نشریه گردشگری و توسعه
سال یازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 33، زمستان 1401)

Education and learning is a key element to having a sustainable society in which children have the highest potential for effective education. Properly designed tourism spaces with the dimensions of the child's existence can play the role of a suitable teacher to experience and learn great life lessons with other attractions. Child-friendly spaces mainly seek to create a suitable environment in tourism environments for entertainment and recreation, education, intellectual and social development of these people. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the role of learning from children's tourism on sustainable tourism development. The statistical population of the study includes all parents with children and the samples were selected from tourists in Mashhad whose children were between 6 and 12 years old. The sample size was obtained using Cochran's formula equal to 384 people who were selected based on available non-random sampling method. A standard questionnaire was used to measure the variables. The validity of the questionnaire was diagnostic, convergent and divergent and the reliability of the questionnaire was assessed with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The research model was tested based on structural equation method and LISREL software. The results showed that motivation to learn has a positive effect on learning benefits for children. Motivation to learn has a positive effect on children's environmental protection behaviors. Benefits of learning for children have a positive effect on children's environmental protection behaviors Demographic characteristics of the family (including child gender, education level, parents, average family monthly income, number of children) have a moderating role on learning benefits and environmental protection behaviors in tourist children. Finally, the moderating role of family demographic characteristics (including child gender, parents' education level, average family monthly income, number of children in the family) in the relationship between learning motivation and learning benefits in tourist children was also confirmed

Ecotourism is a financial resource and is a way to sustainable development by considering land capabilities. Without considering land capabilities for this land use, not only the desired goals will not be achieved, but also the land will be degraded. The aim of this study is to determine land capability map for ecotourism in Plasjan sub-basin in Isfahan and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces by applying multi-criteria evaluation method.  study data were first determined, standardized and weighted by considering expert’s knowledge and literature reviewing. Criteria and constraints respectively were standardized by fuzzy and Boolean methods. The weight of the criteria was determined by AHP method using the experts and professors of university knowledge. Data layers from different sources were prepared, their accuracy was checked and combined with the weighted linear combination method. Ecotourism capability model and a map of the region's ecotourism capability in six classes were prepared. The results have shown that area with very high and high ecotourism capability, with an area of ​​2701 and 7101 hectares, are located near water sources, other beautiful natural landscapes and roads. Examination of the nature tourism map of the region have shown that some areas with medium and low ecotourism capability with an area of 17187 and 176539 hectares, in some areas, are adjacent to water sources but farther away from the road. In addition, the review of questionnaires completed by tourists have shown that despite the great importance of natural beauty, as well as the development of infrastructure, is of particular importance

Today, tourism is recognized as one of the main and most important sources of income in many. Since tourism is characterized by "movement", consideration of tourist’s movements and the routes they choose during their visits of urban attractions is of vital importance. The historical area and cultural heritage of Isfahan are the most important factors that could contribute to the development of tourism in this city. Therefore, in the present study attempts are made to promote heritage tourism in order to detect and prioritize effective qualities in designing heritage tourism routes. The present study falls within the category of analytical studies in terms of procedure (selected by the researcher) and applied studies in terms of objective. Library studies have been used in expressing the theoretical foundations of the subject and presenting the research network model, interviews and questionnaires have been used to collect data according to the nature of the research. Finally, in order to prioritize and evaluate the presented components, the Network Analysis Process (ANP) method was used. The results indicate that the components of attention and emphasis on heritage attractions as well as increasing safety and security, consideration of biological dimensions, permeability and accessibility, are the most effective components in the design of the Julfa axis with a heritage tourism approach and after that, legibility and wayfinding, observance of human scale, visual attractiveness of the route, diversity, flexibility and sense of place should be considered in the design of these routes, and paying attention to these factors and increasing their quality has a great impact on promoting the tourism industry in this area.

Ecotourism entrepreneurship is one of the methods of empowering rural women by relying on the local capacity and potential of the living area. The purpose of this study is to identify the main factors in entrepreneurial behavior of rural women in Fars province using the qualitative paradigm of Grounded theory. The statistical population of this study is experts and specialists in the field of rural women and entrepreneurship in the office of development of agricultural activities of rural and nomadic women, The Agricultural Jihad Organization of Fars Province, as well as other experts, is composed of other organizations of the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture. Using targeted sampling and snowball sampling, 23 experts were selected as the statistical sample. The research tool was based on in-depth and structured interviews. Data of analysis of the study was conducted through employing the software MAXQDA-10. Based on interviews with 493 concepts, 15 central categories were identified, which were placed in the form of a 6-dimensional paradigm model of Strauss and Corbin. By carefully examining these categories, the main categories of ecotourism entrepreneurial behavior with three sub-categories(Individual, social and economic), Causal conditions with two sub-categories (external and internal factors), context conditions with two sub-categories (macro policies to support eco-tourism businesses and acceptable security for tourists), Intervention conditions with three sub-categories (cultural acceptance, social capital, multifunctional ecotourism approach), Strategies with three sub-categories (empowerment of rural women in the field of rural and nomadic tourism, holding exhibitions and festivals, supporting women entrepreneurs in the field of ecotourism) and Outcomes were categorized into two categories (positive and negative).

Investigate the impact of income is one of the most important challenges facing city managers, but on the other hand, with the increasing need for public services in cities and financial constraints, this challenge is increasing day by day. On the other hand, today, city tourism is one of the main pillars and economic stimulus of many cities that plays an important role in employment, income and protection of urban infrastructure and public services. Therefore, the purpose of this study is Investigate the impact of the role of city managers that as a human factor can affect the sustainable income of tourism by considering the mediating variable of city brand. The statistical population in this study included municipal managers at both senior and operational levels, members of the city council and officials of the heritage department related to the tourism sector in Cities in the central part of Mazandaran province. Sampling was done by cluster sampling method. Data collection tools are questionnaires.in order to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, content validity, factor analysis, convergent and discriminant validity were used. Cronbach's alpha value was more than 0.70. To determine the degree of fit of the conceptual model, the structural equations modeling method has been used. Findings showed that there were positive and significant relationships between model variables and the role of city brand mediation was also confirmed and the claimed model has a good fit.

The tourism industry is one of the largest and most profitable economic sectors in the world, tourism creates high added value, has become one of the largest and fastest growing economic sectors in the world in the division of the most important sources of income in the world, religious tourism As one of the most important branches of the tourism industry, it is one of the most lucrative sectors of this industry in the world. Using the science of futures research, the present study aims to provide a clear view of the future of religious tourism in Mashhad to planners and tourists. In this study, by studying the literature and interviewing tourism industry experts, the effective factors were identified and then using the interaction analysis approach, the data were entered into Mic Mac software and four key factors affecting the future of religious tourism in Mashhad were identified. Security and tranquility, a positive image of the destination, travel expenses and tourist satisfaction were selected from nineteen influential factors. In the next step, to develop the scenario, four key effective factors were determined by the experts by entering the uncertainty scenarios in the questionnaire into the script wizard software and the most compatible scenarios were identified. After identifying the scenarios and consulting with experts, security, tranquility and travel costs were selected to develop the scenarios and according to the conditions, the future of religious tourism in Mashhad was presented in the form of four scenarios based on the key factors in each scenario

The present study was conducted with the aim of presenting a model of economic barriers to the development of sports tourism in Iran with a combined approach. In terms of applied purpose, the present study was a research method mixed with consecutive exploratory type and survey collection method. The statistical population in the qualitative sector includes those involved in sports tourism in the country; these individuals were purposefully selected as standard criteria for qualitative interviews on the subject of research (14 interviews with 14 people and continued until theoretical saturation). The statistical population of the quantitative section is the same as the qualitative section group with more numbers. Out of 166 research samples, 150 correct questionnaires were analyzed. The data collection tool in the present study was a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the data of the present study, coding in the qualitative part and structural equation method in the quantitative part were used. In the qualitative part of the research, it was found that the categories were extracted in the form of 31 concept codes and 5 main categories. In the quantitative part, it was found that all 5 main categories of research (investment, macroeconomics, microeconomics, support and incentives and costs) have a good fit. Relevant managers are suggested to provide the necessary ground for the development and expansion of economic issues in the field of sports tourism by creating privatization policies and also reducing government ownership in the field of sports tourism

due to need for development of tourism industry in Iran, concerning the richness of this country and low income in this industry, it is vital to provide welfare for visitors and minimize their risks by insurance which provides psychological security to develop insurance and tourism industry.

From purpose point of view, this study is an applied research and from data collection perspective it is descriptive. The statistical population includes experts of insurance and tourism industry in Tehran. Census method and questionnaire tool were used for data collection. Three questionnaires and smartPLS software were applied.

According to the results of the research hypotheses tests, among three main components of risk management, effectiveness of risk assessment and use of appropriate approach toward risk on development of insurance and tourism industry were statistically significant. However, the impact of risk reporting on insurance and tourism industry development is not significant.

Creating an interconnected chain of risk management consultants and technical unit consultants in insurance companies is a necessity for development of this industry. Instead of strictly adopting a clear framework and risk management strategy, it is also necessary to modify it to fit the needs of the organization and to provide only processes, guidelines, procedures, key risk indicators, and reporting mechanisms for managing the units of the insurance company.

The present study aims to provide a model for tourist engagement with emphasis on its antecedents and consequences. The research method is applied In terms of purpose and in terms of collecting research data descriptive of type survey. Statistical population of research Includes Iranian tourists in 2019 and 2020 in least Once the experience of traveling abroad (Turkey, Malaysia, Dubai, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan) Have. Using available sampling method, 450 people were selected for the study. To collect research data from Researcher-maden questionnaire. Based on theoretical foundations and experimental background related used. Statistical analysis is done in two section of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics with the method of path analysis and structural modeling in SPSS and Amos software. The results showed that the antecedents of tourist engagement Includes destination identity, tourist experience and perceived image They had a positive and significant effect on tourist fascination, Consequences of tourist engagement include tourist trust, tourist loyalty, co-creation, content production and word of mouth is Which have a positive and significant effect on tourist fascination.

The result of the success or failure of the tourism development of destinations in the world depends on the mental image of tourists about them and the macro management of this attitude in the hands of the government and decision makers in the field of tourism. This situation is taken from the tourists' inference of the meaning of the place and their perception, and they start from the beginning of the stage of choosing travel destinations. One of the ways to overcome the current situation is to use new brand decisions in this industry. Since the late 1990s, the branding of objective and subjective elements has been welcomed as one of the sub-branches of tourism, with the aim of strengthening the infrastructure and urban and rural destinations. The main goal of the current research is to identify tourism development indicators and present the framework of Sanandaj city development based on branding approach. To collect the necessary data, survey-field method and document review have been used. The statistical community of the research of tourists visiting the tourist attractions of Sanandaj city and a statistical sample of 380 people have been selected. In order to evaluate the quantitative results of the questionnaire, multi-criteria decision analysis methods (FTOPSIS) were used, and for qualitative evaluation, the content analysis method and MAXQDA software were used. The results of the research according to the mental image of the sample show that the selection of national and international registered works, in the case of Sanandaj tourism destinations alone, cannot be a correct criterion, but any environmental, social, physical element that is acceptable in the minds of the majority of the society. It has the possibility to be considered as a potential brand. In this regard, while presenting the tourism development framework of Sanandaj city, suggestions are presented.

Tourism is known as one of the most creative industries, which not only attracts tourists, but also increases economic development. So, the purpose of this study was to design and develop a model of the antecedents and consequences of Destination Brand Love for Guilan province. The present study was a qualitative research based on thematic analysis using interviewing tools. The research is based on Guilan province as a destination for tourism and the statistical population of the study includes 12 professors and experts in the tourism industry of Gilan province. Snowball sampling method and theme analysis technique was used for data analysis. After analyzing the data, 7 factors: brand experience, brand service quality, brand infrastructures, brand media communication, brand authenticity, brand image and brand trust were identified as causal factors of destination brand love. That will be reinforced if the love for the destination brand exists. Also, three factors: loyalty, positive word-of-mouth advertising, and willingness to pay more were identified as consequences of destination brand love.

The present study has been conducted in the framework of a qualitative approach, with the aim of explaining the process of customer delight in the hotel industry, using a systematic design of grounded theory. The data collection tool was semi-structured interviews that continued until the theoretical saturation was achieved by using purposive and theoretical sampling method with 30 experts. By constant comparative data analysis and writing theoretical memoranda and using the data analysis steps including open, axial and selective coding using Maxqda software, finally 98 concepts and 25 categories were counted and Requirements related to the validity and reliability of qualitative research were confirmed. The results show that the factors of personalization of customer care behaviors, professional skills of employees, open communication style with customers, Sincere and gracious behaviors, perceived value and quality of services, positive emotions experienced by the customer, engaging the customer's senses and fulfilling customer needs, Introduced as the causal conditions on creating the core phenomenon of customer delight, the strategies adopted in response to the core phenomenon have been measures such as customer focus, continuous monitoring of service innovation, application of service excellence strategy, customer expectations management, employee empowerment, Implementation of knowledge management in the organization and design of marketing mixed, which are influenced by the contextual conditions of organizational culture, management commitment to customer delight and customer engagement and intervening conditions by increasing expectations, increasing customer delight costs and reducing the effectiveness of delighted actions, lead to results such as organizational consequences and customer behavioral intentions.

The emergence of the concept of sustainable development as an urgent issue affecting the current global system, it has been argued that entrepreneurship should not be based solely on wealth creation. Tourism is one of the economic sectors in which high participation in the field of sustainable entrepreneurs is required. In this regard, the emergence of the concept of sustainable entrepreneurship and the obligation of entrepreneurs in the tourism industry to sustainable entrepreneurship has led this study to identify and categorize the mentality of entrepreneurs towards sustainable tourism entrepreneurship. The methodology of the research was applied in terms of objectives, exploratory in nature, and mixed-method research. 13 sustainable tourism entrepreneurs in Hamedan province were selected as the target population by snowball sampling and were interviewed semi-structured based on the Q method, and 36 propositions were extracted. Then, by completing the Q table by research experts and analyzing the data obtained by exploratory factor analysis, the mentality of individuals in each group was identified, analyzed, and examined. The results of this study include two mental models of entrepreneurs towards sustainable tourism entrepreneurship, including quality of life model and sustainable employment; and a pattern of innovation, sustainable knowledge, and attitude; identified. Therefore, according to two mental patterns of research, sustainable tourism entrepreneurship through the empowerment of stakeholders and environmental capacity to create sustainable employment, both the development of innovative innovations in the economic, social, and environmental arena leads to an increase in wealth and welfare in society.

This study has tried to investigate the effect of Tourist’s Environmental Concerns on loyalty to Ramsar’s beaches. The statistical population of the study consisted of tourists who visited the beaches of Ramsar in the summer of 1398. Based on the instructions of Costello and Osborne, the sample size was calculated 260 people and the sample people were selected by randomly available methods. The research tool was a questionnaire and content validity was measured using the opinions of professors and experts and Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the initial reliability. The convergent validity of the questionnaire was assessed through extracted variance (AVE) and combined reliability (CR) and the variables have validity and reliability. PLS software was used for analysis. The results showed that environmental concerns affect the environmental attitude of tourists and the environmental performance of the destination. In addition, the environmental attitude of tourists and the environmental performance of the destination are influential. Also, environmental concerns, tourists 'environmental attitudes and the environmental performance of the destination affect tourists' satisfaction. Tourists' environmental attitude, destination environmental performance and tourist satisfaction affect tourist loyalty. Confirmation of all research hypotheses indicates the fact that tourists' environmental concerns affect their loyalty to the beaches of Ramsar. Then, suggestions were made to improve the existing trend in the destination

Among the various fields of tourism, geriatric tourism has received a lot of attention due to its capabilities and competitive advantages. Also, due to the aging population of Iran, especially Yazd province and the special needs of this group, in this study, an attempt has been made to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the development of geriatric health tourism using fuzzy cognition mapping and network analysis approach. Social media. This mixed research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of data collection. For this purpose, after stating the subject and reviewing the research background, the factors affecting elderly health tourism were identified and then a matrix questionnaire was provided to 164 health tourists who had traveled to Yazd province to receive health services, and then to collect data. Were paid. Then we analyzed the data using FCMapper and Ucinet software. Findings indicate that among the identified factors, the factors of passing supportive laws, improving the quality of medical services and maintaining patient safety are more centralized than other factors, which means that more flashes are entered and from it comes out. Finally, scenarios were written based on these three factors and suggestions were made for the development of geriatric health tourism.

The tourism industry, in addition to its advantages as one of the spatial objects, is facing risks and threatening processes that will face a decline in the benefits of this industry if not managed.  One of the most important ways to manage the risks of tourist destinations and maintain the destination is to improve tourists' perception of environmental risks before the trip. The present article examines and analyzes the risk perception indicators of environmental hazards of tourists in rural areas with descriptive-analytical methodology. The statistical population includes 267 rural tourists in the tourism target villages of Gorgan County. The collected data were analyzed using mean comparison tests, correlation tests, and heuristic factor analysis. According to the results, among the constructive dimensions of the risk perception variable (cognitive, emotional and functional) among tourists, the emotional dimension has the highest and the functional dimension has the lowest value. In addition, using exploratory factor analysis, the factors affecting tourists' risk perception could categorized into four factor; destination recognition, infrastructural and physical factors of destination, individual conditions and abilities, and social perceptions of the environment

The aim of this study is to conceptualize the memorable tourism experiences of domestic and international tourists in Shiraz. Semi-structured interviews with ten domestic and eleven international tourists were conducted, and data were collected and analyzed using the grounded theory approach. Theoretical sampling, as well as purposeful and snowball sampling, were used. The study's findings indicate that tourists' memorable experiences at a destination can be classified into four categories: physical environment, culture, interpersonal relationships, and psychological factors. The findings indicate that those emotionally attached to a destination are more likely to revisit. Additionally, visitors recommend the destination via word of mouth and user-generated content on social media. The coronavirus outbreak has been identified as an intervening factor in tourists' memorable experiences of the destination. Defining and conceptualizing the dimensions of tourists' memorable tourism experiences in a destination is a critical issue that can significantly impact policy-making and developing and managing tourism-related businesses and products.

There are different patterns to measure the performance of competitiveness of tourist destinations. One of the most common is the one provided by World Economic Forum.  Tourism competitiveness index is measured based on four main components and 14 pillars, including Environmental Empowerment (Business Environment, Security and Safety, Health and Hygiene, Human Resources and Labor Market, ICT Readiness,) Policies (Prioritizsation of Travel and Tourism, International Openness, Price Competitiveness and Environmental Sustanability), Infrastructures (Air Transport Infrastructure, Ground an Port Infrastructure and Tourist Service Infrastructure) and Resources (Natural Resources, Cultural Resources and Bussines Travel)The ranking method applying by the World Economic Forum is  just simple averaging indicators  without  any weights, so by weighing the indicators, the pattern  can be improved. The aim of this study was to rerank countries applying multi-criteria decision-making methods where allocating weights to indicators are common. this research is an applied research in terms of objective while because of using a questionnaire for data collection, could be categorized as a survey research. To measure the importance of items, the opinions of eight knowledgeable experts in the field of tourism were gathered via the standard questionnaire and eventually the importance of each items was determined through GAMZ software. Finally, 14 criteria and 87 sub-criteria were ranked. The most important criteria order are tourism, Health and Hygiene, Air Transport Infrastructure, Security and Safety, International Openness, Tourist Service Infrastructure, Environmental Sustainability, Human Resources and Labor Market, ICT Readiness, Business Environment, Price Competitiveness, Natural Resources, Ground and Port Infrastructure and Cultural Resources and Bussines Travel.

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure the tourists trust in Guilan province as one of the most attractive tourist destinations in the country using the mixed method research. Qualitative data were collected using semi-structured interviews from twelve of academic experts, policy makers and tourism planners. Data analysis with the help of classic grounded theory, in two stages of substantive and theoretical coding leads to the extraction of 48 concepts, 19 sub-categories and finally 6 main categories of trust in tourism destination management, travel service agencies, employees of tourism service providers, residents of tourist destinations, other tourists and cyberspace content; as a constituent dimension of trust in the tourism industry. In the quantitative stage, based on the extracted components, a questionnaire was prepared and given to 389 tourists visiting different cities of Guilan province, and the validity of the model was confirmed once again using exploratory factor and confirmatory factor analysis.

Medical tourism is one of the Thriving industries in the world, which has a great relationship with cultural interactions and economic development, and in addition, has political benefits. The purpose of this type of tourism is to use the facilities and benefit from the potential of medical staff in the destination. Our country Iran and Mashhad city also have high potential in this type of tourism. In this study, to investigate the factors affecting the demand for medical tourism in Mashhad, the effect of effective indicators has been investigated. The model used in this research is Latent class regression, the dependent variable of which is the demand for medical tourism in Mashhad. This model is estimated by Stata 16 software and the required information is collected through a questionnaire. The statistical population of this study was medical tourists in Mashhad in 2020, 150 of these tourists were randomly selected as a sample. According to the results of this study, increasing the quality of medical services and increasing the quality of urban services will increase the demand for medical tourism in Mashhad. The quality of medical services sub-indices and urban factors sub-indices have also been evaluated separately by tourists.

COVID-19 epidemic disease has become a major health concern worldwide that can affect social responsibility as well as quality of life. During the COVID-19 epidemic disease, researchers are using innovative technologies to end this threat. In tourism, virtual reality (VR) is one such technology. Virtual reality technology provides the user with a virtual environment so that he can do what he/she cannot do in a real environment or does not have the necessary conditions to do in this virtual environment by simulating realities.However, despite broad, studies, little research has been observed in this field in Iran, especially in tourism.Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of tourism with virtual reality technology on tourists' satisfaction through the mediation of behavioral intentions and moderating of Corona conditions. The statistical sample of this research includes 368 visitors from three different tourist attractions using virtual reality technology. In order to research data collection, an online questionnaire and convenience sampling method were used. The reliability and validity of the research structures were confirmed using Cronbach's alpha and the average variance extracted (AVE). The research hypotheses were tested using Smart PLS3 software. The results showed that the interest in virtual reality tourism has a positive relationship with behavioral intentions in tourism. The interest in virtual reality tourism affects tourists' satisfaction through behavioral intentions. It should also be noted that social responsibility in the corona period does not moderate the relationship between behavioral intentions and tourist satisfaction