مجله جغرافیا و توسعه
پیاپی 70 (بهار 1402)

In today's borderless global economy, on the international stage, places act as new actors. Globalization of the economy and increasing the technological changes pace are two important forces in geographic location competition which is essential to have people with the following characteristics: creativity, risk-taking and awareness of environmental opportunities in the field of land economy. On the other hand, the increasing importance of tourism businesses in economic diversification and livelihood sustainability, especially in local communities, has created various economic opportunities to meet these needs. Consideration of innovative tourism activities in the context of rural entrepreneurship development is one of the most important opportunities. Therefore, the present article investigates the tourism entrepreneurship space in the Saman District of Malayer County with the aim of analyzing the spatial reconstruction capability of tourism entrepreneurship in rural areas development. The method of this study was descriptive-analytical and applied. The statistical population of the study consisted of 100 furniture and carpentry business owners. A questionnaire was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire ، using Cronbach's alpha test for tourism entrepreneurship variable (0.98). Data analysis was performed in SPSS 20 software. Findings showed that tourism entrepreneurship (sofa and inlay) was relatively favorable in 90% of rural areas and led to the growth of tourism entrepreneurship economic activities in the region. According to the results, the villages of Dehno and Dehnoavarzaman are capable of entrepreneurship spatial reconstruction and become larger business locations. Also, the results of the means comparison test showed that there is a significant difference (p <0.01) between the perception of entrepreneurs with different educational levels in terms of factors affecting the spatial reconstruction of entrepreneurship.

Understanding the morphodynamics of river junctions is an important part of fluvial geomorphological studies that were provided suitable conditions to measure erosion and sediment changes at the junction of Dinver and Gamasiab rivers by the occurrence of floods in April 2019.  Due to the complexity, 3D numerical simulation is not cost-effective, and one-dimensional models, also, have some errors. For this reason, the use of two-dimensional models can be useful. Therefore, the SRH-2D model was used to investigate the effect of the flood on the morphology of the confluence of the Dinver River to Gamasiab. To study the morphological changes in the study area, elevation position and topography was mapped in two stages before and after the flood and also a granulometric experiment was performed. Due to the fact that the SRH_2D model does not have the ability to network, the required mesh was prepared using SMS software and the output file of the model was saved in TECPLOT format. The results showed that in a flood with a 35-year return period of the Dinver River to Gamasiab junction, with a meander- meander junction at a 40-degree angle, bed erosion in the downstream part of the junction begins to occur early in the onset of flooding and gradually expands to the upstream. However, sedimentation occurs shortly after the peak of the flood in the stagnation zone and then growing the spurs as the flood decreases, and developing the outer arch of the Gamasiab River as at the flood goes to end.

Tourism is one of the most dynamic economic activities of the present era, which plays an important role in sustainable development. Cultural tourism is one of the types of tourism that covers a wide range of tourists that deserves a great attention due to its important role in preserving the culture and history of different communities. Identifying opportunities and windows of entrepreneurial opportunity in the field of cultural tourism can empower start-ups and companies to develop the industry, create many jobs and businesses, and reduce the unemployment rate to some extent. Also, addressing the issue of entrepreneurship, especially in the field of cultural tourism, can open a window of opportunity to unemployed youth, indicating the importance of addressing this issue. Accordingly, the present study is an attempt to identify the factors affecting the creation of cultural tourism entrepreneurship opportunities in Iran. The research method is mixed exploratory (qualitative and quantitative). The statistical population of the research is experts. In the quantitative section, the statistical population includes experts in tourism offices and entrepreneurship area. The research instrument is a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. The research reliability is investigated and the reliability of the questionnaire is confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The statistical method in the quantitative stage is a confirmatory factor analysis in PLS software, a single-sample T-test, and Friedman in SPSS software. The research findings show that financial factors with average rank of 3.62, infrastructure (3.44), cultural (3.29), economic (3.12), marketing (2.72), educational (2.46), legal-administrative (2.37), and social (2.18) factors are effective in creating cultural tourism opportunities. Therefore, if tourism opportunities are available as an entrepreneurial and employment source, the development and settlement of the country's provinces will be created. Material assistance to entrepreneurial people, allocating sufficient credit and budget to research projects, private sector investment incentive plans, and financial assistance to the development of accommodation, hospitality, and infrastructure development, including policy recommendations in the financial field. Creating opportunities for cultural tourism can be.

This study aims to evaluate the effective components in the space organization of the entrepreneurial city; A case study of Ilam city has been done. The method of this research is applied according to the purpose and analytical-descriptive based on its nature. The research data was analyzed using SEM structural equation modeling and SPSS software and LISREL structural equations. The tests used in this study were confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis. The method of data collection is field and library and a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 60 items with 5 options in the form of Likert scale has been used to collect information. The statistical population of the study was 20000 entrepreneurs in Ilam city. Based on the sample rule of structural equations, 250  questionnaires were distributed among the statistical sample. The results show that the independent and hidden components of urban natural environment, socio-cultural environment of the city, urban infrastructure, quality of education and training centers related to entrepreneurship, information and communication technology related to entrepreneurship, administrative organization on the hidden component of space organization The city of Ilam has had a significant impact and there is a significant relationship between these independent and dependent variables. Also, there was no significant effect between the components of the economic environment of the city and the laws, regulations and policies of entrepreneurship and the hidden component of the situation of the Ilam Space Organization.

Industrialization in some cities, especially coastal cities creates new work and labor circumstances and it affects feelings in all economic sections. Therefore, along with financial movements, we could observe that it carries out population movement and displacement. The aim of this research is to study migrant’s population staying and persistence according to adaptation (social and environmental) in industrial- coastal regions. Accordingly, the staying concept analysis in migration and adaption theories framework. The research is carried out by sampling survey with a sample size of 654 migrants selected by probability proportional to size (PPS). The results of logistic regression showed affective factors on the staying of immigrants in the short-term period (the next 5 years), are environment adaption, and length of stay. In the medium period, the key affecting factors are age, length of stay, social adaption, and environment adaption. For long-term staying or permanent residence, the factors include environment adaption, social adaption, and age, which affect the durability of migrants. In consequence, study findings emphasis on theoretical and conceptual interaction between staying of migrants, adaptation and socio-economic factors according to adaptation and migration economic theories.