نشریه پژوهش های زبان شناختی قرآن
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

The analysis of the cohesion and coherence of the text of the Qur'an based on structural patterns is one of the new approaches in the study of Quranic sciences, although, paying attention to the order and appropriateness of the divine word in Islamic studies has a long history and it goes back to the first centuries of the advent of Islam. Among these, six patterns have been more successful named after their designers. Most of these patterns belong to researchers of Quranic sciences and are designed specifically to discover the appropriateness of the divine word, and only Halliday and Hasan’s pattern is general and applicable to other texts. The purpose of this study is to investigate and introduce the similarities and differences of these patterns from three aspects of intellectual foundations, the coherence discovery method and the components in question. To achieve this goal, the method of comparing the mentioned patterns and the descriptive-analytical approach have been used. The greatest manifestation of the difference between these patterns is in the components in question; components, many of which have been the focus of Quranic scholars in the distant past. The most manifestation of patterns` similarities in the context of the surah is to pay attention to the formal elements along with the content elements and to consider the theory of coherence along with the theory of cohesion, as well as their presuppositions for the appropriateness and harmony of the Quran, especially the short Mecca suras. Of course, the result of the structural study of all patterns is the discovery and demonstration of the appropriateness of the divine word.

Achieving the correct meaning of Qur'anic words is the basis of interpretation, the perfection of which is done by analyzing the meaning of words in the context of verses and accessing the semantic network of words. The word "Rijs" is one of the moral words in the Holy Quran which is mentioned 10 times in 9 verses, including the important verse on purification (Ahzab: 33). The present study, after exploring the main meaning of Rijs and the meanings derived from it, extracts the Syntax and Paradigm concepts of Rijs in the Qur'an based on the semantic method. The main meaning of Rijs is movement, tremor, anxiety and widespread (bad smell or loud and annoying sound) that causes hatred and distance. Examining the semantic relations of Rijs in the verses of the Qur'an, it becomes clear that the most important syntaxes of Rijs with the complementary relation are the words "qad waqa’a", "min rabbikum", "allâh", "yaj ’alu", "maī tatan", "daman mas fūḥan", "laḥ ma xinzīrin", "liyuð hiba", "Faj tanibu", "al xam ru", "al maī siru", "al anṣābu", "al az lāmu", "Fa a’ riḍū", "fazādat hum". Rijs on the axis of succession with words such as "al qaūl" (sentence to torment), "arrijz", "aẓẓann", "al muš rikūn", "aš šaī ṭān" has a relative synonymy; So that each of them is one of the examples of Rijs as well. The comprehensive aspect of the meanings of Rijs in the Qur'an is "distance", which is manifested in a distance from divine mercy, faith and purity. By bestowing infallibility on the Ahl al-Bayt (AS), God protected them from all kinds of Rijs which was the ground for turning away from the faith.

Halliday’s theory of Systemic functional grammar reflects the world in language and analyzes this world in the context of language. Halliday divides the way we use language into three different metafunctions: The ideational metafunction, the interpersonal metafunction, and the textual metafunction. The ideational metafunction is considered in this research which is divided into empirical and logical components. In the experimental process, simple clauses are analyzed, and in the logical process, compound clauses are analyzed. The clause in ideational metafunction is divided into three components: process, participants, and circumstances. Processes are divided into two main and sub-categories and each has three sub-sections. The main processes are material, mental, and relational and sub-processes are behavioral, verbal, and existential. In the present study, ideational metafunction evaluation was considered in Surahs “Al-Waqi’ah” and “Al-Qiyamat” and the processes used in these Surahs and the repetition of each of these processes were discussed so that the aspects of resurrection are known in these Surahs. The research findings showed that the material process has been used in these Surahs more than other processes. The increase in this process emphasizes the occurrence of resurrection and it has given an objective aspect to this event.

The Holy Qur'an has repeatedly used metaphors made from concepts that are related to the institution of transportation and its components in the context of revelation. The main example of these kinds of metaphors occurs in the final verses of Surah al-Ḥamd, in which the religious life of human beings is considered as a movement or travel. Providing a linguistic analysis, the present research is an attempt to (A) study the metaphors of Q. 1:6-7, and (B) reinterpret the Qur'anic concepts based upon Semitic etymology. This study shows that the Qur'anic phrase "al-Ṣirāṭ al-Mustaqīm" refers to the paved way with intermediate stops, which, as a result, make it easy for travelers to navigate. Moreover, this study reveals that contrary to the prevalent exegetical views, the last verse of Surah al-Ḥamd refers to the three different types of travelers on the path of guidance metaphorically.

One way to access the meaning of words is to discover the pivotal meaning that is done by etymology. Etymology has been used here and there since the second century AH to explain the pivotal meanings of the Holy Qur'anic vocabulary in interpretation efforts; however, this method is mostly used in interpretation when there is a Kalām problem. Using a single pivotal meaning to understand the meanings of words in interpretation, as a common way, can solve many of the difficulties of interpretation and lead to knowledge production. This research, first, intends to define the pivotal meaning and ways to achieve it and second, to validate this method in understanding the terms of the Holy Qur'an. A study of the foundations and evidence of the authority of the apparent meaning of the words of the Holy Qur'an and the literal meaning shows the validity and authority of this method in terms of understanding the terms and its effectiveness in interpretation.

Commentary additions are among the necessary supplies of every translator; because in some cases the literal translation of the Qur'an does not convey the full meaning of the verse and the deep concepts of the divine word are not conveyed to the reader, so the translators are sometimes forced to add additions to the translation text to clarify the meaning and structure of the translated text well. Among the contemporary Persian translations of the Holy Qur'an, in which commentary additions have a special place is the commentary translation of "Ali Mishkini". This research aims to investigate and analyze the types of commentary additions in Mishkini's translation of Surah "Al-Rahman" using the method of critical analysis. Investigations show that although the translator has tried to provide the reader with better communication with the verses of the Word of Revelation by adding commentary, there have been some slips. The types of interpretative additions, with a critical approach, in Mishkini translation, can be found in the fields of referencing the translation of the words of the verse to the following verses, considering the Qur'anic words and propositions exclusive, using the assumptions of experimental sciences in the translation of the verses, stating specific examples of the verses, not paying attention to the rules of the Arabic language, such as the rule of "Taghlib", the use of some esoteric interpretations in the translation of verses, etc.

Halliday’s theory of Systemic functional grammar reflects the world in language and analyzes this world in the context of language. Halliday divides the way we use language into three different metafunctions: The ideational metafunction, the interpersonal metafunction, and the textual metafunction. The ideational metafunction is considered in this research which is divided into empirical and logical components. In the experimental process, simple clauses are analyzed, and in the logical process, compound clauses are analyzed. The clause in ideational metafunction is divided into three components: process, participants, and circumstances. Processes are divided into two main and sub-categories and each has three sub-sections. The main processes are material, mental, and relational and sub-processes are behavioral, verbal, and existential. In the present study, ideational metafunction evaluation was considered in Surahs “Al-Waqi’ah” and “Al-Qiyamat” and the processes used in these Surahs and the repetition of each of these processes were discussed so that the aspects of resurrection are known in these Surahs. The research findings showed that the material process has been used in these Surahs more than other processes. The increase in this process emphasizes the occurrence of resurrection and it has given an objective aspect to this event.

This article aims to investigate the descriptive semantics of the two words "Fe’al" and "Amal", by analyzing their syntagmatic relations in a semantic domain that aims to explain their place in the Holy Quran with the axis of companionship. One of the most important ways that are of interest to literary scholars in the science of semantics today is knowing the meaning of words in terms of syntagmatic relations; that is, by placing the words together, they obtain a special meaning. For this reason, the words that are close in meaning in Qur'an follow a specific purpose being mentioned in different and special positions. Words that are common to each other in some cases and also have differences in meaning, need to be proved. This research aims to apply the descriptive-analytical method to two words "Fe’al" and "Amal" using the syntagmatic relations which have the highest frequency in the Quranic context. First, the main meaning of these two words, which is the material meaning, is discussed based on dictionary books. Then, the Quranic usage of these two words is explained. The result is that these two words in the representation of the verses do not have the same meaning, nor can they replace one another. Therefore, the word "Fe’al" in divine conceptualization refers to influencing, creating and doing something that is intense, or fast and transitory, with or without intention and plan. For this reason, in relation to companionship, the word "Fe’al" has the most companionship relationship with the word "Allah". As a result, God uses the word "Fe’al" to describe doing His work, which He does with seriousness and speed, or to show that His desire and will affect doing something, to put the doer in the center of attention. However, the conceptualization of the word "Amal" implies doing something with continuous effort and with knowledge and discretion. For this reason, it has syntagmatic relation with "faith" and "disbelief", which are expressions of the results of good or bad deeds in a continuous manner, and as a result, the divine punishment and reward to judge human acts is shown by the word "Amal".

In modern language studies, the semantic view is one of the most practical methods of research. From the theories in this field that linguistic-literary works are studied in their beam, the theory of image schema is an image that refers to the conceptualization of abstract concepts through a structured sensory experience in the mind. Among them, proverbs are one of the most important literary fields in which many non-objective concepts have been introduced. The Holy Quran contains rich and wise Proverbs, whose examination through Johnson's theory of image schemas will clarify the mechanism of transferring abstract concepts to human perception and understanding their deep meanings. Based on this, the present research examines the Proverbs of Surah al-Baqarah, which are full of abstract concepts, using the mentioned theory. The purpose of this research is the cognitive explanation of the concepts used in the Proverbs, using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the semantic findings. The results of this study show that volumetric schemas have the highest frequency among the types of schemas, which is more in harmony with the objectification of concepts in Proverbs. On the other hand, many important Quranic concepts such as guidance, hereafter, religion, piety, verse, patience, etc. have come in the form of volumetric schemas to be sensible and tangible for the audience and placed in the scope of human understanding. Abstract concepts are expressed in the framework of sensory experiences. These experiences cause the meaning of a specific concept to be understood in addition to lexical level, on a broader level that encompasses the specific sensory experience of that concept.

One of the rhetorical representations employed in the Qur’an elaborately expressing certain concepts is metaphor. In the repertoire of metaphors, verbs containing extended metaphors are of special significance due to the complexities of discovering the intended meanings. The neglected issue regarding metaphor is the ‘common ground’ between a ‘tenor’ and a ‘vehicle’. Rhetoricians dealing with classifications of metaphors believe in a single type of association between ‘tenors’ and ‘vehicles’, but this seems to be subject to reconsideration. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present study seeks to cast a new look at a special group of metaphorical expressions. To this end, the study illustrates the ‘common ground’ between the ‘tenor’ and ‘vehicle’ with a focus on collocations and substitutions, exploring their influence on the translation of Quranic verses with metaphorical concepts. The findings reveal that the ‘common ground’ in an extended metaphor is complex considering the functions of verbs in the conveyance of meanings, their relationships with other sentence components, as well as the differences between types of verbs in terms of grammatical persons, i.e., the first, second and third person. Such metaphors can be considered semi-fables in the Quran presenting more vivid imagery in its translation.