background factors for the maintenance of national resources.

Introduction:

 Livelihood is recognized as a center for sustainable rangeland management. Thus, in order to achieve sustainable rangeland management attention to livelihood is crucial. In this regard, Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization of Iran in order to deal with the challenges and problems of natural resource management and improved livelihoods of rangeland users has approved and implemented protection, conservation, development, rehabilitation and rehabilitation projects.

Purpose of the research: 

Plant diversity in rangelands and, consequently, the abundance of animal species can provide diverse service and functional potentials and values. Due to climate conditions and utilization techniques of arid and semi-arid rangelands, this species has become especially important issue.

Methodology :

This research methodologically is descriptive-analytical-survey. The statistical population was informed experts of the General Department of Natural Resources of Isfahan province and Feraidunshahr city and rangeland users of Feraidunshahr city.  In this study, non-probability method and purposeful sampling of experienced experts of the organization, experts and key local informants were used. Based on the main aim of research, the structured questionnaire of livelihood capital was developed.Questionnaire data scale based on the Likert scale were collected quantitatively, entered into Excel, and then analyzed by SPSS software. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the panel of experts and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's test.Geographical area of research The statistical population was informed experts of the General Department of Natural Resources of Isfahan province and Feraidunshahr city and rangeland users of Feraidunshahr city.

Results and discussion:

 Kruskal-Wallis post hoc analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the criteria of livelihood capital for both groups of rangeland users and experts. In addition, Mann-Whitney analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the perspectives of users and experts. The study discussed the divergence and convergence of the views of the target groups.

Conclusion:

 In general, natural and human capital has the highest importance among livelihood capital, which indicates its special importance of in future planning and policy-making for sustainable rangeland management.

Introduction:

 Today, a crucial part of development, especially rural development, is rural settlement planning, which is part of national and regional development. As urban management is a necessary part of cities, rural municipalities are the functional institute for rural areas. They represent villages in national and regional development frameworks.

Purpose of the research:

 The research aims to evaluate the performance of rural municipalities in the process of rural management. Also, the study investigated the role of rural municipalities as managerial organizations at the micro level.

Methodology:

 This research is descriptive-analytical. First, a library research method and then a field study was used to achieve the research goals. The research tool was a questionnaire for two groups of rural mayors and the head of the household. The total number of households in the ten studied villages was 3207. The sample size was estimated to be 343 people by Cochran's formula. SPSS software was used to analyze the data.
Geographical area of research The study area was the territory of nomads of Khararud Rural District in Khodabandeh County.

Results and discussion :

The findings show that the formation of rural municipalities significantly improved all social, economic and physical environmental aspects of the development in the villages. According to Friedman's test, the highest performance of rural municipalities is related to the physical-environmental dimension and then the social and economic dimension.

Conclusion:

 Many facilities have been provided for the villagers after the formation of rural municipalities, which is a factor in rural development.

Introduction :

The nomadic community as a strong capacity in the resistance economy and economic production in the society should not be neglected by the authorities, and considering this important fact that one of the enemy's plans is to weaken the spirit of self-confidence among the people and the relationship with the authorities, so the authorities should interact as much as they can. And increase communication and honest service to the people according to the slogan of the year, which is named after the government and the nation, empathy and common language. Therefore, emphasizing the need to pay attention to strong human and intellectual resources in the society compared to domestic productions and to theorize the role of nomadic society in the resistance and security:  economy in other think tanks to witness growth and development in different fields.

Purpose of the research: 

The aim of the research is to investigate the powerful role of the nomadic community in advancing the policy and strategic strategy of the sustainable development vision of the Iranian nomads to reach a dynamic economy in the world.

Methodology :

Descriptive and analytical research method and data collection method is based on the study of library and field documents and sources. The method of analysis is argumentative and inferential.
Geographical area of research Nomads of the Shahson tribe are present in Ardabil province, in the northwest of Iran. Qeshlaq of this tribe is located in the north of Ardabil province with an area of about 400 thousand hectares and includes the Mughan Plain.

Results and discussion:

 Considering that the urban society is a consumer-oriented society and that most of the cities are located in the border areas of Iran's nomadic tribes, the findings of the research indicate that the Shahson nomads play an important role in the resistance economy and security of the urban area and are an economic base. and security for urban and rural settlements.

Conclusion:

 The general results of the research show the productive and security role of the nomads, especially the Shahson nomads, in the area of urban settlements. Therefore, to advance this goal, it is suggested to pay special attention to the nomadic community from economic and social aspects.

The social composition of Iranian society consists of three distinct populations: urban, rural and nomadic. Due to the fact that Iran has different ethnicities since ancient times, in this regard, it has a very suitable platform for planning all kinds of tourism, and due to the fact that it is one of the few countries where migration continues as in the past, and the nomads of Iran still have their traditions. It can be a good place for nomadic tourism, in the meantime, the nomadic territory with its natural attractions, traditional, cultural and environmental resources and potentials is a great opportunity for the development of nomadic tourism in Iran.

The purpose of the research: 

The purpose of the present research is to examine and analyze the neglected capacities of tourism in the nomadic area Razvanshahr. The purpose of the research The purpose of the present research is to examine and analyze the neglected capacities of tourism in the nomadic area Razvanshahr.Geographical area: Rezvanshahr county is located in the northern part of Iran, between the shores of the Caspian Sea and the Talash mountain range, and consists of two plains and mountains. This city has a common border with the Caspian Sea and Talesh city from the north, Khalkhal city from the west, Soumesara and Masal cities from the south, and Bandar Anzali city from the east.

According to experts, Razvanshahr region has a great and extensive religion, has an original and ancient civilization, and due to its special location and favorable climate and weather, it has many historical, cultural, and natural attractions. It has also provided a lot for nomadic tourism, among them; (Nomadic life customs) with a weight value of (0.411) is one of the most important neglected capacities in this area, and progress and development in this area can be a great help in better identifying nomadic tourism in this area.

Identifying the neglected capacities of nomadic tourism is a part of the tourism market and a source of employment and income, and a strategy to preserve the environment and traditional culture of nomads, and a complementary and diversifying source in the nomadic economy, and as a result, a policy for economic development. It is considered social and ecological of nomadic societies.

The corona virus epidemic in the world has disrupted many jobs and businesses and has put the livelihood of millions of people in an unstable situation. Illness and respiratory symptoms, death or loss of employment, especially for heads of households, are a threat to food security, including in rural areas that were born from the Covid-19 crisis.

In terms of purpose, the research is applied-developmental research Jirga, in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method, and documentary and field studies (semi-structured interviews) were used to collect data and information. The statistical population of the research is East Azarbaijan province (in 2015, it has a population of 1100220 people and 335878 rural households). The sample size is 48 people, business owners, villagers, district experts, university professors, etc., who were selected using the qualitative and theoretical method. Qualitative method of grounded theory was used to analyze data and information.Geographical area of researchThe geographical scope of this research is rural settlements in the nomadic areas of East Azarbaijan province.

The findings of this research showed that after conducting semi-structured interviews with the sample population and open coding these interviews led to the identification of 37 general concepts, 26 categories and 18 indicators that show the effects of the spread of the corona virus in It shows the rural communities in the nomadic areas of East Azarbaijan province.

Conclusion:

 The results showed that the spread of the corona virus in the rural areas of this province, especially in the nomadic territory, has had an impact on the livelihood capital of the villagers. Loss of permanent job, decrease in income and financial ability, decrease in motivation to create new job, food security, decrease in spatial flow of goods and products, increase in social anomaly, decrease in social trust, increase in stress and psychological pressure, transportation problems and intercity traffic and reducing social connections, reducing the flow of incoming capital, reducing the flow of people, the need to receive bank facilities, the expectation of institutional support, etc. are among them.