Journal of Pathobiology Reaearch
Volume:25 Issue: 1, Winter 2022

endurance and resistance exercise and the consumption of hawthorn alone and in combination have an effect on Alzheimer's disease.This study was conducted with the aim of the effect of hawthorn consumption and exercise on the inflammatory indices of Alzheimer's rats by trimethyltin chloride (TMT).

rats were randomly divided into 9 healthy control and Alzheimer's groups with interventions (control, endurance training, resistance training, combined training, hawthorn, endurance training + hawthorn, resistance training + hawthorn, combined training + hawthorn). Then Alzheimer's disease developed. performed resistance , combined ,endurance exercises every week (12 weeks). Finally, blood was taken from the inferior vena and the inflammatory variables CRP, IL-6 ,TNF-α were measured by ELISA method. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normal distribution of the data, and the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to check the mean difference between the groups (Tukey's test). P ​​<0.05 were considered statistically significant.

results showed that the induction of Alzheimer's disease induced by TMT caused a significant increase in the levels of TNF α, IL 6, CRP in the Alzheimer's control group compared to the healthy control. And 12 weeks of combined training with and without hawthorn had a significant decrease in the level of these variables compared to Alzheimer's control.

As a result, endurance and resistance sports along with the consumption of hawthorn lead to the reduction of some inflammatory factors in Alzheimer's rats.

Evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment method is possible when the model has been closer to reality. In experiments that need fixation of the spinal cord, the conventional method is to suspend the rostral and caudal spine via clamps attached to spinous processes. However, the slip and displacement of the spinal cord were high, which can significantly influence the model's outcome. So, this study aims to introduce a new design to stabilize the vertebra completely for the rat spinal cord injury (SCI) model.

Twenty-three female Sprague Dawley rats randomly were assigned to control (intact spinal cord), unstabilized-SCI, and stabilized-SCI groups. Functional recovery was assessed using the Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) test for four weeks. The success rate of the moderate model was calculated based on BBB score in the 7-days post-injury Then, the spinal cords were evaluated by Luxol Fast Blue and Hematoxylin-Eosin (LFB/HE) staining to show lesion morphology

The BBB score of the stabilized-SCI indicated moderate SCI that had a significant difference (P<0.05) compared to the unstabilized-SCI which showed nonmoderate SCI. The success rate of the moderate model in stabilized-SCI was 80%, whereas in the unstabilized-SCI method was 30%. The LFB/HE staining in stabilized-SCI showed the epicenter's rostral and caudal lesions demyelination. In contrast, in the unstabilized-SCI, demyelination was detected in the lesion site, and the rostral and caudal spinal columns were intact.

The introduced device could make consistent functional deficits and was able to make an effective force to perform the spinal cord injury.

Today, the biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) assisted by microorganisms (particularly bacteria) received increasing attention. In this study, Bacillus subtilis strain SFTS, a bismuth-reducing bacterium, was isolated from the soil of a copper mine in the South of Iran and used for biosynthesis of bismuth NPs (Bi NPs).

Bacillus subtilis strain SFTS was identified by conventional identification tests and the 16S rDNA fragment amplification method. Characterizations of the bio-fabricated Bi NPs were examined using FTIR, EDS, XRD, TEM, and SEM analysis after purification of Bi NPs. In addition, the synergistic effect of biogenic Bi NPs in combination with different antibiotics was also investigated.

The attained results revealed that the biosynthesized Bi NPs average size was 22.36 nm and spherical in shape. The XRD pattern showed that the biosynthesized nanoparticles consisted only of Bi4 and monoclinic crystals. Furthermore, the results of antibacterial effect of Bi NPs in combination with various antibiotics showed that the nanoparticles represented the highest synergistic effect together with imipenem and the lowest effect in combination with tetracycline against clinical strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Significant difference between synergistic effect of Bi NPs with antibiotics compared to antibiotics disc alone against E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains was observed (P<0.001).

This study showed that Bi NPs biologically synthesized by Bacillus subtilis strain SFTS had a small size and different structure. However, finding about their antibacterial effect and related mechanism merit further investigations.

In epilepsy as a chronic neurological disease, there are significant alterations in the brain network which results in abnormal brain activity. Understanding the exact changes in brain rhythms may help the investigators to find the brain networks activity in health and disease more precisely. In this article, at first we reviewed the findings from recent animal and clinical studies showing that brain rhythms are affected in the epileptic brain. Then, some documents demonstrating the compensative effect of DBS on these oscillations will be discussed. In this article we reviewed the studies in field of epilepsy and brain rhythms. For this purpose we searched the duciments by scientific serach engeens including PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. The electrophysiological studies have indicated significant changes in delta (1–4 Hz), theta (4-7 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), beta (13–30 Hz), and gamma (30–80 Hz) oscilations in the epileptic brain. Recently, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been suggested as a potential and efficient treatment for pharmacoresistant epileptic seizures. The exact mechanism of DBS action is unclear, but some studies demonstrate that one of its probable mechanisms is modulating neural network activity. It seems that the probable compensative alteration in brain rhythms may be considered as a mechanism of DBS anticonvulsant action.

Genetic studies point to the effective role of protein levels or expression of gluconeogenic genes in hepatic glucose release in healthy or diseased individuals. This study aimed to assess the effect of resistance training on PEPCK expression in hepatocytes in obese rats with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

For this purpose, 21 rats obesed by 6 weeks high-fat diet (HFD) were randomly divided to 1) non-diabetic, 2) control T2D, 3) exercise T2D groups. Type 2 diabetes induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ: 25 mg/kg) in diabetes groups. The rat of exercise group were completed resistance training for six weeks (5 times weekly) in the form of climbing the ladder by applying resistance. The non-diabetic and control T2D groups did not participate in the exercise program. 48 hours after the lasting exercise session, PEPCK expression in hepatocytes, serum insulin and glucose were compared between groups. Data compared by One-Way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test (P< 0.05).

T2D induction resulted in significant decrease in insulin and increase in fasting glucose and PEPCK expression in hepatocytes compare with non-diabetes rats. Resistance training resulted in significant increase in insulin and decrease in fasting glucose and PEPCK expression in hepatocytes of exercise T2D than control T2D group.

Based on these data, we conclude that resistance training can be improve glucose in diabetes rats and tis effect may be attributed decrease PEPCK expression in response to this training method.

  Free radicals in the body create malondialdehyde (MDA), which is one of the most frequent indicators of oxidative stress. Several studies have reported the increase of MDA in inactive persons and individuals with developmental disorders. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine whether a program of physical activity reduces MDA in children with intellectual disability.

Twenty boy students with intellectual disability (7 to 9 years old) voluntarily participated in the study. They were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed a physical curriculum known as sports, play and active recreation for kids (SPARK) for 12 weeks (3 sessions of 45 minutes per week), while the control group was exempted to participate in the program. The level of MDA in blood samples of all participants was measured before and after the intervention. Repeated measures ANOVA was applied to analyze the data (α = 0.05).

Analysis revealed that there was no significant difference between two groups in pretest (P = 0.698, η2 = 0.009).  However, in posttest, the experimental group had significantly lower level of MDA as compared to the control group (P < 0.001, η2 = 0.555).

According to the results, it can be argued that the selected SPARK program reduces MDA which may consequently result in less oxidative stress in children with intellectual disability.

SARS-CoV-2 which first was observed in Wuhan region, China in December 2019 has affected many organs, such as central nervous system. We describe a case of a 57-year-old male patient, in the hospital with the loss of consciousness, in the form of lack of verbal and visual communication. He got a seizure attack for about 3 minutes in the form of generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTS) and admitted to the neurological department and was intubated. Since, the patient was not aware, awake, did not obey, corneal reflexes test was positive and his pupils were isochoric and reactive therefore, the primary diagnosis was cerebrovascular accident (CVA). On the second day after admission, although the brain computed tomography (CT) did not show brain lesion, but the chest X-ray (CXR) revealed lung involvement. In addition, on third day the RT-PCR test for coronavirus RNA in and the cerebrospinal fluid and nasopharyngeal swap done and the result was positive for both of them. Therefore, treatment for the covid-19 was started.

Since, the treatment for the covid-19 was started with Atazanavir, Clindamycin and Ceftriaxone. Ten days after hospitalization, the lung involvement and general condition of patient got better and after two weeks he was released from the hospital.

GTS should be considered as a neurological outcome of COVID-19 and medications against the coronavirus, such as Atazanavir, Clindamycin and ceftriaxone can recover the neurological deficits in these patients.

Hepatitis C infection causes an increase in oxidative stress in infected cells, followed by Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression. Silybum marianum, is one of the most widely used medicinal plants that has been used to control and reduce hepatitis manifestations, which contains silymarin –the effective component- that could protect liver cells.

In this study, Huh7 cell line originated from liver were infected by HCV virus model and then treated by silymarin. In order to investigate the anti-oxidative effect, the expression of COX-2 gene that plays central role, was measured in serial concentration of silymarin by developed quantitative RT-Real time-PCR.

Findings of the study showed that silymarin could control expression of COX-2 as well as oxidative stress. It was showed that, silymarin at the concentration of more than 200μM could reduce the expression of COX-2 and oxidative stress, and also it was concluded that silymarin above 300μM, could likewise have therapeutic effect on increased oxidative stress as well as COX-2 gene expression in HCV infected cells.

Conclusion:

 It was concluded that inhibition of COX-2 by silymarin has been considered as a promising and effective strategy for prevention and treatment of HCV and liver injuries and cancer.