Cultivation of rice is the main agricultural activity in the northern provinces of Iran, including Mazandaran and Gilan, and the livelihood of most of the residents of these two provinces is tied to this crop. Not so long ago, all rice cultivation activities were done manually and due to the low working speed and the one-time opportunity to plant, it had created certain culturally related activities; including singing local songs while working and the tradition of kayir. In some occasions, even by passers took a few minutes to help the owner of the land. These customs would create a good opportunity for agritourism. Agritourism, a combination of the two words Agri and Tourism, includes the agricultural activities that invite tourists. Agritourism makes it possible for tourists to get to know the native culture and customs of that land, in addition to experiencing the desired activity. Besides creating objective landscapes such as diversity in size, shape and color, rice cultivation is a retelling of the common culture of the land in a time frame of less than six months, and watching any landscape through the said time frame creates a subjective landscape and an accurate understanding of time in people. Shalizar provides a good opportunity for tourists to see customs and traditions, and to experience all kinds of scenery along with doing all kinds of activities. The subjective landscape of the paddy field includes all the customs and traditions related to the activities of the rice farmers during the stages of land preparation, planting, sowing and harvesting, which happen in a time interval of less than six months. In addition, seeing each of the sights would have given the viewer a precise understanding of time because each activity represented a specific point of time in this six-month period:Land preparation with a view of vast fields full of water in late March and early April;The green landscape of the planted land before the clustering from the end of April to the middle of July;The landscape of green spikes from mid-July to mid-August;A golden landscape with hanging spikes until the middle of September (Paiezeh-maah);And the landscape of the remaining stalks after harvesting the crop after September.But what is happening today, with the increase of the speed of carrying out different steps, using precocious varieties of rice and benefiting from new machinery, has caused a high percentage of farmers to switch to second cultivation and the cycle of activities related to paddy fields happens twice. The mechanization of activities, the presence of less manpower and the acceleration of time have caused the disappearance of the culture and customs related to rice farming, and have also distorted the subjective landscape in understanding time. For example, golden spikes of rice are seen in some fields next to newly planted fields, confounding the traditional understanding of time. Another damage caused by the replanting of rice is the burning of the stalk residue, which causes environmental pollution in the time frame between the two crops and destroys the attraction of tourism in the space. Fortunately, in some areas where it is difficult for agricultural machinery to enter due to various reasons, including the slope of the land, the same old habits are still going on, and it is hoped that by reviving the ancient culture of paddy fields, agritourism in those areas can be boosted.

Historical places, as important and attractive parts of the city, always have importance, identity and personality as tourist destinations. One of the results of the optimal organization of such spaces is the mental permanence of the spatial experience, shaping the location of social interactions and repeating the audience's visit. The aim of the current research is to analyze the physical and spatial components of urban complexes on improving readability and, as a result, increasing the number of visits and use of them. This research was conducted with a combination of analytical descriptive methods, logical reasoning and case study, and the data collection tools are field observations and library studies. In order to analyze the data regarding the spatial relations of the case study, the specialized software Depthmap has been used. The restoration efforts of Saad al-Saltaneh complex in recent years have turned the search for concepts of its spatial structure as a dynamic space in an original format due to the continuous presence of citizens into a subject worthy of reflection. The results of the research show that the physical and spatial components affecting readability and as a result increasing visits to historical places include the selectivity of space, visibility and visual and movement permeability. These factors have been effective in increasing the number of visits by creating wide and multi-directional fields of view in the focal parts, creating the shortest connecting routes between important internal destinations and paying attention to the proper organization of the entrances of historical context.

| Knowledge of the surroundings as a factor affecting the quality of the mental image plays an important role in navigation by users of airport terminals. However, disregarding the effects of the components on the quality of users’ perception of such places’ design has affected the relationship between users and these places. This study was conducted to answer the following questions: What is the effectiveness of components of the mental image and cognitive map on the optimum navigation by airport terminal users? What are the type and extent of the relationship between these components on the quality of navigation of the users of such places? Explanation of the factors affecting the formation and strengthening of the mental image with a focus on increasing the user quality was the main objective of this study, and making it easier to route public spaces was another objective. To achieve the research objectives, a quantitative strategy was used, relying on library and field studies. Qualitative data were collected based on the study of written references on the perception of the environment, mental images, and cognitive maps, and quantitative data were obtained from a field survey using a questionnaire in the study area. The study results showed that for the ranking, the frame (body), legibility (readability), search for meaning, and attractiveness have been the most effective on the cognitive map, respectively.

The biophilic approach, a subset of sustainability, is considered the most comprehensive approach to nature; also, the components affecting the biophilic model in Maharlu Lake tourism are access to water zones, leisure time spent in green spaces, and per capita green spaces, which can contribute to the biophilic model development. This study investigated the indicators of biophilic urban development to promote the quality of life. This study is applied in terms of purpose and falls under descriptive-analytical and exploratory research in terms of nature. To gather data, we used documentary and survey methods. The data was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire, interviews, and in-depth observation. The sample of this study consisted of tourists visiting Maharlu Lake, ordinary people, and experts.The most effective components affecting the biophilic model of Maharlu lake tourism were access to water zones, leisure time spent in green spaces, and per capita green spaces, respectively. Of all dimensions affecting development, structural, managerial, and social-cultural dimensions had the most effect on the biophilic model of Maharlu lake tourism.

Clothing and its surrounding areas, such as its related customs, aesthetics, andindustry, are among the most important issues on which scholars and researchers have focusedin cultural, social, and historical studies. The reigns of the Safavid and Qajar dynasties are twosignificant periods in the history of Iran, and the clothes that people wore during those periodsare indeed unique and worthy of scrutiny. The reign of the Safavid dynasty was the beginningof a powerful Shia government, and the reign of the Qajar dynasty marked the initiation ofWesternization in Iran. These two notions turn them into vitally important topics as far ashistorical and social explorations and inspections are concerned. Factors such as the travels ofNaser al-Din Shah Qajar are among the features that influenced the way in which governmentalpreferences and propensities changed. The variety-seeking quality as well as the formal andtypical developments of these two periods were mostly represented through women’s clothing.The outside clothing of city women in the Safavid era included a white chador and veil (inPersian a ruband), which have remained almost unchanged over time. The clothing of Qajarwomen, however, underwent more change due to interactions and connections with Europe;nevertheless, they still had a black chador and a white ruband on. The research question isthus as follows: while transitioning from the Safavid era to the Qajar era, how has women’sclothing changed? Given its quiddity ,the present research is categorized as a qualitative study.The method used here is descriptive-analytical ,assessing developments in the samples of thestudy with regard to the context of social and historical changes .The objective of the presentresearch is to examine the impact of government policies on the development of women’sclothing during the reign of the Safavid and Qajar dynasties .The investigations done as apart of the present research show that neither the tendency towards Shi’ism nor the spread ofWesternization has been singly able to have a major impact on the development of the customsassociated with inside and outside clothing of average women during the reign of Safavid andQajar dynasties ;and ,features such as comfortableness ,beauty ,and protection of safety andprivacy have indeed been the determining factors with regards to a variety of clothing .Thismatter can elucidate the constancy and consistency of the impact of introversion on women’sclothing during the reign of the Safavid and Qajar dynasties, despite the existing positive andnegative constraints.

The fundamental changes in lifestyle all over the world have also affected the tourism industry. Tourism has moved away from museums and historical places and has stepped into new realms that free people from their daily life (and maybe their boredom).Human diversity and perfectionism can perhaps be considered as his most important tool that has led to his progress. Man always criticizes his situation and looks for a different experience that will improve his current situation. This principle is also seen in tourism.  New generation tourists travel to different countries and cities with cultural-biological diversity to experience a different life in a different cultural context. Stay in eco-hotels, participate in cooking with the locals, participate in their rituals and celebrations, and generally experience different cultural-biological experiences up close. Now, our new cities and lifestyle have become like other peoples of the world, which attracts less tourists. Current life in traditional neighborhoods and The villages of Iran, derived from the culture and environmental conditions, are attractive and diverse, which can tempt the tourist to experience. What is this factor that has given life to the neighborhood and brought tourists from around the world to touch it?

As a historical product of every cultural geography, language is an integral part of every landscape. Linguistic signs, one of the most important manifestations of the city landscape, help the audience easily communicate with the city by reading the concepts directly. Therefore, Persian-language signs are considered one of the identity elements of Iran’s territorial landscape, and by reading them, people realize their place identity. However, in recent years, the contradictory position of city officials on the expansion of the Persian language has caused the urban landscape to be full of signs of foreign languages. Some of these urban signs, in the form of large-scale sculptures, have been placed in the most influential urban locations, such as city entrances, public spaces, and so on. These urban sculptures, which are generally placed to develop the tourist infrastructure, have been promoted by aesthetic interpretation of media from western cities than non-Persian-speaking tourists. In translating Persian guide signs, the focus has been on the imitation of the branding of European and American cities. Such imitation has been promoted by the media for decades, like linguistic signs, such as emojis, that have been promoted by social media. In other words, the previous centuries’ tradition of architecture in Iran, which used to represent textual elements on the scale of the city and had often more complex linguistic content, gave way to frequent language expressions in the media but simpler content, such as smiley faces, red hearts, etc. Since these developments can affect the deepest collective memories of the citizens by being placed in the public space of the city, this article aims to deal with the roots of the formation and promotion of these signs with a critical and pathological approach.