مجله تاریخ ایران
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 91، پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Historical narratives and theoretical justifications have placed the central sign of "Kurdishness" in an idolized and transcendental conceptual position, So that the review of this phenomenon itself has just been neglected; The present study is about to investigate the changes of the objectification of "Kurdishness" from the Kurdish local governments to the rise of the modern state; To this end, with a radical critique of the approaches of primordialism, ethnocentrism and modernism-constructivism and taking a discourse perspective, the developments of Kurdish identity will be examined and the discourse formulations of such a phenomenon will be clarified. The research method was Foucault's discourse analysis and the method of selecting documents have beeb on purposeful sampling. The findings of the study indicate that the previous epistemological order had a linguistic-ethnic connotation that with the penetration of changes and developments such as First World War and subsequent centralizing power of the government on the verge of emergence, identification mechanisms are placed in the field of politics and find meaning within such a field. In fact, according to the findings of this study, it can be said that before the world war, as a breaking point, the linguistic-religious and ethnic community represented the Kurdish identity, and after that, it takes a social-politicized form.

The Qajars used other measures and policies to protect and govern the territory of the forbidden countries of Iran in the beginning of their rule, in addition to using the power of the sword. The tradition of family rule or the use of members of the royal family as rulers at the state and provincial levels was one of these measures, which had already been used by some former ruling families such as the Seljuks and Safavids.The findings of the study, which was conducted by historical method and descriptive-analytical approach, show that Agha Mohammad Khan, as the founder of the Qajar dynasty, continued the tradition of family rule by employing all members of the royal family as rulers to govern different states and provinces of Iran. Dad and two of his immediate successors, Fath Ali Shah and Mohammad Shah, introduced a kind of innovation in this tradition by restricting the use of members of the royal family to the king's sons and grandsons.

The in-depth rooted and protracted relations between Iran and China flourished in the Mongols and Timurids era,which included various political, economic, cultural, and artistic aspects. Many of the continuation requirements of the diverse relations between Iran and China were lost in the early 10th/16th century due to their political and economic situation, changing the political geography of Asia, the emergence of new powers between the two lands, altering their balance of political and economic forces in the world,and increasing influence of Europeans around Iran and China.The relations between Iran and China were not focused on by the rulers and elites of the two lands during the Safavid dynasty(907-1135 AH)unlike the mentioned rulers. Despite the significant changes and degradation in the types and quality of relations between these two countries during the Safavid era,some aspects and types of relations between Iran and China were limitedly maintained.Maintaining this type of relationship was due to preserving the previous contexts and affecting the heritage of the relations between the two lands and some economic necessities.This descriptive-analytical study aimed to evaluate the relations between Iran and China during the Safavid period using scattered information and few historical, literary,scientific,and artistic references.The results indicated that these relations were mainly in economic, scientific, and artistic fields. The rulers and elites of Iran more or less considered China and its civilizational and cultural achievements during the Safavid era by maintaining these types of relations and radiating the long-standing and rich heritage of the past relations between the two lands.

As the founders of one of the longest-lasting and most influential dynasties in the history of Middle Iran, the Seljuqs were tribal warriors under the control of mostly Turkic governments before gaining power. In this period, they were not only familiar with some types of entertainment that were common among Turks, but also performed some of these entertainments according to the type of these entertainments and their status. The gaining of power of this people in Iran provided suitable conditions for them to benefit from the advantages of power such as camaraderie and fun. The present research tries to identify and analyze the royal pastimes of this era using the historical method. The results of the research show that the Seljuk leaders and other dependents of this government, relying on the three components of power, wealth and rich Iranian-Islamic culture, combined the former types of entertainment with the common entertainments in Iran and with all their capacity. They used recreational activities such as hunting, comedy, hiking, horse racing, polo and chess in order to make people happy. The extent of their acceptance of these entertainments was influenced by factors such as personal interests, the stability or instability of the ruling period, the nature of the types of entertainment and the compatibility or contradiction of these types with the customs of the society and the rules of Islam.

Dispatching the students to Europe had begun after the Iran-Russia wars by the aim of modernizing and compensating for hindrance. This process continued during the Qajar period; According to documents, nearly a thousand students in this era were dispatched to Europe aiming at transferring knowledge. One of the main incentives for dispatching agents was to reconstruction and evolution of the education system. But according to the documents no student in “History Course” was dispatched in the mentioned era. In the first decade of Pahlavi era by codifying the bill of dispatching students in sixth national consultative assembly, we witness creating new generation of dispatching students in the interval of 1928-1933 A.D.) who constitute the new modernizing generation of Iran among which the fist history course students were included. Albeit as it is being demonstrated in the article, new wave of dispatching students in history course did not lead to training a historian or an evolution in historical research. In order to understand mentioned phenomenon, after an overview of the process of dispatching students in general and dispatching students in the field of history in particular, the article will discuss the mechanisms of history student dispatching, dispatched persons and their takeaways based on sources and documents. Moreover, there are some main variables to understand the problem of sending students not becoming professional historians in the decades of sending Iranian students among which these issues have been recognized: the motivations and goals of sending designers and agents, the government's expectations and demands from graduates for their future careers in the process of modernization, the French educational system as the destination of 75% of sending students and the gap between research and education in this country.

Explaining the theory of social gap in the Iranian society of the Umayyad transition period, and the subsequent emergence of asociality as a phenomenon in this society from the center of the caliphate can be examined by functionalist analysis. After the Islamic conquest of Iran, the new Arab-Islamic society failed to absorb Iranians. Iranians’ expectations about the improvement in their general situation did not become materialized and their former social gaps not only did not disappear but with the expansion of the tribal system and their status as Mawalis in the lowest stratum, they became an underprivileged society. Using the historical method and an analytical interdisciplinary approach to the theories of social gap and asociality in sociology, the present research aims to explain the role of the social gap within Iranian society in the asociality of the first century A.H.. According to the findings of the research, the existing social gaps in the Umayyad society and asociality within Iranian social strata were caused by the Umayyad political structure. Furthermore, Umayyad discriminatory policies and the existence of social gaps within Iranian society initiated asociality and paved the way for the Abbasid reception in the hope of a better future.

Prostitution has always been a reprehensible phenomenon in Iranian society. According to historical information, this moral deviation grew and spread in Isfahan (the capital) during the reign of Shah Abbas I (1038-996 AH/1578-1629 AD). This study investigated the situation and reasons for the prevalence of prostitution in this period. Also, it aimed to how Shah Abbas managed it. We conducted a descriptive-analytical study based on interpretive historical sociology. The data collection method is library research. Three factors caused to increase prostitution in the society: "development of urban society and demographic-cultural diversity in Isfahan", "increasing wealth among courtiers", and "forced migration of Caucasian women to Isfahan". Instead of banning prostitution legally, Shah Abbas pursued a policy of taxing prostitutes -as a perverted subculture- and spending the proceeds on fire and fireworks. Although these actions were not consonant with the religious background of the Iranian and Islamic law, Shah Abbas did so that in the shadow of his undisputed political, religious and social power.

One of the primary consequences of Iran's occupation by the Allies in World War II was the shortage and high cost of public food. In order to prepare and distribute the food needed by the people, the government established an independent Ministry of Food and hired the American Sheridan as an adviser to the Ministry of Food. The aim of the current research is to investigate Sheridan's performance in the Ministry of Food and wants to answer the question of what measures Sheridan took during his stay in Iran to prepare and distribute food and how his performance in this field is evaluated. The findings of the research, which was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method and based on library and documentary sources, show that Sheridan did not have a successful performance in the Ministry of Food, so that this ministry was dissolved very quickly and its duties were transferred to the Ministry of Finance. Sheridan left Iran before the end of his three-year employment contract without solving the public food problem. Of course, it should be noted that the critical conditions of 1321 were caused by severe famine and drought, the flaming of war on most fronts, the intervention and disruption of allied forces and internal profiteers, and political differences between the Qavam government, the court and the 13th parliament had an effect on Sheridan's poor performance.

The laws of the third, fourth and fifth development plans can be considered as the introduction and basis of the most effective development projects in the Pahlavi state. These laws were, indeed, the foundation of strategies that Pahlavi state legislated for advancing development projects and because of that, by studying them we can understand the essence of development plans and the way that government looked at development project. This article by using institutional grammar is going to extract institutional statements and analyze these laws in order to show the essence of these laws according to different aspects of institutional statement such as attribute, deontic, aim, conditions and or else. The findings of the research show that legislation of development plans, the government was placed in the center of the plans as the main factor. In none of the 111 existing institutional statements, non-governmental organizations are mentioned as attribute. Also in 108 statements, deontic has been used. It is worth considering that in deontics, obligation has been mentioned 81 times. This shows mandatory nature of the development plans. In addition, not mentioning any time and place condition in the condition part indicates the generality of development plans that ignore the biological, cultural and social diversity. And the most immediate consequence of such a look, is involving the state in different affairs, putting aside people’s potential forces and rejecting public participation.

With the victory of the constitutional revolution the constitutionalists did extensive propaganda among Maku villagers to draw them to their side. This propaganda, which was centered on the end of lord-serf relations, became effective and a big rebellion was formed in the Maku villages against the owners and landlords. The following article is based on these two questions: firstly, what were the causes and grounds for the formation of this movement? Secondly: What were the consequences of this movement? By using the data of publications, archival documents and historical books, and with descriptive-analytical method, the main topics of the article will be discussed. The result of this research shows that the unfair lord-serf relations in Maku and the dominance of the Bayat poets over the lives of the peasants, along with the widespread propaganda of the constitutionalists among the villagers, were important factors in the formation of this movement. The confiscation of Khanin's properties, the establishment of village associations and the expulsion of Iqbal al-Saltaneh from Maku were among the most important consequences of this movement. Also, although the constitutionalists of the state of Azerbaijan were the driving force of this movement, they did not provide any support to the Mako peasants in the continuation of the work, and this caused Iqbal al-Saltaneh to severely suppress the Mako peasant movement with the broad support of the autocrats, and the lord-serf system in the villages more severely. established

British invasion, the Soviet Union and American In 1320 (September 1941). In Iran And Reza Shah's abdication Leading to unwanted entry into the war was Different consequences in the political, economic, social and followed And the consequences of their practical effect quickly showed different aspects of community  In this study The dominance of foreign governments on agriculture and food As an example of this impact assessment is investigated This article analytical method And using archival documents Trying to answer the question of What were the consequences of the Allied presence on Iran's agricultural economy? Based on research findings Allied with the conclusion of the Tripartite Pact Their direct involvement in matters relating to agricultural fields provided and this intervention would disrupt the transport of goods, raising prices, reducing the supply of major products Zarei and the formation of multiple riots were bread.