نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال هشتم شماره 2 (تابستان 1402)

Identifying the quantitative and qualitative problems in water resources monitoring systems is one of the most important steps in formulating the structure of water resources systems management plans and implementing pollution reduction environmental plans. It is considered to use some indirect methods to simulate qualitative parameters in high volume in order to reduce cost, time and high accuracy. In the field of simulating water quality models, many models have been developed that require a lot of input parameters such as hydrological, meteorological data, etc., which require spending time and money to access them. The increasing expansion of computers and the use of artificial intelligence and the use of artificial neural network methods have been widely used in the estimation of qualitative parameters.

In the present study, based on the ability of intelligent neural models of four models such as artificial neural network, neuro-fuzzy, neural-wavelet, and neuro-fuzzy-wavelet were used to predict the water quality parameters of the Hamadan Ekbatan dam. For this purpose, BOD5, DO, pH, temperature, total solids and water turbidity were measured during 1388and 1389 to estimate phosphate, nitrate, fecal coliform and total chlorophyll a. in order to evaluation of the environmental conditions on the accuracy of the results , predictions were made in the last two warm and cold periods of the year .

Based on the results, the combined model of neural network with wavelet theory was introduced as the optimal structure for estimating all four qualitative parameters in both periods. Among the parameters studied during the warm period, the lowest normal root mean square error (NRMSE) and the highest correlation coefficient were 0.990 and 0.999, Furthermore, in the cold period, the least amount of NRMSE and the most correlation coefficient was 2.75 and 0,905 have seen for the nitrate quality parameter In this research, 4 smart models were used to predict the quality parameters of phosphate, nitrate, faecal coliform and coliform a of Ekbatan Dam in Hamedan. The error measurement criteria of accuracy and agreement with the measured value were examined. In general, the combined method of neural network and wavelet theory was introduced as an optimal structure with a high correlation coefficient and a lower error rate than other methods for both cold and warm periods. The predicted value using this method has the most agreement with the measured value. Using smart models reduces cost and time and has high accuracy. Also, the accuracy of forecasting of qualitative parameters is more in hot period than in cold period.In this research, 4 smart models were used to predict the quality parameters of phosphate, nitrate, faecal coliform and coliform a of Ekbatan Dam in Hamedan. The error measurement criteria of accuracy and agreement with the measured value were examined. In general, the combined method of neural network and wavelet theory was introduced as an optimal structure with a high correlation coefficient and a lower error rate than other methods for both cold and warm periods. The predicted value using this method has the most agreement with the measured value. Using smart models reduces cost and time and has high accuracy. Also, the accuracy of forecasting of qualitative parameters is more in hot period than in cold period.In this research, 4 smart models were used to predict the quality parameters of phosphate, nitrate, faecal coliform and coliform a of Ekbatan Dam in Hamedan. The error measurement criteria of accuracy and agreement with the measured value were examined. In general, the combined method of neural network and wavelet theory was introduced as an optimal structure with a high correlation coefficient and a lower error rate than other methods for both cold and warm periods. The predicted value using this method has the most agreement with the measured value. Using smart models reduces cost and time and has high accuracy. Also, the accuracy of forecasting of qualitative parameters is more in hot period than in cold period.In this research, 4 smart models were used to predict the quality parameters of phosphate, nitrate, faecal coliform and coliform a of Ekbatan Dam in Hamedan. The error measurement criteria of accuracy and agreement with the measured value were examined. In general, the combined method of neural network and wavelet theory was introduced as an optimal structure with a high correlation coefficient and a lower error rate than other methods for both cold and warm periods. The predicted value using this method has the most agreement with the measured value. Using smart models reduces cost and time and has high accuracy. Also, the accuracy of forecasting of qualitative parameters is more in hot period than in cold period.In this research, 4 smart models were used to predict the quality parameters of phosphate, nitrate, faecal coliform and coliform a of Ekbatan Dam in Hamedan. The error measurement criteria of accuracy and agreement with the measured value were examined. In general, the combined method of neural network and wavelet theory was introduced as an optimal structure with a high correlation coefficient and a lower error rate than other methods for both cold and warm periods. The predicted value using this method has the most agreement with the measured value. Using smart models reduces cost and time and has high accuracy. Also, the accuracy of forecasting of qualitative parameters is more in hot period than in cold period.In this research, 4 smart models were used to predict the quality parameters of phosphate, nitrate, faecal coliform and coliform a of Ekbatan Dam in Hamedan. The error measurement criteria of accuracy and agreement with the measured value were examined. In general, the combined method of neural network and wavelet theory was introduced as an optimal structure with a high correlation coefficient and a lower error rate than other methods for both cold and warm periods. The predicted value using this method has the most agreement with the measured value. Using smart models reduces cost and time and has high accuracy. Also, the accuracy of forecasting of qualitative parameters is more in hot period than.

The vast geographical area of Iran and the long distance that most cities in our country have with coastal ports, has created many problems for exporters, importers and transit of goods, and the high cost of road transport increases the cost of goods for domestic products. This has reduced the competitiveness of domestic producers over foreign competitors. In addition to this issue, we are witnessing heavy traffic in the port cities and highways of the country, especially in the northern ports such as Anzali and Nowshahr ports, which are caused by the movement of trucks. In addition, port cities have increased traffic problems at certain times of the year due to their tourist nature due to the heavy passenger load, and sometimes truck traffic is prohibited and goods leave the port with difficulty. Problems such as long loading and unloading time and lack of space may be possible. . Today, the position of Anzali port in supplying raw materials to various factories during the last ten years has become a strategic and special port on the Caspian Sea and has a special place among the ports on the Caspian Sea. The implementation of the comprehensive plan and commercial development of Anzali port in recent years and the construction of breakwaters and the creation of new infrastructure has increased the volume of economic exchanges.

The research method is applied and Delphi method has been used for analysis, study and conclusion. In order to use the Delphi method, a team of experts in port and maritime affairs has been used. By reviewing the literature and research background, using the points of view of experts and experts and experts on port and maritime affairs and observing a comprehensive list of factors affecting the creation of dry ports was identified and this list was provided to experts and specialists separately. They were asked to identify the main and most important factors according to the research topic. After confirming its reliability and validity, the final questionnaire was designed. The Demitel method determines the relationships and how the factors affect each other, and finally the Demetel-based ANP network analysis process method, called the DANP method, will be used to prioritize the factors. MATLAB 2019 software was used. The steps of the DANP technique are as follows:Step 1) Calculation of direct communication matrix: First, the views of experts are collected and presented with a range of 5 without impact, low impact, effective, high impact and very high impact. When the views of several experts are used, a simple arithmetic mean of the comments is used and a direct correlation matrix, or D, is formed. Step 2) Calculate the normal direct correlation matrix: In this step, the sum normalization of all rows and columns is calculated. Step 3) Calculating the complete communication matrix Criteria: To calculate the complete communication matrix, the same matrix (I) is formed first. Then we normalize the same matrix minus the normal matrix and invert the resulting matrix. Finally, we multiply the normal matrix by the inverse.The fourth step is to calculate the complete relationship matrix of the dimensions as well as the intensity of the effect of the criteria. Step 5) Normalize the full dimensional correlation matrix.Step 6) Normalize the complete correlation matrix of the criteria. Step 7)Form an unbalanced supermatrix.Step 8 - Formation of a rhythmic supermatrix.Step 9) Limit the rhythmic supermatrix.We limit the rhythmic supermatrix by being able to convey a consecutive odd number Z, until the supermatrix converges and stabilizes. The output of this step will be the effective DANP weights.

Research variables:

Dimensions of research variables include hardware factors, economic and environmental factors, each of which has its own visa index. Indices of hardware factors (including, customs arehouses, suitable location for high-risk and perishable shipments,Warehousing facilities, suitable equipment for unloading and loading containers and cargoes, information and communication systems including electronic data exchange systems, scanners and fleet weighing equipment, container transport routes between different modes of transport including railways, roads and inland waterways as a multi-container terminal and services. Logistics indicators, economic factors (including improving the financial and economic situation of the dry port, land prices, finding cheap labor, the possibility of providing specialized manpower, creating sustainable employment, reducing the cost of goods of industrial units) and indicators of environmental factors (including , Protection of fertile lands around Anzali city, improvement of Anzali city ecosystem (environmental effects), improvement of sustainable development process).

Among the studied factors, the factors of protection of fertile lands have gained the first rank and then the improvement of ecosystem and the process of sustainable development have been ranked second and third, which means that environmental factors are in the first priority. It is considered that the lands around Bandar Anzali are fertile and will protect the environment by constructing a dry port and proper location. Accordingly, it has no destructive effects on the ecosystem of Anzali. Then, among the indicators of economic dimensions, the factor of improving the financial and economic situation of the dry port is ranked fourth, and among the indicators of hardware dimensions, the factor of customs warehouses is ranked fifth. According to the obtained results, the effect of economic factors was confirmed as the second influential factor on the establishment of the dry port and finally the hardware factors are in the third place according to the ranking of indicators of these dimensions.The results obtained from the prioritization of the most important factors in setting up a dry port from the perspective of experts in the field of international transportation and trade in Anzali. Environmental factors of a dry port are the most important factor in the success of such a port. In this regard, one of the problems of Anzali city in setting up ports is that there are many fertile lands around Anzali city, which will protect the environment around Anzali city by constructing a dry port. Also, the lack of a rail network in the coming years and the need for a major overhaul and further development in this area has raised concerns about entering this mode of transportation. Therefore, one of the main requirements of Anzali city for the development of dry port projects in the country, while determining and defining in a place that does not harm the environment and ecosystem of Anzali city and rail and storage capacity, and creating and improving road development in necessary cases, Structural development and role of dry ports in Anzali city. This framework can be defined by designing a comprehensive document for the development of combined ports.The fourth priority for the financial dimension, on the one hand, indicates the relatively high importance of funding for dry port projects, and on the other hand, reflects the correct view in the country, which has considered infrastructure and platform as the principle and financial resources as complementary. That is why the entry of domestic private companies, only with financial support, has not been very effective in this area in recent years. Obviously, overcapacity of the transportation network is one of the main goals in creating a dry port, and according to research, heavy investments in the capacity of container terminals and larger ships and more container flow, put a lot of pressure on coastal port operations.The very low importance of road factors and the great attention to the environment show that there is a lot of concern in this field in the city of Anzali. Perhaps this deep attention is due to the specificity and characteristics of Anzali city. Certainly, if these ports are properly located in the country, the shortcomings and problems of road routes will be better identified. Although access to land is important in competition with the sea, the commissioning of a dry port will always have an impact on energy consumption, accumulation in road networks, to some extent on the environment. Obviously, ignoring these cases will have many negative consequences in the future that will nullify the benefits of the dry port; Among other things, the increase in road and rail transport traffic increases air pollution and heat in the region and in the long run affects the vegetation of the region, and this progresses even to the increase of diseases for residents of nearby areas.

Landslides are among the geomorphic processes affecting the landscape evolution of mountainous regions, which occur under the influence of various local geomorphological, hydrological and geological conditions (Roering et al, 2005). In a simple definition, the mass movement of earth constituents from a slope (slope) to the bottom of the earth is called landslide. This downward movement of surface materials occurs due to the effect of the earth's gravity and the mobility and displacement of these materials increases with the presence of water in the sediments (Pareta et al, 2012). Landslides cause heavy casualties and financial and life losses every year, which in some cases cannot be compensated or require a lot of time and money. Therefore, planning to prevent these damages is of particular importance. In this regard, landslide risk zoning maps make it possible for relevant executive bodies to identify sensitive and vulnerable areas to landslides and make decisions about the desired programs ).Jafari et al. (2018) analyzed landslide risk zoning in Badranlu catchment area using Analytical Network Process (ANP) method. In this study, 69 landslides were identified in the first step for landslide risk zoning in the study area. In the next step, the factors involved in the occurrence of landslides, including lithology, land use, land slope, slope direction, average annual rainfall, distance from the river, distance from the fault, and distance from residential centers are evaluated spatially and as thematic layers in the environment. GIS were prepared. These factors were prioritized using expert opinion and ANP network analysis process and were combined accordingly. Finally, the study area was classified into three classes in terms of sensitivity to the risk of landslides. The results show that 21 landslides with an area of 75,600 square meters are in the medium-risk landslide class, 26 landslides with an area of 91,800 square meters are in the high-risk landslide class, and 22 landslides with an area of 76,500 square meters are in the very high-risk landslide class. According to this research, the most important factors affecting the occurrence of landslides in the Badranlo basin are slope, lithology, distance from the river and annual rainfall. Ayaliyo and Yamagishi (2005) used the logistic regression approach in the framework of geographic information system in order to assess and zonate the risk of landslide occurrence in Kakodayahiko mountains located in the center of Japan. In this research, the spatial distribution of landslides was considered as a dependent variable and a set of environmental and human variables such as slope, vegetation, communication networks, etc. were considered as independent variables. Due to the spatial nature of landslide hazard, statistical analysis was done in the framework of Geographical Information System (GIS). The results indicate the high efficiency of the multivariate statistical approach (logistic regression) for modeling landslide risk at the level of the study area. Also, the results show the great importance of variables of distance from roads and slope in the occurrence of landslides in the region. This shows the vulnerability of the domains in the study area to human interference.Qaturchai Khoi watershed is one of the basins in the northwest of the country, where the instability of the range is considered one of the important processes in the evolution of the region's landscape. Such instabilities in some cases threaten the existing settlements and infrastructures in the region. In the current research, the risk of landslides in this basin is zoned. In order to zone the risk of landslides in the Qoturchai catchment area, 10 variables influencing the occurrence of landslides were used.These variables include: height, slope, slope direction, slope length, lithology, faults, precipitation, distance from waterways, vegetation and distance from the road were used, and their effects on the occurrence of landslides have been briefly discussed.

In this research, in order to zone the risk of landslides in the Qoturchai catchment area, the technique of superimposing different variables affecting the occurrence of landslides was used. For this, it is necessary to combine the geographic information system (GIS) with other models. In this context, multi-criteria decision-making models are widely used. One of these efficient and common models is the Analytical Network Process (ANP) model. In the current research, the mentioned model was used to extract the weight or the influence factor of the effective criteria on the occurrence of landslides in the Qotourchai catchment area due to its high flexibility and the ability to establish internal and external communication. In the following, explanations about the ANP model and its implementation method are provided.In order to assess and zonate the risk of landslides in the Qoturchai catchment area, ArcGIS and Super Decisions software were used as the most important processing and analytical tools of the research.ArcGIS software was used to prepare thematic layers affecting landslide occurrence and spatial analysis.Super Decisions software was also used to perform calculations related to the Analytical Network Process (ANP) model.

In the present study, the Qoturchai catchment area was evaluated in terms of the risk of landslides. The study area is located in the southwest of Khoy city, affiliated to West Azarbaijan province. This basin is one of the basins of the country that has a high potential for landslides. Therefore, in the present study, the spatial assessment and zoning of the landslide risk of this basin were investigated. In order to zone the risk of landslides in Qatourchai catchment area, 10 variables influencing the occurrence of landslides were used. These variables are: height, slope, slope direction, slope length, lithology, faults, precipitation, distance from waterways, vegetation and distance from the road were usesd.The comparison of the effective criteria on the occurrence of landslides using the Analytical Network Process (ANP) model indicates that the three variables of slope, lithology and precipitation are respectively the most important and effective variables affecting the occurrence of landslides in the Qotourchai catchment area. These variables have a total effect of more than 60% on the occurrence of landslides in the study area. In fact, a significant part of the landslides in the region is the result of the separate or combined involvement of the aforementioned variables. On the opposite point, the variables of distance from the road, slope length, slope direction and vegetation have the least importance or influence in the occurrence of landslides in the region and their role is more local.e

The increase in urban population due to their unsustainable development as well as the irregular growth of cities and their unsupervised expansion will increase the exposure to natural hazards (Atrachali, 2016: 2). Natural disasters, which are a part of human life and their number and variety are increasing day by day, pose a great challenge to the sustainable development of human societies (Adger and Hodbod, 2014: 91). Earthquake is a natural phenomenon and cannot be predicted (Kahandawa et al, 2018: 2) and is one of the most catastrophic and destructive types of natural hazards. It has been discussed for a long time, especially in developing countries (‌Dong &Shan, 2013: 85). Earthquakes have affected human life for a long time due to the existence of complex connections in cities (Falahi and Jalali, 2013: 6), the crisis risk index of the United Nations Development Program in 2004 shows that From Armenia, Iran has the highest level of earthquake vulnerability among countries in the world, and 31 out of every 40 types of natural disasters have occurred in Iran (Rezaei et al., 2015: 610). In most parts of Iran, seismic activity is directly related to the activity of faults, and most seismicity has occurred along active faults, and most of the known seismic faults in Iran are along their It is more than 40 km and all of them are accompanied by devastating earthquakes with a magnitude of more than 7 on the Richter scale (Azadikhah, 2009: 193). At the global level, there have been significant changes in the attitude towards risk (Ziyari, 2018: 98). Much emphasis has been placed on resilience instead of vulnerability (Mayunga, 2007: 4). Resilience has been studied around the world in various societies prone to traumatic events, including earthquakes ( Kara ırmak, 2010: 19). There is a possibility of an earthquake, especially when the conditions for its occurrence exist, including the existence of various faults, the presence of several faults in Kermanshah and its surroundings indicates the risk of an earthquake, the inadequate access to some areas of the city, the post-earthquake relief operation faces a problem that if no action is taken to manage the earthquake crisis, this can lead to a human disaster (Kamrizadeh, 2016: 4). Considering that it is not possible to prevent the occurrence of an earthquake or the time of its occurrence cannot be predicted, but it is possible to provide solutions to deal with or reduce its vulnerability, these solutions increase initiatives and ideas. will be done against the city's resilience and resilience against earthquakes, so achieving the resilience and resilience of cities and citizens against the risk of earthquakes is one of the main goals. which should be taken into account in urban management, urban development plans, etc. This research deals with an analysis of the vulnerability of Kermanshah city to the risk of earthquakes with emphasis on the resilience approach.

Based on the purpose, the current research is part of applied research and based on the working method and nature, it is placed in the framework of descriptive-analytical research. The statistical population is the residents of Kermanshah city over 15 years old, and Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size, and 385 people were selected as a statistical sample. The classification method has also been used to select the sample in the regions. Documentary methods and library studies were used to formulate the theoretical foundations of the research and to collect information from the questionnaire, which was used by Dr. Rezaei and Dr. Eshghi Chahar Borj). Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.80, which indicates the good reliability of the questionnaire. One-sample T-tests, Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to analyze the data.

Earthquake is a natural phenomenon and cannot be predicted and is one of the most catastrophic and destructive types of natural hazards. The existence of several faults in Kermanshah and its surroundings indicates the risk of earthquakes. Achieving the resilience and resilience of cities and citizens against the risk of earthquakes is one of the main goals. which should be considered in urban management, urban development plans, etc. This research deals with an analysis of the vulnerability of Kermanshah city against the risk of earthquakes with an emphasis on the resilience approach. 385 people were selected as a statistical sample. In order to collect information, a questionnaire (including three indicators of institutional background, institutional relations and institutional performance) was used. For data analysis, the collected data (Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman and TT sample tests) were used. To investigate the status of institutional indicators and ranking of the eight regions of Kermanshah city by components and whether there is a significant difference in the availability of components or not; Kruskal-Wallis test was used. The results show that there is a significant difference in thirteen components and there is no significant difference in five components. Friedman's test was used to rank the components of the institutional resilience index from the point of view of citizens. According to the results obtained from it; How much is the component index of your adherence to legal guidelines in order to prevent accidents caused by earthquakes during construction? How satisfied are you with the performance of the government and local institutions of the council and municipality in relation to the provision of educational services (brochures, brochures, etc.) regarding the safe use of household and workshop equipment? Also, in order to compare the average state of institutional resilience in Kermanshah city, a sample t-tech test was used, the results show. The two indicators of institutional base and institutional performance have an average higher than average and their significance level is less than 0.05. Also, the index of institutional relations is lower than the average level and its significance level is less than 0.05.

Peach, as an edible fruit with an acceptable economic advantage, is mainly produced in the Mediterranean region and Central Asia and consumed all over the world. Flavor is one of the key factors in fruit quality, and it largely depends on the content of soluble sugars and organic acids. Sweetness, which is determined by the level of soluble sugars, is one of the main characteristics that affect consumer satisfaction. In the mature peach fruit, sucrose constitutes more than 54% of the total soluble sugars, which are mainly stored in the vacuole and occupy up to 90% of the total cell. However, the underlying mechanisms of sugar accumulation in peach fruit remain largely unknown.The complexity of food odor makes it difficult to analyze them with conventional analytical techniques such as gas chromatography. However, sensory analysis by experts is a costly process and requires trained people who can only work for a relatively short period of time. Problems such as the human subjectivity of the response to smell and the variation between people should also be considered. Hence, there is a need for a tool such as an electronic nose with high sensitivity and correlation with human sensory panel data for specific applications in food control. Due to its easy construction, cheapness and the need for little time for analysis, the electronic nose is becoming an automatic non-destructive method to describe the smell of food.An olfactory machine can recognize the fragrance composition by estimating its concentration or determining some of its intrinsic properties, which the human nose is hardly able to do. In general, the human olfactory system is a five-step process including smelling, receiving the scent, evaluating, detecting and erasing the effect of the scent. The olfactory phenomenon begins with inhaling the intended smell and ends with breathing fresh air to remove the effect of the scent. The human olfactory system, with all its unique capabilities, also has disadvantages that limit its use in quality control processes, including subjectivity, low reproducibility (for example, results depending on time, people's health, analysis before the presence of odor and fatigue is variable), time-consuming, high labor cost, adaptation of people (less sensitivity when exposed to odor for a long time). In addition, it cannot be used to evaluate dangerous odors.The purpose of this research was to evaluate the ability and accuracy of the electronic nose using chemometrics methods to detect and differentiate peach cultivars using their volatile compounds.

First, 5 varieties of peaches were prepared. After preparing different varieties of peaches, first, the samples were placed in a closed container (sample compartment) for 1 day to saturate the space of the container with the aroma and smell of peach fruit, and then the sample compartments were used for data collection with an odor machine.In this research, the electronic nose made in the Biosystems Engineering Department of Mohaghegh Ardabili University was used. In this device, 9 metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors with low power consumption are used, which are listed in Table1.The sample chamber was connected to the electronic nose device and data collection was done. This data collection was done in such a way that first, clean air was passed through the sensor chamber for 100 seconds to clean the sensors from thepresence of odors and other gases. Then the smell of the sample was sucked from the sample chamber by the pump for 100 seconds and directed to the sensors, and finally, clean air was injected into the sensor chamber for 100 seconds to prepare the device for repetition and subsequent tests. 30 repetitions were considered for each sample.The chemometrics method in this research, started with principal component analysis (PCA) to discover the output response of the sensors and reduce the dimension of the data. In the next step, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to classify 5 peach cultivars.Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the simplest multivariate methods and is known as an unsupervised technique for clustering data according to groups. It is usually used to reduce the dimensionality of the data and the best results are obtained when the data are highly correlated, positively or negatively.

The scores chart (Figure 2) showed that the total variance of the data is equal to PC-1 (89%) and PC-2 (7%), respectively, and the first two principal components account for 96% of the total variance of the normalized data. When the total variance is higher than 90%, it means that the first two PCs are sufficient to explain the total variance of the data set. So it can be concluded that the e-Nose has a good response to the smell of peaches and it is possible to distinguish peach cultivars, which shows the high accuracy of the electronic nose in identifying the smell of different products.The LDA method was also used to identify and distinguish peach cultivars based on the output response of the sensors. Unlike the PCA method, the LDA method can extract multi-sensor information to optimize the resolution between classes. Therefore, this method was used to detect 5 varieties of peach based on the output response of the sensors. The results of the identification of cultivars were equal to 90% (Figure 3).
In this research, an olfactory machine with 9 metal oxide sensors was used to identify and differentiate peach cultivars using their scent. Chemometrics methods including PCA and LDA were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex data from the electronic sensor arrays. PCA was used for data reduction and with two principal components PC1 and PC2, it described 96% of the variance of the data set and provided an initial classification, while LDA was able to accurately identify and classify grape cultivars. It became 90%. The scent machine has the ability to be used and exploited as a quick and non-destructive method to identify peach cultivars based on their smell. The use of this method in identifying peach cultivars will be very useful for consumers, especially processing units and food industries, in order to choose suitable cultivars.

The issue of water supply is the most important side service of every industrial unit, which turns into industrial wastewater during various uses, it is important to obtain industrial wastewater recovery methods. In the present study, manganese removal experiments by graphene adsorbent were carried out continuously in different conditions. Then the effect of effective parameters on manganese absorption such as pH (from acidic environment 2 to basic environment 12), contact time (from 5 to 30 minutes), initial concentration 20ppm and amount of adsorbent used (0.02 gr, 0.04 gr, 0.06 gr, 0.08 gr and 0.1 gr) ) was investigated. An atomic absorption device was used to measure the amount of manganese in the solution. The results showed that the optimum playing medium for the adsorbent was equal to 10. In the study of the effect of adsorbent heat on the absorption percentage, it was observed that the nanographene used has an extremely high absorption power in removing pollutants. The results showed that the process of removing manganese from the aqueous solution follows the pseudo-quadratic equation with very high accuracy. The maximum removal of manganese from the aqueous solution was 2ppm by 0.08gr of nanographene in 10 alkaline environment and 30 minutes contact time, and the absorption percentage was 99.05%.Graphene has a very good performance in removing manganese metal from wastewater. In fact, the larger the size of the absorbent surface and pores, the higher the absorption rate.

In the modern capitalist system, the city is considered as a suitable place and urbanism as a desirable way of living in it. The rise and influence of the capitalist culture in the third world, including Iran, followed the trend of industrialization, and the assembly and related industry, as a clear symbol of that irreparable damage and complications, was planted in the economic and social structure of the Iranian society. Among its consequences is the heterogeneous urban concentration and rapid growth of the urban population due to the extensive rural-urban migration. A process that actually causes the transfer of the mostly poor population to the cities. The expansion of urban life and urbanism and the concentration of capital in cities have caused neglect of rural areas. which causes population flow or in other words migration from villages to cities and vice versaThe excessive reliance of modern urbanism on the needs of vehicular movement and neglecting the maintenance and organization of pedestrian spaces has led to the decline of social, cultural and visual values, and as a result, the quality of life and urban livability decreases. The rapid growth of cities, the exponential increase of the urban population, and the subsequent inappropriate and disorganized physical growth, have the consequences of dissatisfaction with urban life and are associated with the loss of vitality. Our time is the time of speed; Travel, communication, production and exchange, weather changes, etc. are faster. With the ren

Siahkal forests in northern Iran experienced extended and devastating fire seasons in recent decades, in most cases, driven by dry, warm/hot, windy weather. Identifying forest fuel and wildfire risk dynamics is important for an integrated fire-forest management strategy. To understand how forest structure controls these dynamics, we quantified forest fuels and fire behaviour across different forest types in the study area. In this work, we present the results of an analysis of wildfire behaviour from historical fire records, vegetation type, weather, and fuel moisture. We used a modelling approach to estimate the physical parameters of surface fire behaviour: flame length and fire size; as well as the potential crown fire occurrence. We selected a large forest watershed area in Siahkal County of north Iran, under temperate broadleaf forests and mixed plantations with variable compositions. To run the model, we gathered data on forest structure and composition, and physical information. We detected moderate to high levels of fire size and flame length, ascribed to the high availability of very dry fine biomass. The crown fire potential varied greatly throughout the landscape. Low stands were more prone to crowning. The results show that crown fire potential in plantation stands especially conifers are higher compared to natural stands. In addition, the early stages of planted stands are more likely to experience crown fire due to their low mean height and low CBH. The findings can assist in the identification of priority areas where forest structure needs to be managed.

Effectiveness of Infographics on the Learning of Thrifting of Drinking Water Consumption using5E framework,Approaching Sustainability of Environment BiologyAbstractFrom the viewpoint of behaviorism, incorrect culture of consuming environmental resources exists in Iranian society at the time. No doubt, ignoring such a serious issue more or less affects all parts of the society’s biological life and health. Whiles, this wrong culture can be prevented and changed by an organised education program. In line with this, such a well-planned education system breeds the future generations finely. The system also prevents many plausible occurrence of environmental and human crises. But it seems that, the planners and policy makers of the formal education system have not adequately attention to such important aspects. One is the culture of correct consumption of resources in various fields. The necessity of teaching how to conserve drinking water to the younger people as future citizens in the formal education system, is an undeniable requirement and strategic investments in this field. It is expected that education accelerates social progress through four different but interconnected goals: humanistic goals (through individual and collective quality developments); Civic goals (through strengthening public life and active citizen participation); Economic goals (by promoting people based on creating intellectual and practical skills that are productive and strengthen their living conditions and society, and goals related to improving social rights and justice (Spiel et al., 2018). In terms of behavior change, the traditional education approaches need to be revised as it is mostly based on information transfer and pure speech. Rooted in the positivist epistemological approach and the behaviorist school of psychology, this education method has a passive attitude towards the learner and assigns him a small role in learning (Anderson, 1995). Therefore, there is serious doubt in the efficiency and effectiveness of traditional approaches to create behaviors and change; Because such an approach emphasizes on presenting the information only that is in contradiction with Piaget's (1970) conditions and stages of children's cognitive development. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children in elementary school only think and learn based on tangible facts around them, and their learning model is learning by doing, not listening to the teacher's lecture! Thus, it is necessary to transform abstract education into objective and concrete education. In this context, David Merrill (2007) believes that every educational presentation should include two elements of expressing information and displaying them, and it is better to present both these elements in the context of a real problem. Problem-oriented teaching or learning is rooted in constructivist psychology. From the perspective of epistemology, it is opposed to the approach of positivism and behavioral psychology (Shank, 2000). In this approach, the student is the center of learning and the agent of knowledge production (Santrak, 2004) and the teacher's role is to guide and facilitate the learning process (Fetsko McClure, 2005).Now the question arises whether the current approaches of the education system have been successful in changing the culture of consuming environmental resources? In response, it can be concluded that owing to the reduction or exhaustion of natural resources such as water resources, forests and other natural reserves during the past years, the current education system has not worked as it should in teaching the right culture of using these resources. As a result, children are indifferent to important issues such as saving drinking water. This is despite the fact that early childhood education can lead to the formation of a correct behavioral culture; It is also possible to draw the attention of children and teenagers to the importance of the optimal use of environmental resources by using artistic methods in presenting educational materials in schools and kindergartens. It should be from the beginning and institutionalize acceptable behavior in them so that in the future they will have to spend huge costs. Not to encourage people to do them.Research MethodThe current research is a quasi-experimental applied research in which a pre-test-post-test design with a control group is used. The statistical population of the present study was the groups of female students of the fourth grade of elementary school in Tehran in the academic year of 2017-2018. Considering such a statistical power, significance level (0.05) and the strength of the relationship between different independent and dependent variables and based on Coles' opinion, which states that 15 participants are suggested for each school level and considering that In this experimental experiment, it has 3 levels (two experiments and 1 control), and to increase the power of the statistical test and the external validity of 45 of the exceptional female students (15 of the above group), the static infographic; 15 people from dynamic infographic group; and 15 people in the control group) were selected as samples using the cluster sampling method. After selection, the clusters were randomly divided into 3 experimental and control groups.FindingsThere is no significant difference between the static infographic group and the dynamic infographic group with a significance level of 0.32 (P>0.05). The adjusted average of the static infographic display group was (11.81) and the adjusted average of the dynamic infographic group was (11.03), according to the results of the analysis of covariance and the adjusted averages and considering the limitations of the research, it can be said that there is a difference between the effect of static and dynamic infographics on There is no significant difference in learning to save drinking water.Discussion and conclusionThis research aims to determine the effectiveness of static and dynamic infographics for drinking water consumption by children, and the results of covariance analysis show that the use of infographics for consumerism has a significant effect on the consumption of drinking water by children. Therefore, the research hypothesis is confirmed (p<0.001). The research’s finding is aligned with the findings of Chifci (2016) and Ozdamli et al. (2016).It can be said that since infographics are useful in changing the class atmosphere and attracting students' attention (Smiciklas, 2012), they become more effective and faster to communicate with each other (Matrix and Hodson, 2014), infographics change student behaviors. Therefore, this medium can be considered as a potential tool in social and moral development of students. Such educational materials can be used in character education or personal training and help students to internalize values and provide for their growth by clarifying students' mental states and attitudes (Islamoglu et al., 2015). Accordingly, infographics are audio - visual aids that advantageous in addition to actualization, the academic progress and attitude of students (Chifci, 2016). Learners have opportunities to transform their ideas into infographic forms. In other words, visualization is a method that makes the information to be understood and engraved in the student's mind. Therefore, students can shape, organize, and edit information in this process (Smeciklas, 2011). Infographics also are useable effectively and stimulatingly in different courses, educational levels and learning fields, when visual and informational materials need to be presented together. Therefore, various methods are in use when reducing academic achievement, limited attitude and low motivation of students (Chifci, 2016). Visualization is a powerful tool to use (Medina, 2008). Many design theories and message theories support this idea. For example, the "super image theory" explains how tools are learned faster by seeing an image than reading text, because the human brain is primarily designed for visualization. (Clark and Mayer, 2018). Pavio's (1971) dual code theory posits that when people see an image, multiple neural pathways are activated to support memory. As a result, people's perception and attitude increase after using infographics.From an educational perspective, infographics attract attention, create connections, convey concepts, reduce cognitive complexity, create beautiful artifacts, and create or activate a schema through which to represent familiar topics and information for the learner. (Clark and Lyons, 1389). An effective infographic in an educational setting can serve as a job aid, pre-organizer, mind map, content summary, and study and attitude change tool. It conveys also the gist or gist of a message without one having to read the relevant text in its entirety (Ware, 2012); By viewing, the reader can understand an infographic at a glance. Use infographics when tables, charts, and text cannot convey a concept clearly and completely (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012).The combination and dynamic image with sound will teach people the text more efficiently and lastingly than the text alone. Infographics support cognitive processing, recognition, recognition and retrieval, and attitude change. The power of infographics lies in the fact that while accurately and clearly conveying the content, it is a way to present a large amount of content in a limited time and space. Because visual presentation, compared to text or oral expression, shows a story and the relationships within it much faster (Dunlap and Lowenthal, 2016). Infographics convey complex information with visual brevity and analysis and educate students.

With the increase in population and the expansion of cities and their transformation into the heterogeneous population and social centers, various types of environmental pollution have been created, causing damage to the city and the excessive growth of cities. Therefore, with the increase in human activities along with the rapid expansion of urbanization in the past few decades, scientific monitoring of important industries is highly needed. When there are several pollutants in the air together, they stimulate each other's effect and have a more aggravating effect and finally multiply the damage caused to living beings, especially plants. In general, one pollutant may create the conditions for the impact of another pollutant, and in this situation, the organisms or the plant as a defenseless organism will be stressed, but which pollutant has the most significant impact on the organisms cannot be easily determined. Pollution in each of the water and soil sources is one of the serious problems that is inseparable from daily and modern civilization. According to international standards, heavy metals are known as the most dangerous group of contaminants created by humans due to their high toxicity and lethality, as well as their high persistence in the environment. Based on this, industries have a high pollution load, especially the release of suspended particles and heavy metals into the surrounding environment, which should be considered with special care in terms of their establishment and exploitation in order to avoid any risks and adverse effects on humans and other organisms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the environmental effects of the important industries of Shazand city on the surrounding environment.

Shazand city is very important due to the presence of major industries such as gasoline refinery, petrochemical, and thermal power plant, being located on the west and south transit routes, and the national north-south railway line of the country. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of creating environmental concerns in the field of pollution caused by metals (including Cu, Zn, Mg, Fe, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Co) in the soil and plants within a five-kilometer radius of important industries in Shazand city. For this purpose, soil samples from a depth of 0-30 cm and plant samples from green areas (pine trees), fruit orchards (leaves and fruits of walnuts and almonds), wheat fields (including samples of roots, stems, leaves, and seeds), pastures (mountain rye (Secale montanum. L) and Euphorbia (Euphorbia helioscopia. L)) were prepared. From each of the tested ranges, 10 samples were selected and tested. A sampling of plants, soil, and water was done based on a random systematic method and the study area was divided into 5×5 km square grids. By examining the area, the areas where the intensity of land use was high or low, grid spacing of 2.5×2.5 square kilometers was selected for sampling. Extraction to determine the concentration of heavy metals in the soil was also done by HCl and HNO2 digestion methods. The concentration of heavy elements was measured using an atomic absorption device and a graphite furnace.

The test results showed that the concentration of Cd, Pb, Co, and Cr in all the studied soils was higher than the permissible limit. Also, the concentration of Fe, Cu and Cr, Cd, and Co in all plant samples of green spaces, gardens, and pastures was beyond the allowed concentration. Although the concentration of Cr and Co in wheat grain exceeded the permissible limit, they were not in the critical range. From the analysis of the concentration of elements in the soil of each vegetation cover, it was found that the highest values of the transfer coefficient were observed in the soil of wheat fields, pastures, orchards, and green spaces, respectively. The concentration of elements in the soil of each vegetation cover was determined, and the highest ecological risk index was obtained in the soil of pastures, orchards, wheat fields, and green spaces, respectively. However, in all the sampled soils, the index value was calculated to be less than 150, which indicates the low ecological risk of the measured elements in the sampled soil. Based on the results, the transfer factor of manganese and cadmium was measured more than once, and these results indicate the bioaccumulation of these metals from soil to plants, and for the rest of the measured metals, this amount was calculated to be less than one. Based on this, it was reported that the transfer factor in gardens and pasture plants was higher than in wheat in the investigated area. The reason for this was the permanent presence of these plants in the region. Another noteworthy point was the accumulation of these elements in the seeds or fruits of plants, which was observed more than in other plant organs.

Due to the increasing importance of food, in recent years, the attention of the public and regulatory organizations in the food sector, especially the World Trade Organization, has been seriously focused on food safety and quality assurance. Based on the results obtained:In pine leaves, the concentration of Cu, Co, Cd, Mg, and Cr elements exceeded the permissible limit, and only the concentration of Cu, Mg, and Cr elements was in the critical concentration range. In walnut leaves, the concentration of Cu and Cr elements exceeded the permissible limit and was in the critical concentration range, but the concentration of Cd and Co exceeded the normal limit. In almond leaves, the concentration of Cr and Co was higher than normal.In almond fruit, the concentration of Cr, Co and Cd elements was higher than normal, but it was not in the critical concentration range. In the investigation of the concentration of elements in wheat grain, it was found that the concentration of Cr and Co elements exceeded the permissible limit, but it was not in the critical range.The concentration of Cu, Co, Cd, and Cr elements in mountain rye and Euphorbia plants exceeded the permissible limits and were in the critical range. However, in mountain rye, the concentration of Cr element was higher than its normal level in plants and was in the critical range. The values of transfer factor were observed in the soil of wheat fields and pastures respectively higher than garden soil and green space. Also, the risk assessment index was obtained in the soil of pastures and orchards higher than wheat lands and green spaces, respectively.

Despite the increasing well-being of economic growth in the contemporary era, serious environmental problems are facing the future of humanity, threatening human life. Economic activities such as industrial, agricultural, and service activities use natural resources and dependent on them, on the other hand the nature of their process potentially pollute the environment; Therefore, if not paying attention to these activities' consequences and environmental issues, enormous costs must be spent to remove the damage and waste from a lack of attention to this issue. Research in organizational sustainability and sustainable utilization of resources have generally been conducted within the scope of large companies. At the same time, the main share of industrial and commercial activities is available to small and medium-sized businesses and they actually have a significant contribution to environmental performance; Therefore, methods such as green supply chain management are useful for small and medium-sized organizations to expand green activities to improve environmental performance. Green supply chain management is with environmental requirements in all stages of product design, selection and supply of raw materials, production and manufacturing, delivery and transfer processes, and reuse management to maximize the resources and productivity of energy consumption along with improvement of supply chain performance. According to studies today, the consumer wants to protect himself and the environment, and this has formed a kind of social responsibility and has led to the formation of targeted consumer choices, and as a result, companies have faced increasing pressure to be responsible and greener. The distribution sector is one of the important sectors of the economy. This sector, as the interface between consumer and producer to create a market economy, is essential and plays an essential role in price bidding. The distribution sector is one of the important sectors of the economy. This sector, as the interface between consumer and producer to create a market economy, is essential and plays an essential role in Price formation. Retailers play the most important role in changing people's consumption patterns and are also the most important part of the supply chain of any company. The growth in stores, along with the pursuit of a competitive strategy, has led to a high level of concentration in food retailing. Considering the importance of food and its waste, the development of retail sales, as well as the existence of environmental problems in this region, the existence of research that is comprehensive and complete in a way that shows the effect of green supply chain management in the aspect of food retail It seems necessary to examine and evaluate.

This study examines the relationship between the green supply chain with environmental performance and economic performance among food retailers in Sari city. The statistical population of this research is all food retailers in Sari city. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula with an unknown statistical population of 96, and 130 questionnaires were distributed to be sure, and 119 questionnaires were confirmed by removing ambiguous questionnaires. The data required for this research was collected using a five-point Likert questionnaire in the spring of 2022 and the model was analyzed using the structural equation model through Smart-PLS software.A structural equation model (SEM) is a specific causal structure between a set of latent variables and observed variables. Through the structural equation model, latent variables (factor or structure) can be measured indirectly by using obvious variables (questionnaire items or questions). To check the relationship between green supply chain factors in stores and supply chain management processes on environmental and economic performance; Factor load, reliability, and validity of each of the observed variables are evaluated. To check the validity of each of the observed items or variables, the factor load of each observed variable is calculated, which shows whether the variance between the constructs and its indicators is greater than the variance of the measurement error of that construct or not. Average Variance Extracted (AVE) is used to establish validity. Also, the index used to measure reliability is the composite reliability index (CR), which calculates the reliability of structures not in absolute terms, but according to the correlation of their structures with each other, and it is superior from this point of view.

The primary purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between the green supply chain and economic and environmental performance in food retail in Sari. In this research, data analysis was performed in two parts: descriptive and inferential. According to the diversity of the structure of the stores, 14% were grocery, 79% were grocery and protein items, and 7% were grocery, protein items and vegetables. The minimum and maximum ages for store managers were 24 and 74, respectively. In terms of area, the smallest store was about 15 square meters, and the largest store was about 2000 square meters. Based on the results obtained, among the influencing factors for green activities in stores, we can mention the negative effect of water and energy management and waste management on cooperation with supplier. Additionally, the influencing factors in SCM processes can be described as the impact of 0.430 units of green purchasing on environmental performance, the impact of 0.270 and 0.216 units of green logistics on environmental performance and economic performance, respectively, and the impact of 0.432 units of cooperation with suppliers on economic performance. In addition, based on the results of the influencing factor in the performance results, it can be seen that the effect of 0.329 units and significant environmental performance on economic performance. Based on the results of this research, it can be suggested to the retail stores and food stores of the studied area that it is better to replace the traditional supply chain of their businesses with the green supply chain to maintain the environmental performance and improve their economic performance. Also, the importance of this issue requires that the green supply chain management model be considered at different levels of society, which this research was also formed in this regard, and it can help the competitiveness of organizations and the environmental performance of the food industry.

Attention Due to the increasing attention to tourism and becoming competitive in the tourism market around the world, tourism destinations are increasingly competing with attracting tourists. Geotourism is a new, dynamic and evolving form of tourism that is mainly influenced by the inherent contexts and attractions of disciplines such as geomorphology, geology, mineralogy, fossilology, caving and other related sciences. It is also influenced by the technical exploration of cultural and historical sites associated with mining activities, the discovery of specific museums in a region, or historical monuments. This study evaluates the geotourism potential and analyzes the competitiveness of the geotouristic areas of the case study (Germi, Parsabad, Meshgin shahr). There are various factors involved in the development of tourism, the absence of some of which poses many challenges to the development of tourism. Accordingly, identifying the factors affecting tourism development is a basic precondition for national planning and development and will play an important role in tourism development in the study areas. The reason for choosing these areas is due to having all three areas with almost similar characteristics of geotouristic attractions and on the other hand having the variables of the models of this research in these areas. According to the fields related to geotourism, it is necessary to define and identify indicators and factors assessing the competitiveness of geotourism in each region so that based on these indicators, the attractiveness and competitiveness of the region can not only be determined but can be compared with other regions and low value. To take on. . Therefore, the first task in this field will be to identify the indicators and determinants of competitiveness of the evaluated areas. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the geotourism potential and analyze the competitiveness of geotouristic regions of Ardabil province (Case study: Hir, Khalkhal, Sarein).

The study areas are located in Ardabil province. Ardabil province in the northwest of the Iranian plateau, with more than 18 thousand and 50 square kilometers, constitutes about 1% of the country's area. This province is bordered by Aras River, Moghan Plain and Balharud from the north to the Republic of Azerbaijan, from the east to Talesh and Baghro mountains in Gilan province, from the south to interconnected mountains, valleys and plains of Zanjan province and from the west to East Azerbaijan province. it's limited. In this research, 1: 50,000 topographic maps, 1: 100,000 geological maps, as well as GIS software have been used to identify the study areas. Field study This research was conducted as a field and a questionnaire was completed in the spring of 1401. During the field study, in addition to providing images of the geotourist attractions of the study areas, questionnaires were also completed from travelers and tourism experts based on the model items used. The selection of the study areas is due to the fact that, firstly, the selected areas have geotouristic features and are also among the key areas in Ardabil province. The study method is descriptive, analytical, comparative and the model for assessing the geotourism potential of the regions is Hudzik model and Pavolova model for analyzing the competitiveness of geotouristic regions. In the Hadzik model, both the opinion of travelers visiting the area and the opinion of experts in evaluating the geotourism potential are taken into account. Data collection tools are also based on a questionnaire and the number of experts and tourists has been determined using a simple random sampling method and Cochran's formula. The statistical population in this study is travelers and experts who have traveled to the study areas of geotourism, which for each study area was collected using a questionnaire of 70 tourists and 25 experts. A total of 285 questionnaires were completed for the three study areas. Also, to estimate the normality of the data, the data distribution fit was tested using the Smirnov-Nekouei Kolmograph test and was confirmed with a significance (sig) of 0.05. In this research, first, the analysis of the geotourism potential of the mentioned areas is evaluated using the Hadzic model, and in the next stage, the competitiveness of the studied areas is evaluated using the model of Pavolova et al.

A: The results of evaluating the scientific value of geotourism in the regions according to experts show that among the sub-indicators of warm scientific value in terms of, the indicator index of geomorphological processes with a value of 4.75 has the highest score. And in terms of index, rarity at the national level with a value of 1.35 has the lowest score. In terms of visitors, Garmi region has the highest score in terms of diversity index in geomorphological forms with a value of 0.80 compared to other indicators and also in terms of educational benefits with a score of 0.39 with the lowest score. The results of experts' evaluation of Pars Abad scientific sub-indices show that diversity in geomorphological forms with a value of 4.60 and sub-indices of rarity at the national level with a value of 1.44 has the lowest score. According to Pars Abad visitors, in terms of diversity of geomorphological forms with a score of 0.70, it has the highest score compared to other indicators and also in terms of scientific index for educational conditions with a score of 0.21 has the lowest value. The results of the evaluation of scientific geotourist values by the experts of Meshkinshahr region show that it has obtained the highest score in terms of integrity with a value of 4.85 and has obtained the lowest score with the sub-indicators of educational benefits with a value of 2.11. Visitors' opinion in Meshkinshahr region has the highest score in terms of Gonaconi sub-index of geomorphological processes with a value of 0.90 and the lowest rank in terms of scientific knowledge sub-index with a value of 0.26. The results of experts' evaluation of the Garmi area surplus value sub-indices show that the access sub-index with the value of 4.95 has the highest score. And interpretive value sub-indices with a value of 1.32 are in low grades. According to the visitors of this region, the index has the possibility of organizing with a rate of 0.90 has the highest score compared to other indicators and in terms of interpretive value with a value of 0.27 has obtained the lowest score. Abad shows that the sub-index of natural elements and cultural heritage with a value of 3.72 has the highest score and the interpretive value with a value of 1.29 has the lowest score. According to the visitors in Pars Abad region, being below the destination index with the value of 0.95 has the highest rank and the degree of relationship with development with the value of 0.13 has the lowest score. The results of experts' evaluation of Meshkinshahr geotourism scientific indicators show that the surplus scientific sub-index has the highest score in terms of access with a value of 4.96 compared to other indicators. And interpretive value sub-indices with the value of 2.63 has the lowest score. Also, in terms of visitors, the access index with a score of 0.97 has the highest rank compared to other indicators and the sub-index has the lowest score with some value of some works of art with a value of 0.46 (Table 5).B: According to the results obtained from field studies and completing the questionnaire, one of the positive factors of competitiveness of geotouristic areas can be the existence of hot springs and medical facilities in the Garmi region with a value of 7.44 and also in Meshkinshahr region with a natural value of 7.44. They have gained competitiveness compared to other factors. In the next ranks of Parsabad geotouristic region, it has the highest level of competitiveness in terms of the existence of several caves with a value of 6.97. Also, Parsabad and Meshkinshahr areas with (0) have the lowest level of competitiveness in terms of spa factor and medical facilities, which indicates the lack of spa in these geotourist areas. The warm region in terms of the factor of fossil sites with a value of 0.46 indicates that this region is not in a good condition in terms of fossils. The highest heat potential in competition with other geotourist areas is in spa factors and medical facilities and natural value, which has provided the best conditions in this geotouristic area to compete with other tourist areas. Parsabad region in terms of positive competitiveness factors such as the existence of numerous caves and pristine and untouched nature has more points to compete with other geotourist areas in Ardabil province. The results show the competitiveness of Meshkinshahr geotouristic region in general in terms of natural value and hydrological sites has the highest score for competitiveness with Garmi and Parsabad geotourist regions, which indicates a tourist and natural region in Ardabil province (Table 6) Conclusios In this research, the geotourism potential and competitiveness of the studied areas (Garmi,

The current situation of water resources in Iran, the trend and trends governing it, as well as considering the inappropriate spatial and temporal distribution of water per capita and its excessive consumption, show the necessity of demand management. In this regard, improving the efficiency of water consumption, especially in the agricultural sector, is considered as an opportunity to save more water. Optimum water management requires a great change and to ensure the sustainability of these resources, integrated and systematic management should be applied in line with optimal processing and exploitation with the application of new technology for maximum utilization of these resources in planning. Improving the efficiency of water consumption has been introduced as one of the most important ways to reduce water consumption, but it can be seen that the aforementioned improvement does not necessarily reduce water consumption to the saved amount and sometimes leads to no change or even an increase in water consumption. only the use of new and efficient irrigation methods cannot be effective in adjusting the consumption and balancing the supply and demand of water. In explaining why water consumption has not decreased despite the large investment in the field of modern irrigation technology, the concept previously expressed in the field of energy consumption, i.e. the rebound effect, can be useful. The rebound effect, which is more prominent in the literature of energy economy, in the field of water, can be considered a mechanism that causes a part of the water saved due to the improvement of water efficiency to be reused and, as a result, leads to a reduction in the amount of water saved. In simpler terms, the return effect can be defined as a percentage of the potential water savings resulting from water efficiency improvement, which reflects the difference between the potential and actual savings in water consumption. The return effect is usually defined in relation to different forms of energy, such as fuel or electricity, but in this research, an attempt is made to investigate the return effect for agricultural water.

the price of agricultural water is determined by the government in most countries according to the nature of agricultural goods and its importance for the society and is kept almost constant. Therefore, the price elasticity method is not a suitable method to estimate the return effect of agricultural water. According to these materials, in this research, the direct comparison method has been used to estimate the effect of agricultural water return at the macroeconomic level. In equation 1, the estimation of the return effect requires the estimation of the expected water storage (EWS) resulting from the increase in efficiency and the estimation of the return water used (RWU) resulting from the reduction of water cost. The relationship between water consumption and partial water productivity can be considered as follows: W="Y" /"WP" In which, W represents total agricultural water consumption, Y represents total agricultural production, and WP represents agricultural water productivity at the macroeconomic level. If it is assumed that agricultural water consumption, agricultural production and water productivity in year t are W_t, Y_t and WPt, respectively. According to the equation, the change in agricultural water consumption from year t-1 to year t is represented by (∆w_t), which can be decomposed as follows ∆wt = Wt- W (t-1) = Yt/(WPt ) - Y (t-1)/(WP (t-1) ) = (Yt ∆WPt)/(WPt WP (t-1) ) + (∆Yt)/( WPt-1) According to this equation, the change in agricultural water consumption (∆wt) can be divided into two parts: the change in agricultural water consumption due to the change in water productivity ((Yt ∆WPt)/(WPt WP (t-1) )) and the change to The reason for the growth of agricultural production ((∆Yt)/(WP (t-1) )). Changes in agricultural water use in addition to growth in agricultural production can be due to technological progress. ρ is assumed to be the rate of change due to technological advances. Therefore, return water use (RWU), which represents the return (or surplus) of water as a result of increasing water productivity, is equal to (ρ∆Yt)/(WP (t-1)) and EWS, which represents the expected water savings ( calculated or predicted) after increasing irrigation efficiency is equal to (Yt ∆WPt)/(WPt WP (t-1)). It can be concluded that the formula for the return effects of water in year t is:WRE=(∑ (ρ∆Yt)/(WP (t-1) ) )⁄(∑ (Yt ∆WPt)/(WPt WP (t-1) ) )×100 According to the above equation, the return effect of water is the increase in the ratio of water consumption due to the growth of agricultural production to the reduction of the expected water reserve through the improvement of water efficiency. Here, both the improvement of water productivity and the growth of agricultural production are created by methods of improving irrigation efficiency. Based on equation 6, another important factor in estimating the return effect is to estimate the exact contribution of technological progress (ρ). For this purpose, according to the production function of Cobb Douglas Hicks-Neutral, which is as follows :"Y" _"it" "=" "A" _"it" 〖" W" 〗_"it" ^"α " "X" _"1it" ^"β" " " "X" _"2it " ^"γ" … X_nit^ω=A_i e^rt 〖 W〗_it^(α ) X_1it^β " " "X" _"2it " ^"γ" … "X" _"nit" ^"ω" By taking the logarithm from the above equation, we can reach equation:Ln"Y" _"it" =ln A_i+rt+ α ln"W" _"it" +β lnX_1it+γ lnX_2it+…+ ωlnX_nit In this way, by using the estimation of this equation based on the provincial data during the studied period, the r coefficient can be extracted. Now the participation rate of technological progress (ρ) can be calculated as follows:"ρ= r/gy r: represents the growth rate of technology and (gy) represents the growth rate of agricultural production. Finally, by using equation, the effects of agricultural water return can be calculated at the macroeconomic level and in the agricultural sector.

The return effect of agricultural water in Kurdistan province was 106.25%, which has the highest return effect during the studied period. And the second rank belongs to Bushehr province with a rate of 91.19%, the lowest rate of return effect is for East Azarbaijan, Golestan and Tehran provinces (1.45), (2.63) and (3.50) respectively. The return effect is greater than 100% only in Kurdistan Province by 106.25%, these results show that measures to improve water efficiency in Kurdistan Province can increase agricultural water consumption in this province, which is the phenomenon of "Jones' Paradox".In some cases, the amount of return effect is negative, in other words, the measures taken to improve the efficiency of the new irrigation system have caused the predicted water savings to exceed the actual amount of water savings. It should be noted that, theoretically, this phenomenon is only It occurs in the case of a decrease in the production of agricultural products. Therefore, in the provinces where the return effect is negative, according to the data used, the amount of agricultural production in the desired year was less than the previous year, or the water productivity in year t was less than year t-1, this situation can be due to the change in water conditions and The country's weather, such as drought or extreme cold, and the decrease in agricultural production compared to the previous year, or due to the country's structural changes from agriculture to industrial mode.The results show that a partial rebound effect is evident in Iran in the studied years. Water savings have not fully met expectations and some of the expected water savings have been reused. It can be seen that the highest return effect is in 2018 and also in 2013 it has experienced a negative return effect, the negative return effect indicates the existence of savings in this period, but as it was said, this result can be affected by the reduction of agricultural production due to changes in the use of agricultural water, so the negative return effect alone is not a reason that the water efficiency improvement system is affected, in addition, the lowest return effect is in 2013, which is 11%, which shows that 89% of the stored water and only 11% of it is used again. So, in fact, the annual return effect is sensitive to changes in agricultural water use and depends to some extent on natural factors, such as rainfall. In general, the findings indicate that the agricultural water savings due to the improvement of irrigation system efficiency has been reduced by 15.29% due to the increase in demand for irrigation. In fact, this largely shows the success of the policy of increasing water efficiency in order to reduce water consumption.The results of the findings showed that during the studied period, the return effect for Iran was on average 15%, which indicates that about 15% of the water saved due to the increase in agricultural water efficiency was reused in this sector. In other words, about 85% of water has been saved, which somehow shows that the policy of increasing agricultural irrigation efficiency can have positive effects on Iran's water reserves in the long run.

Plant breeding to created ploidy level is one of the most important parts of plant research in every country, where the breeding of native plants is a priority in every country. Spending a long time on breeding plants with traditional methods has made plant breeding research using in vitro techniques to become more important. In this study, to investigate the callus formation from the endosperm tissue of mature shallot seeds in MS culture medium containing growth regulators with the combination of different concentrations of 2-4, D (1.5 and 2 mg/L) and NAA (0.5 and 1 mg/L) L) of auxins and BAP (0.5 and 1 mg/L) and Kin (0.5 and 1 mg/L) of cytokinins were used. The results showed that using the treatment of 1 mg/liter of NAA and 1 mg/liter of BAP was the best treatment for callus formation. In this research, the concentration of sucrose and different concentrations of BAP hormone were effective for onion production. The results of onion diameter showed that the high concentration of sucrose (50 g/L) and the concentration of 3 mg/L of BAP hormone were suitable for the production of larger onions. By chromosomal analysis of the rooted chives, triploid plantlets were obtained at the end of the experiment. Due to the shortness of triploid plant breeding in this method compared to traditional crossing methods, therefore, this method and the best hormonal compounds are recommended for the production of chives in shallots.

Environmental parameters and their short and long-term variations are widely studied to monitor the changes in coastal water quality. Dynamic changes in parameters such as temperature, pH, DO, and nutrients are closely related to primary production by autotrophic species and their population structure. The availability of nutrients and their ratio is considered the key factors regulating the biomass of phytoplankton (Roelke, Eldridge, & Cifuentes, 1999). The growth and metabolism of these organisms are strongly influenced by nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon as nutrients. The biological response to environmental changes is closely related to the periodicity of fluctuations in these parameters. While the variation in seasonal scale is influenced by the seasonal pattern of currents and meteorological parameters, on a diurnal scale, they are influenced by the processes of photosynthesis and decomposition of organic matter. These fluctuations in hydrochemical parameters can shape the population structure of phytoplankton, the outbreaks of harmful species, and the expansion of low-oxygen regions in the upper layers of the water column in the post-bloom phase. Therefore, the trophic status is evaluated in various ways, including the concentration of nutrients or chlorophyll-a (Carlson & Simpson, 1996).In the northern regions of the Gulf of Oman, meteorological conditions and water column characteristics are mostly governed by the summer (June-August) and winter (December-March) monsoons. Most of the summer monsoon's impact on hydrochemistry and function of biological life is through local wind-driven or eddy-induced upwelling in coastal areas, during which, colder nutrient-rich waters rise to the surface from depths (Harrison, Piontkovski, & Al-Hashmi, 2017). During the winter monsoon, cool convective mixing increases the mixing layer depth and helped nutrients to reach the surface (Harrison et al., 2017).The frequent occurrence of harmful algal blooms and the establishment of hypoxic conditions as a result of the increase in the concentration of nutrients have affected the coastal waters of Chabahar in recent years (Ershadifar et al., 2020; Kor, Ghazilou, Ershadifar, & Koochaknejad, 2020). On the other hand, Gulf of Oman, as a part of the northwest of the Arabian Sea, has the potential to be considered globally as a sensitive indicator of global climate change at the oceanic scale (Fauzi et al., 1993). The region is host to various biogeochemical phenomena such as the upwelling of nutrient-rich waters, nitrogen fixation, and nitrogen deficiency, as well as deoxygenation in both coastal and offshore areas.

In the present study, the short-term fluctuations (diurnal) as well as seasonal variations in hydrochemical parameters including salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients (nitrate, silicate, and phosphate) were investigated in Chabahar coastal waters. Sampling was done from a single station (depth of 30 m) on October 9 of 2018, November 19 of 2018, January 07 of 2019, and March 10 of 2019. The samples were collected in time intervals of 3 h and from three depth levels of 0, 10, and 30 m using a Niskin bottle each in three replicates. Environmental parameters including temperature, salinity, DO and pH were recorded by using portable devices at the sampling site. The samples were stored in a freezer at -20°C and analyzed for a short period of time. In the laboratory, nutrients concentration were measured according to the instructions for the analysis of nutrients in marine environments (Hansen & Koroleff, 1999). The double beam Rayleigh UV-920 spectrophotometer with 2 cm pathlength was used for colorimetric determination. Measurement of total phosphorus and nitrogen in unfiltered samples was also done by wet oxidation method in the presence of persulfate as an oxidizing agent at high-temperature conditions followed by the spectrophotometric determination of nitrate and phosphate (Grasshoff, Kremling, & Ehrhardt, 1999). To measure chlorophyll-a, the samples were extracted in 90% acetone and measured by the spectrophotometric method according to ESS Method 150.1 (EPA, 1991). The Ocean Data View (odv 5.1.7) software was used to depict the temporal-vertical fluctuations (Schlitzer, R., 2020, Ocean Data View, http://odv. awi.de). The General Linear Model (GLM) followed by Tukey's posthoc tests (Minitab V17 software) was used to evaluate the seasonal changes in the investigated parameters.

Continuous monitoring of coastal water quality is required for the sustainable development of cage culture projects, marine ecotourism, and desalination plants, and also to protect the sensitive ecosystems of the region, including coral reefs. The diurnal and vertical variations in the distribution of hydrochemical parameters in the coastal waters of Chabahar are affected by the changes in the water column structure varied from strong stratification in the fall intermonsoon monsoon to mixed column in the winter monsoon. As the temperature declined, the seasonal thermocline established in October completely faded in January, and the vertical gradients in hydrochemical parameters weakened or completely faded. Dissolved oxygen and pH, which have experienced low values in the inter-monsoon period, more profoundly in the near bottom layer, were affected by the processes of aerobic remineralization of organic matter. They were increased in the winter monsoon and there was no significant difference between the surface and near bottom values. Surface nutrients, with low concentrations during the stratification period, showed an increase toward winter monsoon. However, the average values of silicate, nitrate, and nitrogen over the water column showed a general decreasing trend from October to March. As a result of the increase in water column mixing, Chl-a also shows its maximum in March. The ratio of nitrate to phosphate is less than 10 in 90% of samples. The average value of the nitrate: phosphate ratio was 5.0, which was much lower than the theoretical value of 16 suggested by Redfield for offshore open ocean waters. This could imply a higher probability of nitrogen limitation rather than phosphorus limitation. In 45% of the samples, the silicate concentration was less than 2.0 µM, including the surface samples in October and November and almost all samples from March, which showed the active removal by diatoms. The diurnal fluctuations of the parameters, especially during the stratification period of the water column, are influenced by tidal and non-tidal currents so that the maximum and minimum values in a diurnal cycle could appear in both low and high-tide situations.

The current research is an effort towards the optimal location of electric vehicle charging stations in Ardabil city. The current research is practical in nature and descriptive-analytical in terms of method, which has attempted to locate electric vehicle charging stations using ARCGIS software and using the WLC model in the form of 5 criteria and 27 sub-criteria. According to the results obtained in the present research, the suitable places suitable for the existing barren land in the city and the land with a suitable location for the electric vehicle charging station, such as the area inside the Shahada highway, especially next to Imam Khomeini street (between the intersection of Bahonar and Jihad square), which He pointed out the reason for the density of uses and infrastructures and especially the location of the central core of the city as an almost mononuclear city. It is also possible to build a station on the routes around the city center (the western and northwestern areas of the city and the inner and outer parts of Basij highway on the side of Shahryar (Arazali) and Aras neighborhoods and the town of experts) in order to decentralize the main core of the city. Also, considering that the city of Ardabil has a touristic nature, and on the other hand, the city of Ardabil is located in the direction of moving from the northwest of the country to the north of the country; It is possible to benefit from installing electric car charging stations at the important entrance and exit gates of the city by using waste lands and if it is possible to adapt and combine them with refueling uses (gasoline pumps).

The urban and social life in the cities has taken people away from the path of life and has been placed at their disposal despite the existence of nature. One of the best ways of cultural exchange is tourism. Undoubtedly, the tourism industry became one of the solid foundations of the global system. The topic discussed in this research is the design of entertainment and tourism spaces in Darad with the aim of general happiness and joy. Travel and recreation have a significant impact on people's enthusiasm and vitality. The design of tourism spaces as a recreational and collective place can play a significant role in happiness and vitality. Considering the happiness of recreational and tourism spaces in the city of Tabriz and the fading of joy and happiness among the people and the weakening of the spirit of the people in the city, the city needs to create spaces that use the components to build a collective and recreational space. In order to achieve such aspects, the main goal of designing the entertainment and tourism complex is to identify the effective factors in public happiness and to identify the location components to create a happy atmosphere. The main purpose of this article is to achieve implementation methods for recreational and tourism accommodation with the aim of creating public happiness and ensuring the use of the tourism industry in the development of the local community. According to the results of the research, the spatial components (physical) and the components of happiness and vitality (non-physical) have a direct relationship with each other and each of the spatial components has an effect on happiness and vitality. According to the findings of the research, the design of the recreational and tourism space in Amand with the aim of public happiness and joy in the first place, should reflect the need to use the space, taking into account age, gender and various other factors.

One of the most important concerns that arises with the increasing development of industries and factories in today's societies is the issue of environmental pollution. In developed western countries, serious efforts have been made to develop technology to reduce pollutants caused by industrial processes. In developing countries, however, efforts to advance modern industries and technologies as fast as possible have prevented them from addressing environmental issues. One of the important causes of pollution is the process of cement production in factories. According to the obtained statistics, in our country, unfortunately, the environmental effects of cement factories have become a controversial and serious issue. Although the country's environmental organization has considered the permit limit for the polluted emitted materials, which is considered as one of the most important and necessary industries in most industrial areas of the world, but in any case, by creating appropriate solutions in the cement industry, the amount of these materials can be Reduced as much as possible and prevent serious human and herbal consequences. Harmful gases and hazardous particles that are released daily by industrial units in the environment are one of the problems of the environment nowadays. Today, industrial activities have caused many changes in the environment, including air pollution with particulate matter and harmful gases. The cement industry, meanwhile, plays an important role in upsetting the balance of natural life and creating environmental anomalies. Pollutants from cement factories mainly include emitted dust and toxic gases. Dust from cement factory smoke disrupts metabolic activity in plants and can affect plant growth and development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pollution status of Sepahan Cement Industrial Unit in terms of suspended particles and environmental gases. In this study, it was not possible to access the space or area of the study industry (Sepahan Cement). Also, with the performed investigations, the dust particles from the cement were not observed so much that it could be visually accumulated so that it could be sampled. Therefore, the status of suspended particles and ambient gases in different parts of Dizicheh city were measured and checked using portable devices. Then, the data were analyzed using Excel software and also using the standard table of clean air presented in Iran approved in 2016. In this standard, the average concentration per hour was used for carbon monoxide, the average annual concentration for ozone and nitrogen dioxide, and the average 24-hour concentration for suspended particles and sulfur dioxide. For other pollutants, a similar method was used according to the presented standard. Then, by comparing the concentrations of pollutants in Sepahan Cement Factory with the clean air standard approved in 2016, the status of gases and suspended particles in the air around the factory was investigated. It should be mentioned that this research is a descriptive-sectional method with the purpose of checking the concentrations of (SO2), (NO2), (O3) and (CO) gases and suspended particles: (PM10) and (PM2.5) in the surrounding air of 9 stations of Sepahan Isfahan Cement Factory has been done. According to the comparison of the measured values with the allowed limits, it was determined that NO2 gas and SO2 gas in 67% of the studied stations are beyond the permit limit and are considered pollutants. Particles less than 2.5 microns in all stations are less than the allowed limit and are not polluting, but suspended particles less than 10 micron in all stations are more than the permit limits and are considered as environmental pollutants. In the data checking in relation to the permit limits, the parameters beyond the permit limit have been specified and their concentration in relation to the allowable limit was calculated. According to the results, NO2 gas showed 1.7 to 2.6 times the permit limit and SO2 gas showed 1.4 to 3.2 times the permit limit in the studied stations. Particles less than 2.5 microns were less than the permit 24-hour and 10-year limits and showed no pollution. In contrast, particles larger than 10 microns were more than the permit limits compared to the 24-hour limit (1.12 to 3.88 times) and 20 years (2.4 to 4.85 times) and showed a pollution. Among the measured suspended particles at 9 stations around the cement factory , 10% of the suspended particles were related to particles smaller than 2.5 microns and 90% of the suspended particles were related to particles smaller than 10 microns. Among the ambient gases, the highest amount with 80% was related to carbon monoxide (CO) and the lowest amount (4%) of the ambient gases of the cement factory was related to nitrogen dioxide (NO2). According to the average results obtained from the measurement of ambient gases and suspended particles and also compare to the standard of clean air in Iran approved in 2016, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) was above the standard value While the CO level was much lower than the standard level. Suspended particles below 2.5 microns were below the permit limit in all stations. But suspended particles below 10 microns were higher than allowed in all stations. The results showed that in most stations around the factory, suspended particles smaller than 10 microns and sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were higher than the permit limits, which according to these results and the effect of these particles and gases with high concentration, surely the residents around the factory will also be harmed and face negative effects. In general, the concentration of (SO2) and (NO2) gases is higher than the standard of clean air in Iran and the high concentration of these gases can have many negative effects on residents and plants around this factory. Therefore, in order to reduce the negative effects of these gases on people living in the area and plants, Sepahan Cement Factory must provide the conditions to reduce these gases and particles in the environment by creating and installing the necessary equipment.

Nowadays, climate change causes abundant worries in different spots in the world. For this reason, a study was conducted to find the trace of this global phenomenon in Khuzestan province. Therefore, we used meteorology data including temperature parameters, rainfall, evapotranspiration and relative humidity for 15 weather stations in a period of 21 years (1996-2016) and Mann Kendal graph to determine the trend. The result illustrates that there is a meaningful downward trend for rainfall parameter in SafiAbad, Hendijan, Masjedsoleiman and Bandar-E-Mahshar with confidence level of 95% and Omidiyeh with confidence level of 99%. Moreover, there is a meaningful upward trend with confidence level of 95% in tempe-rature parameters in most stations, while this level is 99% in Bostan, Hendijan and Izeh. In addition, a meaningful upward trend in evapotranspiration in two station of Bostan and SafiAbad with confidence level of 95% and 99% and a meaningful downward trend with confidence level of 99% for Shushtar, Izeh, Abadan, Masjedsoleiman and Ahwaz as well, is visible. There is a meaningful downward trend in relative humidity in Bostan, SafiAbad, Izeh, Omidiyeh and Masjedsoleiman, which all present the climate change effect in region.Climate change is one of the most important challenges in the 21st century. Global warming has caused very unstable changes in climate parameters such as: changes in rainfall patterns and frequency and intensity of climate changes. The issue of climate change has become one of the main concerns of scientists related to atmospheric sciences due to its impact on various dimensions of human life and the dependence of human activities on it, and many researchers are trying to understand the various dimensions of this important phenomenon. The change in climatic elements, especially temperature and precipitation, is one of the most important signs of this phenomenon. Changes in temperature and precipitation in different parts of the earth do not follow the same trend, and climate change does not necessarily mean simultaneous changes in precipitation and temperature. The amount, distribution and temporal and spatial changes of precipitation and temperature are essential factors for decision-making, management, planning and design, especially in areas such as Iran, which is geographically located in the 28 to 48 degree north latitude and It has a dry and semi-arid climate. In order to detect the trend in the time series of water and meteorological variables, various tests are used, and these tests can be divided into two categories, parametric and non-parametric. Parametric tests are more powerful in detecting trends than non-parametric tests, and when using them, the data should be random and have a normal distribution. On the other hand, non-parametric tests can be used if the data is random and are not sensitive to the normality of the data. Mann-Kendall's test is a non-parametric test that is used in researches to investigate the trends of water and meteorological variables. To carry out this research, climatic data (average rainfall, average evaporation and transpiration, average humidity and temperature parameters) prepared by the meteorological organization of Tehran province for a statistical period of 21 years from 1996 to 2016 have been used. Mann-Kendall test was used to analyze the trend of climatic parameters, which will be explained in detail below.• Mann-Kendall non-parametric testThis test was first presented in 1945 by "Mann" and then developed by "Kendall" in 1966. This test does not require a normal frequency distribution or linear behavior of the data, and it works very strongly compared to the data that deviates from the linear behavior and is used to evaluate the trend (Darabi et al., 2015). In this test, the null hypothesis (H0) and the opposite hypothesis (H1) are respectively equivalent to no trend and the presence of a trend in the time series of observational data. Mann-Kendall diagram test:The steps of the test are briefly as follows:We rank the data and calculate the ti statistic, which is defined as the ratio of rank I to its previous ranks, and then we obtain the cumulative frequency of the statistic ( ). Mathematical expectation, variance and Mann-Kendall index are calculated based on the following formulas (Zahedi et al., 2016):In these relationships, ni is the time order of the data. To check the changes, the index Ui' should also be calculated: rank the data and determine the statistic t'i, which is defined as the ratio of rank I to its next ranks, and then calculate the cumulative frequency of t'i we do The mathematical expectation, variance and index Ui' are as follows:In the above relationships, N is the statistical sample size under study. The intersection of the index Ui and Ui' is a sign of a sudden change in the time behavior of a statistical series. The non-intersection of the curve or their placement within the 95% confidence range does not indicate significant changes in the data, but if the mentioned lines intersect within the critical range of 1.96 and 2.58 and then leave the critical range, it is a sign of a sudden change and a significant trend at the 95% and 99% confidence levels, respectively. If the U curve moves to the positive side, it has a positive trend, otherwise it has a negative trend. Crossings outside the critical range indicate a sudden change in the behavior of the series (Alijani et al., 2009).In general, the results showed that during the studied statistical period, rainfall in all stations had a decreasing trend. Also, the minimum and maximum temperature parameters have been increasing in most of the stations. The parameters of evaporation and transpiration and relative humidity in most of the stations had a non-significant decreasing trend. Based on the results of Mann-Kandall charts, it was found that Safi Abad, Omidiyeh and Handijan stations were more affected by these changes than other stations. It is obvious that dealing with the effects of climate change and its consequences, such as the increase in the temperature of the earth's surface or the decrease in rainfall, requires a detailed investigation of the causes of this phenomenon and the provision of appropriate solutions in order to prevent endangering food security, increasing soil erosion, desertification and other problems.

Systematic management of waste as a principle of sustainable development is considerable from health- environmental perspectives. Sanitary disposal of waste with methane extraction meet these goals and also consider renewable energy extraction. This study paid to the potential of methane extraction during period of 24 years (1997-2021) in Zanjan landfill (Mehtarchiee), based on quantity and quality of Zanjan wastes in three time section (2004, 2009 and 2016). For this purpose, the proposed model by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC Waste Model), the effect of climate (temperature and humidity) on extractions and time pattern of emissions are studied. Results indicated that due to the high percentage of decomposable organic compounds (60-70%) and relative humidity (69%), Zanjan's wastes have a high potential for methane extraction. During the study period, 43.34 Gg of methane and an ascending- descending pattern have been emited. The best climatological conditions are warm-humid and temperate- wet, respectively. Waste incineration in compare with sanitary disposal (with methane extraction), despite a significant reduction in volume and rapid energy recovery, is not a good option due to the high humidity level and limitation of combustible material and faced with environmental consequences.

According to the historical course of this region, the North Pole was claimed in 1909 by Canada and in 1924 by the United States of America. Then the Soviet Union also continued this process and made a territorial claim in this region due to its geographical proximity. It was at this time that this country seized the Bering Strait and the Kola Peninsula. Since 1930, this area has been considered from a military point of view. For example, Canada and the United States implemented defense-oriented plans under the pretext of an all-out threat from the Russians. In the middle of World War II, the North Pole was a breeding ground for German and Russian submarines to advance their military goals. After the Second World War, at the height of the Cold War, the North Pole was also a place of dispute and became of strategic and military importance for the governments. With the escalation of these differences, the strategic importance of the region took on a political and security color. As mentioned, the melting of the ice in this region (due to global warming), the three basic and key points of security, easy access to sea routes (creating new waterways) and energy (oil and gas) became the subject of discussion and disagreement between governments.In fact, global warming has dramatically affected the Arctic region. By evaluating the climate effects of the North Pole in 2004, it can be concluded that the temperature of this region will increase by 4 to 7 degrees by the end of this century. At the same time as this study, another study was conducted and they came to the conclusion that by 2040 all the Arctic glaciers will melt. However, with the intensification of the global warming crisis and the disregard of world powers to this issue (including the United States), the process of ice melting is taking place at a faster rate. According to their capabilities, countries are trying to prove their sovereignty over the Arctic region and protect their interests in that region. Especially Russia's provocative actions and raising its flag in the North Pole have aggravated the differences.

This research has been done in a scientific-research method. Scientific research is the way that research is done on the topic in question according to valid scientific methods. On the other hand, this research has been done in a descriptive-analytical way, because according to the sources, the existing facts have been expressed and then the analysis and reasoning about these events has been done. Because this research is a library work, the political, legal and environmental importance of the Arctic region and its governance by the Arctic Council in the framework of international law have been discussed. Based on this, some sources have been discussed and research has been done on this matter through the available sources in English, Turkish and Farsi languages.

The Arctic does not yet have specific sovereignty in international law. Countries around the Arctic have divisions of authority. Unlike Antarctica, the region does not yet have a convention on sovereignty and environmental issues and resource utilization, and therefore no progress has been made in the region due to tensions between sovereign states. The strategic importance of the Arctic is not recognized by countries, and only governments recognize the region's oil and gas resources. One of the reasons why the Arctic is important is the area's access to the high seas. With the gradual warming of land and the melting of polar ice, it has facilitated the extraction of underground resources and easy access to the maritime routes of the area, affecting global geopolitics. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, this paper attempts to explain the political importance of this region among governments and to examine the legal challenges to the Arctic with respect to international law. The results show that the region faces border disputes, increased military might and coastal claims. The legal status of this region in accordance with international law is subject to the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. This area, which has not yet been established by a special agreement or treaty, has always been prone to tension and conflict between countries, especially coastal countries. The 1982 Convention on the Law of the Seas cannot completely fill the void in the Arctic, but it can be filled with cooperation between governments. In this regard, the Arctic Council can compensate for the existing gaps in addition to its duties, including maintaining the ecological cover of the region and resolving disputes and tensions between governments. In order to realize this, it is necessary to expand the scope of jurisdiction and better organization of this council. However, despite the effectiveness of the Arctic Council, due to the special geographical situation of this region, the permanent solution of its problems and issues should be possible with an independent and comprehensive treaty for this region. A treaty that takes into account the specific geographical characteristics of the region and provides a comprehensive and permanent solution including freedom of trade, free passage, protection of the flora and fauna of the region, introduction as a free and common area for all nations, joint exploitation of resources. Determining the legal status and territorial and territorial disputes of the coastal countries, prohibiting the military presence of the countries, solving the issues related to the Arctic continental plateau and respecting the human rights of the native communities of the region and its administration by them, etc. can solve a large part of its problems. To resolve and prevent disputes and widespread regional and international tensions. This solution should include two parts before the polar ice melts and after the polar ice melts. Because currently the polar ices of this region have not melted and cannot be considered as the open sea according to the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. This is the reason why the need for a legal regime or a special treaty for this region is felt for joint administration and solving its problems. Of course, this treaty can be under the supervision of the United Nations and with the advice and provision of a solution by the Arctic Council and by taking into account some rules of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. In the end, the Arctic legal regime or the Arctic Comprehensive Treaty can be the end point of these problems and dilemmas in this region.

In the past decades, due to the increase in the population of cities and the high demand for construction in urban areas, the phenomenon of construction violations in cities has increased. The purpose of this research is to investigate the management factors and laws and regulations affecting the incidence of construction violations in Bostanabad city. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Data collection was done through a questionnaire by examining management factors and rules and regulations, including 22 items based on the responses of citizens (construction offenders) in Bostan Abad city with a sample size of 270 people. To analyze the data, one-sample T-tests and Pearson's correlation test were used in the SPSS environment to investigate management factors and laws and regulations affecting the occurrence of construction violations in Bostanabad city. Also, AutoCAD software has been used to show the process of physical expansion of the city. Based on the results of the research, including management factors and laws and regulations affecting the occurrence of construction violations in Bostanabad city, collection of fines as a source of income for the municipality, lack of useful and effective response to the applicants in the management system of the municipality, prolongation of work in the matter Issuance of construction permit, lack of proper monitoring of supervising engineers' performance, also based on the results of Pearson's correlation test, there is a strong and significant correlation between construction violations and management factors and laws and regulations affecting the occurrence of construction violations. Based on the findings of the investigation of factors affecting the formation of construction violations, city managers can easily issue building permits and properly supervise the performance of supervising engineers in construction matters and create sustainable income for the municipality as well as control construction in Certain points of the city should reduce the occurrence of construction violations and prevent uneven development and heterogeneity in the urban body of Bostanabad.

The expansion of industries, the development of cities, the increase in population, and the excessive human intervention in nature have led to the destruction and pollution of the environment. Soil pollution, especially soil pollution with heavy metals, is one of the environmental issues of concern to many researchers. The geographical distribution of heavy elements in the soil, either naturally or through human activities, will bring issues and problems. Heavy metals can enter the soil environment through the weathering of parent materials or external pollutants. For some metals, such as lead, pollution from external sources is much more than from natural sources. Among the natural factors, parent materials are the main factors that determine the concentration of heavy metals in the soil, and among the unnatural factors, industrial and agricultural activities are among the main sources of heavy metals entering the soil and are known as human sources. Human sources of heavy metal entry are divided into primary and secondary categories. Heavy metals are added to the soil as impurities along with primary sources including sewage sludge, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Secondary sources include the entry of heavy metals through mines, industrial activities or through deposition from the air. The purpose of this study is to identify the sources of heavy metals (chromium, cobalt, zinc, vanadium, copper, lead, nickel, antimony, arsenic and cadmium) in the surface soil of Hamedan province (0-20 cm) using multivariate statistical methods. (Analysis of main and cluster components).

In this study, to investigate sources of ten heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Zn, V, Cu, Pb, Ni, Sb, As, Cd,) in soil surface layer in Hammadan province, a systematic random method was utilized for soil sampling and 286 soil samples were collected from 0-25cm depth. For this purpose, first, the region was divided into 5 x 5 km grids. In the next step, based on the knowledge of the study area and the variety of uses and activities, the grid spacing was 2.5 x 2.5 km in the areas where the intensity of land use was high, and the grid spacing was 10 x 10 km in the areas where the intensity of land use was less. And the intersection of networks was considered as sampling points. A total of 286 soil samples were collected from the study area by a combined method in sampling after spotting, at the sampling site a plot of 20x20 meters (macroplot) and inside it three plots of 3x3 meters (microplot) was applied, then 5 soil samples were taken crosswise from each microplate from a depth of 0-20 cm and after mixing the soil, a 2-3 kg composite sample was taken from it. Also, by completing the sampling form, information about the use of the sampling location, the type of cultivation (irrigated or rainfed), the appearance of the land, the type of product, geographical coordinates andthe nearest village was completed. Soil sampling was done from pristine and untouched areas, mountainous areas, salt marshes, irrigated or rainfed agricultural lands, vineyards, gardens and lands around villages.Soil samples were dried and prepared for analysis after passing through a 2 mm sieve. Extraction was done to determine the total concentration of heavy metals in the soil using HCl and HNO3. The concentration of heavy elements lead, zinc, arsenic,antimony, chromium, cobalt, vanadium, nickel and copper was measured using ICP-MS device and cadmium was measured by graphite furnace method and using atomic absorption device.In this study, the mean, median, skewness, skewness and Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics were used to examine the distribution and test the normality of the data at the 95% confidence level. Principal component analysis is used to classify relationships between measured variables. In cases where the number of evaluated variables is large, it is difficult to analyze them through the correlation coefficient.In this study, the accumulation method was used to group the variables. This method starts with one variable, so at the beginning of processing, the number of groups is equal to the number of studied variables (target variables). Then, the similar and homogeneous groups are combined with each other and with decreasing homogeneity, all the subgroups are piled up and condensed and finally form a single group.

Results of multivariate statistical analysis showed that the main origin of the chromium, cobalt, nickel, zinc, lead and vanadium is parent material and copper cadmium, arsenic and antimony have common origins of natural material and anthropogenic sources (agricultural activities). Finding appropriate information about possible resources of heavy metals can be used for the monitoring and evaluation processes of agricultural soils in the study area. The results obtained from measuring the concentration of total heavy metals in the surface soil of Hamadan province showed that by using factor analysis, the source of heavy metal accumulation can be identified. The results of factor analysis showed that chromium, cobalt, nickel, iron, zinc, lead, and vanadium were the first factor with the highest connection, according to the results of factor analysis. The close correlation between these elements could explain their shared origin. The high concentration of these components in the surface soil of the mother matter appears to be the key reason, according to the geological structure and agricultural maps of the study area. However, because of the high consumption of chemical fertilizers (average urea fertilizer consumption is 500-700 kg/ha per year, potash fertilizer consumption is 200-330 kg/ha per year, and phosphorus fertilizer consumption is 300-558 kg/ha per year), and the possibility of these elements in the chemical structure of urea, phosphate, and potash fertilizers, increasing the element concentration in the soil by them is not far from the mind. Copper, antimony, cadmium, and arsenic are among the components present in the second factor. According to the geological structure and land use map, the high concentrations of these elements are due to both natural and human activity (agricultural activities). The results of a cluster analysis confirm these findings. Overall, the findings of this study revealed that studying the relationship between heavy metals, investigating their origins, and analyzing them using multivariate statistical methods (factor analysis and cluster analysis) would be very accurate and simple.

Today, the resilience approach is used to manage crises caused by risks and achieve sustainable development. This approach has four dimensions, one of the most important of which is the institutional-organizational dimension. This dimension of resilience emphasizes the role of authorities in preventing disaster. The aim of the present study is to assess the institutional-organizational resilience of Ardabil city against environmental hazards from the citizens' point of view. The present research method is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in terms of purpose. In order to collect data, the field sampling method (completing a questionnaire) has been used and in this regard, a number of thousands of questionnaires, proportional to the size and population of neighborhoods and have been completed in a randomly classified method. In the present research process, in order to determine the weight of the 6 main research indicators, the entropy method was used from the opinions of 10 experts (by snowball method) and in order to overlap the layers, the functions in Arc GIS software in the form of Vicor model were used. The study area of this research is the city of Ardabil and its neighborhoods. The results of the research have shown that among the 6 general indicators of the research, the risk reduction index is more important than other indicators. Also, the spatial results regarding the institutional resilience of Ardabil city against environmental hazards indicate that the areas located in the northwest and northeast of Ardabil city (with marginal texture and villages integrated into the city) are in a state of damage. The central area of the city (with organic texture) and the southern part of the city (with planned texture) are in a state of resilience. In general, the high vulnerability of the lower neighborhoods (in terms of texture type) is due to the weakness of institutional dimensions.

As a developing system, the river always changes its location and morphological characteristics according to the time period, geomorphic factors, geology, water currents and sometimes due to human interventions (Rezai Moghadam et al., 2013). In fact, normally, the landscape is adjusted by internal management factors such as slope, direction of slope, topography and type of sediments and external management factors such as climate change, sediment change and vegetation changes. The form of erosion or sedimentation in the bed, removing the walls, changing the flow bed, changing and moving the rivers and changing the form of the river is revealed. (Schumm, 2005). In other words, these changes cause many changes around the river and create natural problems and human and financial losses. (Gregory, 2006) Khiauchai river is considered one of the most important rivers of Ardabil province, Khiauchai river from the junction point The rivers above the villages of Dizo and Moyil started in the south of Meshgin Shahr, and the streams flowing in the village of Moyil are one of the most important branches of Khiauchai. This river passes through a path about fifteen kilometers east of the tourist town of Meshginshahr. Many branches connect to Khiauchai River Simulation of Khiauchai riverbed changes using CAESAR In order to investigate the capability of cellular automation in simulating the morphological changes of the river system in the Khiauchai river basin, the Caesar model was chosen. Among the cellular models of landscape evolution, the Caesar model is a two-dimensional model of water and sediment transport, which is one of the most recent cellular river models. In this model, daily discharge is used as input for the hydrological model based on TOPMODEL. The size of the particles used in the model is 1 to 256 mm. After entering the data including: daily discharge and sediment size, the height model of the cells is updated simultaneously; Therefore, despite the complexity in practice, the Caesar model in interval mode only requires simple input data of topographyHEC-RAS hydrological model was used for the zoning of Khiauchai river flood channel. The HEC-RAS hydrodynamic model is a model developed and developed by the United States Army. In 1964, HEC developed a computer model, HEC-2, in order to provide appropriate solutions to increase efficiency and improve by helping hydraulic engineers in analyzing river channels and determining flood zones. HEC-2 was a model that quickly evolved into a full-featured program for analytical river calculations. Finally, its power and potentials were expanded in the following years to apply things such as bridge and embankment analyses. Due to the increasing popularity and efficiency of personal Windows-based analysis software, in the early 1990s, HECintroduced a Windows-compatible counterpart of HEC-2 called the River Analysis System (RAS).Combined results of cellular automaton model (CAESAR) and hydrological model (HEC-RAS)Based on this, first, the results of the cellular automaton model before and after the simulation were extracted, and then the amount of flood zones was extracted with the hydraulic model (HEC-RAS).Calculating the return period of flood probability using Hyfran softwareFloods cause many risks to human societies and human facilities, which cause significant geomorphological changes. Based on this, the data related to Khiauchai hydrometric station was prepared from the regional water company of Ardabil province. After preparing the annual maximum instantaneous discharge, Pearson type 3 distribution was fitted to the base 10 logarithm of the peak discharges using Hyfran software, and the maximum instantaneous discharge was calculated for different return periods. The flow of flood flow with return periods of 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 1000 years of Khiauchai River is shown in table (1), graph (1). Based on the results obtained from table (1), the lowest probability of flooding with a return period of 2 years is about 50%, and the highest probability of flooding with a return period of 1000 and 200 years is 99.9% and 99.5%, respectively.The results before and after the simulation of the cellular automaton model (CAESAR)According to the measurements that were done in the first section of the first interval and by drawing the transverse profile of the main channel (before simulation and after simulation), the changes of the two profiles were compared. These changes are both in the width of the channel and in the average height and in the geometric shape of the river. According to the transverse profiles, the changes of the channel were investigated. The average depth and width of the channel before the simulation is 1339 and 7 meters, respectively, and after the simulation, it is 1339.56 and 11 meters, respectively, diagram (2).Figure (2) shows the values of the flood zone with a return period of 2 years. Based on the map obtained from the output of HEC-RAS software and referring to table (4) and the river bed changes before and after being simulated in the cellular automation model (CAESAR), the area of the Khiauchai river flood zone with a return period of 2 years is about It is 3.8 hectares. These floodplains mostly correspond to the morphologic changes of the river bed, which locally include the edge of the river channel. The width of the areas exposed to floods with a return period of 2 years is about 153 meters. In other words, with the return period of 2 years, the morphological bed of the Khiauchai River will not undergo such changes, and the floods created will not pose significant risks to urban and rural areas.Finally, the largest flood zone with a return period of 2 years includes a part of the lower reaches of the Khiauchai River. However, due to their periodicity and high potential for forming the planform of the channel, these floods are of great importance in the formation of multiple forms and erosion and slow sedimentation and morphological changes of the Khiauchai river channel.According to the flood zoning map (Figure 3), the effect range of floods with a return period of 50 years along the Khiauchai River increases by about 12.8 hectares. Also, the average flood width of 50-year floods reaches about 277 meters. Flood zones with a return period of 50 years include return periods of 2, 3, 5, 10, 25 years. These floods have flooded the agricultural lands around the Khiauchai river and even some residential areas have suffered damage and danger. Based on the results obtained from the output of CAESAR and HEC-RAS models, these floods rarely go out of their channels and lead to damage. Such floods lead to erosion and sediment production.Based on form (4), the section containing floods with a return period of 1000 years along the Khiauchai river will increase by about 13.8 hectares. The average flood width of 1000-year floods reaches about 345 meters. These floods include all thefloodplains studied in this research with different return periods. As a result of this increase in area and width, it can be seen in all the upstream, middle and downstream parts of Khiauchai River. In other words, during the return period of 1000 years, the floodplain of the Khiauchai River covers all parts of the river. Such floods can affect a major part of the area of the river flood plain due to the high discharge and participation of the discharges of different branches, and in addition to human and financial losses and destruction of agricultural lands, they have many morphological consequences such as changing short routes, shortcuts, etc. . Floods with a return period of more than 1000 years have affected the residential areas of the villages around the Khiauchai river and changed the height of the river bed in different periods and finally led to changes in the river bed and the amount of erosion, sedimentation and finally the changes in the shape of the river in be long-term Conclusion According to the simulation of Khiauchai River bed and flood changes using HEC-RAS hydraulic model and CAESAR cellular automation model, these results were obtained, which shows the very high spatial variability of flood risk and Khiauchai River bed changes. This variability originates from the variable geomorphological conditions along the river. The results of CAESAR model show that the simulation of the river changes before and after the simulation in section number 22 in the second period varied from 1518 to 1520, which shows the changes of the river bed in about 2 meters. In the simulation of cross-section number 44 of the third interval, the amount of changes in the river bed was about 1442.5 to 1443.5 meters, which shows the amount of changes of 1 meter. Transverse section No. 60 also shows about 2 meters, which in the third period accounted for the most changes in the river bed. The results of the HEC-RAS hydraulic model showed that the flood zone with a return period of 2 years covers about 8.3 hectares, a return period of 50 years covers 12.8 hectares, and a return period of 1000 years covers about 13.8 hectares of the area around Khiauchai River.

Increases of CO2 concentrations and other greenhouse gases will have a significant effect on global climate which in turn influence recharge to the aquifer. Groundwater recharge plays a vital role in replenishing aquifers, which impacts groundwater resources availability. A large amount of water needed in different parts of arid and semi-arid areas is provided through groundwater resources. Understanding the process of groundwater recharge is fundamental to the management of groundwater resources. The quantity and quality of water resources have been reduced by unprotected exploitation in the recent decades. In addition, climate change and global warming will increase the severity of problem. Therefore, predicting the effects of climate change on groundwater recharge play an important role in the future management of these resources. While climate change affects surface water resources directly through changes in the major long-term climate variables such as air temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration, the relationship between the changing climate variables and groundwater is more complicated and difficult to quantify. In this paper, the climate of Shiramin basin in Iran is studied with respect to changes in the precipitation and temperature data. As another aim of this study, we use the Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) to simulate the recharge, runoff and evapotranspiration in Shiramin aquifer.

The Shiramin basin is located in the northwest region of Iran. This basin is a sub basin of the Urmia lake basin. The study is based on the data from Tabriz station, and a statistical weather generating tool, SDSM is used to downscale the climate change based on the HADCM3 model under A2 and B1 scenarios. To evaluate the performance of different models and to draw a comparison, were used evaluation indices including standard Error (SE) and Root mean square error (RMSE). In this study, the physically based hydrologic model HELP3 is used to estimate regional groundwater recharge via a water budget approach. Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) computer program is a quasi-two-dimensional hydrologic model of water movement across, into, through and out of landfills. HELP3 requires various climatic, soil, and design data to generate daily estimates of water movement through a soil column In general, HELP3 simulates all of the important processes in the hydrologic cycle including surface runoff, evapotranspiration, vegetative growth, soil moisture storage, and vertical unsaturated drainage for each discrete layer soil column. Darcy’s law models the vertical water movement for each soil layer using unsaturated hydraulic conductivity computed by Campbell hydraulic equation along with Brooks-Corey parameters. Daily infiltration is determined indirectly from a surface water balance by assuming that infiltration is equal to the sum of rainfall and snowmelt, minus the sum of runoff, surface storage, surface evaporation, and plant transpiration. Vertical percolation leaving the bottom of the deepest model layer is assumed to reach water table and eventually become groundwater recharge.

According to the simulation of the HadCM3 model under the A2 and B1 scenarios during the simulated period, the average monthly temperature in all months will increase in the study area. In both scenarios, maximum increase in average temperature and maximum decrease in precipitation respectively will occur in July and August compared to the base period. The highest percentage of precipitation in the Shiramin basin will be consumed for evapotranspiration due to global warming. The highest percentage of evapotranspiration for A2 and B1 will be occur respectively in 2039 and 2040 years. In other words, in forecast years over 80% of the precipitation will evaporate. In A2 scenario year of 2038, with minimum average annual precipitation and year of 2027 with maximum average annual precipitation are respectively as the driest and wettest years in terms of rainfall. Despite more precipitation in year of 2027, large amount of precipitation will be consumed for evaporation. Warmer winter temperatures will reduce the extent of ground frost and shift the spring melt from spring toward winter, therefore in both 2027 and 2037 years the maximum runoff and recharge will occur in winter. Under B1scenario, 2038 will be the driest and 2033 the wettest in terms of precipitation. Recharge and evapotranspiration rate in both low and high precipitation conditions under B1 scenario is higher than A2 scenario. Study of seasonal recharge indicates that in the study area, the maximum groundwater recharge will be done in a very short period of time and in winter due to the existence of more water in the system and the inactivity of evapotranspiration. In the summer months, due to the lack of precipitation, runoff and groundwater recharge will not change compared to the base period and their amount will be zero.

Groundwater recharge is a fundamental component in the water balance of any watershed. However, because it is nearly impossible to measure recharge, and in some cases, base flow has been used as an approximation of recharge. In this research, the global atmospheric circulation model, HadCm3, under A2 and B1 scenarios were used to study the effect of climate change on evapotranspiration, runoff, and recharge via precipitation in Shiramin basin for period 2020-2040. SDSM model used for downscaling. The result of downscaling model showed that under both scenarios, in the study area, the average annual temperature will increase and average annual precipitation will decrease compared to the base period. The HELP model was used to simulate the amount of recharge, runoff and evapotranspiration in the future. The results showed that due to increase temperature, significant amounts of precipitation would be evaporated. In addition to reducing precipitation and increasing temperature, hydraulic properties and soil moisture play an important role in recharge. During the period of 2040-2020, the maximum annual recharge in A2 and B1 scenarios are respectively 12.5 and 15.93 percent of the total annual precipitation. Minimum recharge for A2 scenario is 3.7 and for B1 scenario is equal to 6.6 percent of the total annual precipitation. The results of this study could advise designers and managers of this region to take suitable actions in securing the water supply.

In recent years, irrational human use of land due to incorrect exploitation or wrong management in relation to land administration has faced an increasing trend and has led to extensive ecological and social economic effects. Although the improvement in the agricultural sector has greatly increased the amount of production during the last 50 years, it has brought environmental problems, especially the fragmentation of the country's natural lands and changes in the landscape. On the other hand, relying on the past land use situation and using the historical data of land surface changes alone cannot be used in the design of plans and implementation measures. Therefore, a complete understanding of the state of the landscape, its past changes and the prediction of future changes can play an important role in the sustainable management of resources. Therefore, in this research, it is intended to evaluate the changes in the shape and structure of vegetation patches during possible changes in the future of the Tejn watershed in Mazandaran province, and also to consider the potential possibilities of using land surface measurements in the management of the watershed. In addition, by identifying the priority areas, it can provide an important guide in the direction of environmental protection and management of the basin against further destruction and promotion of sustainable development in this area.

In this research, using the land use maps of 2010 and 2040 (Rajaei et al., 2020), the topography measures at the class level were calculated using FRAGSTATS 2.4 software for the two main uses of forest and pasture (Table 1). It is worth mentioning that the investigation of land features at the sub-basin scale is the first step to manage the shape and structure of the land features of the basin (Xin et al., 2022). Measurements were extracted based on the sub-areas separately. To achieve this goal, the land cover map was extracted for each sub-are

FRAC index shows slight changes in pasture. The pastures are located in the upstream areas, which have colder weather conditions and a shorter growth period. On the other hand, rural and urban areas are less concentrated there, as a result of human access and destruction of pastures, compared to forest use, less happened. In the use of forest in a number of sub-areas 19, 18, 10, 12 and sub-area 24, it shows a higher trend, which is because in these sub-basins, especially in sub-basin 24, there is a high concentration of villages and the city of Frame. which has caused severe destruction of forest lands and turning them into agricultural lands in this sub-region. In a number of sub-areas, there is also a reduction in FRAC, which can be caused by the digestion of forest patches among man-made covers, especially the consolidation of agricultural lands. On the other hand, the measure of the environment has increased in the area of the forest and pasture class in the future harvest, which is a sign of the increasing fragmentation of the land surface in the studied area (Hui, et al., 2022). In forests, this greatly increases the value of many remaining forest patches for the protection of biodiversity and reduces the destruction of species. The increase of this index leads to the increase of the common border of forest and pasture land use with agricultural land use, as well as increasing access and influence, so agricultural land use will have a greater chance of encroaching on the biodiversity of the area and also transferring the pollution load to water sources. Also, they considered forests as a factor in improving water quality, which prevents soil erosion and the washing of minerals in it due to the presence of suitable vegetation, and by reducing the speed of surface currents, it provides an opportunity for sedimentation and Provides absorption of soluble substances. In general, the more the implementation of management activities causes more continuity of vegetation in the basin, the value of the forest CONNECT index will increase. The connection of the forest in the semi-arid land will lead to the ease of movement and dynamics of animals and plants in isolated habitats, and as a result, it will lead to the survival of the environment (Medeiros et al., 2022). The index of CONNECT has decreased in all sub-areas in the use of forest and pasture in the land use of 2040, with the exception of sub-area 24 in the use of forest and sub-area 16 in the use of pasture. The reason that this index is higher in these two sub-areas is the existence of residential spots and agricultural lands close to each other. If the spots are large and far apart, the spread index will be lower (Wang et al., 2022). Therefore, it is suggested to establish residential development in the areas where its contagion to other spots is less. On the other hand, the normalized shape index is one of the advanced measures in the quantification of the shape of patches, and its values increase between 0 and 1 as the shape of the spot moves away from the square. In all sub-basin in both pasture and forest classes, this index shows an increase, which indicates the increase of irregular forms of pasture and forest utilization patches.Examining the statistical difference of land features at the sub-basin level between the studied period showed that there is no significant difference in the indicators introduced in pasture use between 2010 and 2040, but the changes of these indicators in forest use except for the index Contagion has been significant.Therefore, according to the obtained results, only the area of land use cannot be the factor describing the situation in the region. In a sub-region, they may have the same characteristics and the same composition of users, but the form of the users is completely different and effective. Also, the results of this study emphasize the importance of reducing changes in land use and management necessary to achieve environmental goals and clearly show the necessity of different strategies for sustainable future management. Therefore, it is suggested to review the watershed vegetation management scenarios with emphasis on the greatest potential in improving the continuity and connection of vegetation patches and reducing the effects of environmental degradation.

Soil erosion is a natural process (Lee et al., 2021). which causes the level of soil loss by various environmental factors such as weather, soil, topography and vegetation (Chen et al., 2019). However, human interventions through land use change and agricultural and construction activities can accelerate this flow (Wenker et al., 2019; Barley et al., 2017). For this reason, nowadays, soil erosion caused by land use change has become the most important issue of land degradation all over the world, and the transformation of the land form and the disruption of the main functions of the natural environment are the consequences of these geomorphic reactions (Paul et al., 2019). T (2017) aimed to study and estimate the spatial and temporal soil erosion in the periods of 1994-1999-2008-2015 in the Manderjan sub-basin located in the west of Isfahan province. Using remote sensing and GIS technologies, they concluded that the amount of soil erosion in 1994-1999-2008-2015 was 0.001 to 233, 0.001 to 297, 0.001 to 231, 0.001 respectively. It is up to 215 tons per hectare per year. Also, the height and height factor in the region with a correlation coefficient of 80% has the greatest effect in B The annual soil erosion rate was estimated by the RUSLE model. Nejad Afzali et al. (2018) used the Revised Global Model of Soil Erosion (RUSLE) to estimate soil erosion in Dehkhan watershed south of Kerman. Their results showed that the annual soil erosion in the study area is estimated at 50 tons per hectare per year. Khosravi-Aghadam et al. (2018), in order to estimate the soil erodibility factor and its relationship with some land characteristics, using the USLE model in a part of the Nazlu Chai watershed of Urmia. Their results showed that the value of K factor varies in the range of 0.079 to 0.029 tons per hour per megajoule mm. Also, in terms of erodibility, the soils of the region are in low and very low erodibility classes.

Ateshgah watershed is located in the southwest of Ardabil city at the position of 47°50' to 48°2' east longitude and from 38°12' to 38°16' north latitude. The main branches of this basin originate from Sablan heights in the west of the basin. The area of this basin is 40.5 square kilometers and the maximum height of this basin is about 3596 meters at the extreme end of the western part of the basin and its minimum height is 1798 meters at the outlet of the basin in the eastern part. The location of Atashgah watershed is shown in Figure 1. Research data and tools The current research is of an applied type and its research method is an analysis based on the integration of data analysis, geographic information system, remote sensing and the use of the revised global model of soil erosion (RUSLE). The data and tools used in the research include 1:25000 digital layers of the National Mapping Organization, digital elevation model (DEM), with a spatial resolution of 30 meters, rainfall data from the National Meteorological Organization, Landsat OLI 8 satellite image for 2020 with a spatial resolution of 30 meters, the studied area from the website www.usgs.gov, the collection of educational samples was also done through field visits and the creation of false color combinations, and the soil laboratory data of the studied basin is from the watershed deputy of the country's organization of forests, pastures and watershed. In this research, ArcGIS 10.3 software was used to draw maps and analyzes related to it, as well as ENVI 5.3 software to prepare vegetation and land uselayers of the study area, and statistical software such as Excel 2016 and SPSS 17 for statistical calculations and The regression relations of the equations have been used.Landsat satellite images include the longest archive of global images with moderate resolution, multispectral data from unique sources for functional planning at various scales, including land use and land cover, change detection and monitoring of natural environment dynamics (Taherparour et al. , 2015). Therefore, Landsat OLI 8 satellite images were used in this research. The specifications of the satellite image used in this research are presented in Table After classifying the satellite image using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method, the obtained land use map was separated into seven land use classes, including good, poor pastures, irrigated agriculture, rainfed, residential and irrigated areas (Figure 2). The accuracy of the obtained map for 2020 was checked using the Google Earth image and ground control points, as well as the false color image of the same year. In this research, the overall accuracy for the land use map of Atashgah basin was 0.90 and the Kappa coefficient was 0.87. 3-2- Soil erosion (RUSLE) According to (Figure A), the results of the rain erosive factor (R) vary from 74 to 34.98 MJ/mm/hectare/hour per year, the highest value of which is related to the north and southeast parts and the lowest value is related to the central parts. and southwest. The average amount of soil erodibility factor (K), according to figure (b), varies between 0.12 and 0.37 tons/hectare per year in the study area. According to figure (c), the value of LS factor in the studied area varies between 0 and 3.98, which is higher in steep slopes, especially around waterways. Using the Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI), the vegetation factor (C) of the Atashgah basin was prepared based on equation 4 and 5, which is presented in (Figure d and e). Based on this figure, the value of the C factor varies between -0.16 and 0.74. In general, it can be said that the eastern and central half of the basin has lower amounts of C due to the presence of dry and unused lands, and the southern and western parts of the basin have the highest amounts due to the presence of pasture lands. The soil protection operation factor (P) was also considered to be 1 due to the lack of available information from the region for the entire region.Annual soil erosion (RUSLE), to prepare the average annual soil erosion map of Atashgah watershed through the product of rain erosion factors (R), soil erodibility (K), topography (LS), vegetation cover (C) and soil protection operations (P) It was calculated in the Raster Calculator plugin in the ArcGIS 10.3 environment using (Relation 1). The annual soil erosion values in the studied basin vary between 0.09 and 11.02 tons per hectare per year. Also, the average amount of soil erosion in the studied area is 0.16 tons per hectare per year and its standard deviation is 0.55 tons per hectare per year. In (Figure 3), the average annual soil erosion (RUSLE) map of Atashgah basin is presented.

Land use is one of the important factors in causing soil erosion, and in recent years, the mutual impact of land use change and soil erosion has become a major environmental concern. Considering the importance of the topic, in the current research, the amount of soil erosion on land use in the Atashgah watershed has been investigated using the RUSLE model. For this purpose, first, the land use map was classified using the Landsat OLI 8 satellite image and using the support vector machine algorithm into seven land use classes, including barren land, good pastures, poor pastures, rainfed agriculture, water, residential areas, and water. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient for the prepared land use map were obtained as 0.90 and 0.87%, respectively. Then the maps of R, K, LS, C and P factors of the RUSLE model were prepared in the GIS environment and after combining these layers through the Raster Calculator in the Arcmap environment, the average annual soil erosion map for the entire Atashgah watershed between 0.09 and 11.02 tons It was calculated per hectare per year. The results of the evaluation of the soil loss map on the land uses of the studied area showed that dry land use with an average soil erosion of 0.48 tons per hectare per year has the highest soil loss and good pastures with an average erosion of 0.21 tons per hectare per year has the lowest. They have soil waste among other uses in the region. In this research, it was tried to use GIS capabilities to create the required data of RUSLE model. Finally, it is suggested to control the process of land use changes in the Atashgah watershed by determining grazing capacity, vegetation management, and take steps to restore, improve and develop pastures. Therefore, it is expected that this study and the results of this research will pave the way for the implementation of better and more scientific management by competent managers and planners in this field.

Air pollution is one of the important environmental problems in the modern world. Sources of air pollution are various and variable. the share of air pollution resulted from vehicles traffic finds importance increasingly and has become an important environmental and health issue. It has been announced that around 80 percent of air pollution is related to the mobile sources, and to control and reduce air pollution, the priority should be assigned to vehicles, particularly heavy and public vehicles. Despite the many advantages that made diesel engines used in the past for various purposes and in various types of vehicles, their use for passenger car propulsion has faced problems that have prevented their large production in this field. The most important of these problems are: more noise and vibration than gasoline cars, bad smell of diesel when refueling, emission of gas and visible smoke from the exhaust, higher price than gasoline cars, low acceleration and speed, and bad starting in cold weather. Despite these problems, these cars are still very popular due to their economical fuel economy.Researchers have identified a significant relationship between the amount of air pollution, respiratory diseases and cardiovascular diseases, which have a special importance in the admission rate of hospitals in metropolitan cities. Therefore, according to the small number of studies conducted in the field of the effect of emissions caused by diesel cars in the field of air pollution, the purpose of the current study is investigating the amount of exhaust emissions of diesel vehicles and the relationship between such amounts and the life of the vehicle, in the city of Mashhad.

In the current study, in order to investigate the amount of exhaust emissions of diesel vehicles among all vehicles of this type throughout Mashhad, which were 5861 vehicles, 425 vehicles were selected randomly. The diesel vehicles used in the present study included garbage trucks, buses, minibuses, garbage Nissan Junior, Isuzu garbage truck, Dongfeng irritation truck, HOWO irritation truck, garbage Hyundai truck, irritation Benz truck, sweeper vehicles, irritation Volvo truck, garbage Amico truck, Fh12 irritation truck, Kavian garbage truck.The sampling of the study was carried out continuously from December 6, 2017 through April 29, 2018 (except for 1st to 4th of Farvardin Iranian Month), from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. and 15 p.m. to 20 p.m.Sampling was conducted by the five-gas detector (NDIR OPTIM7), the model of which was MRU, and it was made in Germany. Sampling was conducted when the engine was idling. Before the experiments, the device was tested and calibrated by the maker. The gases measured by the five-gas detector included HC, CO2, CO, O2 and NOx. The device is connected to the compute by Bluetooth and it includes a software program by which it is possible to run and test the device and observe and record the amount of pollution. The device used in the current study was calibrated by the relevant manufacturing company, before the experiments.Finally, after collecting data, they were analyzed by SPSS (version 20) statistical software. Considering that the variables were not normalized, the Kruskal-Wallis Test was used. Given the significance of Kruskal-Wallis Test, the post hoc test relevant to the Kruskal-Wallis Test, meaning the Dunn's Multiple Comparisons Test, was used, which is calculated by the Prism software. Moreover, In order to draw diagrams, the Excel software was used.

A comparison of the average CO emissions among different groups of vehicles:The highest amount of CO pollutant emissions is related to the sweeper vehicles. The minibuses are in the second place, heavy vehicles in the third place, semi-heavy vehicles in the fourth place and the lowest amount of CO emissions is related to the buses. Considering the post hoc test conducted, there is a difference between semi-heavy vehicles and sweeper vehicles, in terms of CO. considering the obtained results, it might be concluded that the fuel combustion in sweeper vehicles occurs in a more incomplete way compared to the semi-heavy vehicles. A comparison of the average HC emissions among different groups of vehicles:The highest amount of HC pollutant emissions is related to the minibuses. The heavy vehicles are in the second place, sweeper vehicles in the third place, buses in the fourth place and the lowest amount of HC emissions is related to the semi-heavy vehicles. The highest amount of HC pollutant is related to the minibuses, which is probably due to the low density or improper spraying of injectors; however, by modifying the geometric shape of the combustion chamber and the piston head at the time of combustion and density, the ratio of the mixture of air and fuel or turbulence increases, the result of which is complete combustion with minimum amount of CO and HC polluting gases. A comparison of the average CO2 emissions among different groups of vehicles:The highest amount of CO2 pollutant emissions is related to the buses. The minibuses are in the second place, sweeper vehicles in the third place, heavy vehicles in the fourth place and the lowest amount of CO2 emissions is related to the semi-heavy vehicles. As seen in the current study, buses, compared to other vehicles, produce the highest amount of CO2 and the lowest amount of CO, which indicates complete combustion in them. A comparison of the average NOX emissions among different groups of vehicles The highest amount of NOX pollutant emissions is related to the minibuses. The buses are in the second place, heavy vehicles in the third place, semi-heavy vehicles in the fourth place and the lowest amount of NOX emissions is related to the sweeper vehicles. by using the system of exhaust gas recirculation on the engines with the TIER3 emission standard, the temperature of gases exiting the exhaust becomes normal and as a result, the amount of NOX emissions from the exhaust decreases. However, when the engine runs at a high speed and under high load, the temperature rises at the time of combustion, and as a result, the temperature of the gases exiting the exhaust rises, too, and consequently, the amount of NOX increases.

This study was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between the hidden curriculum and environmental protection from the perspective of the students of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Jiroft University in the year 2021-2022 in Jiroft city. The number of members of the statistical population in this research was 606, and 235 of them were selected by simple random method by referring to the Karjesi-Morgan table. After answering, 195 questionnaires (110 girls and 85 boys) were returned. Finally, 195 questionnaires were subjected to final analysis. The data collection tool of this study was two researcher-made questionnaires. The validity of two questionnaires was used through face and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure their reliability, which was 0.86 for the hidden curriculum variable and 0.84 for the environment preservation variable. The results showed that out of The components of the hidden curriculum have the highest mean of the "interaction of students with each other" component and the lowest mean of the "organizational climate" component; Also, among the environmental protection components, the highest average was assigned to the "pollution reduction" component, and the lowest average was assigned to the "human-environment relationship".

Nowadays, non-stop population growth as well as development of industrial activities has led to increasing the consumption of energy resources. Further energy production has caused air pollution problems in many countries. Reduced air quality has a significant effect on human health and welfare. Due to the increasing energy consumption in different communities, the pressure on excessive consumption of conventional fossil fuels (e.g. coal, fuel oil and natural gas) has considerably increased. Thevariety of industrial activities related to fossil fuels will emit large amounts of gaseous, liquid and solid waste pollutants, which have many adverse effects and various consequences for the environment.The behavior of gaseous pollutants once they are emitted into the atmosphere is investigated in the topic of air pollution meteorology. In this topic, scientists are trying to analyze and monitor the air pollution in the atmospheric boundary layer of communities and study the effects of pollutants using computational approaches and machine learning algorithms. Atmospheric modeling is used by air quality managers to make decisions on effective and efficient ways to implement the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Such monitoring and prection approaches might lead to improve air quality.AERMOD model is a a state-of-the-art dispersion model for regulatory applications, modeling short range (up to 50 km) dispersion from a variety of polluting sources (e.g. point, area, and volume sources) using a number of model configurations which include different sets of urban or rural dispersion coefficients as well as simple and complex topography.Air pollution modeling is too important in monitoring of the concentrations of pollutants produced by the power plant. It also could be useful to control pollution and meet the air quality regulations. This study aims to assess the environmental impact of Shahid Salimi thermal power plant, located in the north of Iran, Neka. The effect of two types of fuel consumption on emission and distribution of NOx and SO2 pollutants has been studied. Finally, suggestions to reduce the pollution emission have been presented.

Shahid Salimi power plant is a complex with high electricity power generation with a nominal capacity of 2214 MW. Shahid Salimi power plant is located in 25 km north of Neka city on the Caspian coast and consists of two independent parts, including 4 steam units and a combined cycle unit. Each of the four steam units has a nominal power of 440 MW. The combined cycle section consists of two gas units with a nominal capacity of 137.6 MW which are combined with two heat recovery steam generators with a 160 MW nominal capacity. The power plant also has two Turbo Expanders, each with a nominal power of 4.9 MW. The power plant always consumes two types of fuel, natural gas as the main fuel and also alternative fuel, which is Fuel oil.In this study, the dispersion pattern of gaseous pollutants of Shahid Salimi power plant has been simulated by AERMOD model while consuming two types of fuel, natural gas and fuel oil. Pollutant emission data have been received seasonally from Mazandaran Environmental Protection Organization for several consecutive years from March 20, 2016 to September 22, 2019. The pollutants studied are nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide. Also, at the end, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the discussed seasons is presented.The center of the power plant was considered as a reference point. Modeling area composed of the reference point at the center, a distance of 20 km to the north side (Caspian Sea), 50 km to the east side (Miankaleh Peninsula and coastal strip), 40 km to the west side (coasts located in the city of Joybar) and finally 30 km to the south of the region (including the cities of Behshahr, Neka and part of the heights with forest cover) have been monitored by 1229 receptors in the study area. Dasht e Naz meteorological station has been used to receive the required surface meteorological data through the service (NCEI) in the database (NOAA)from the beginning of 2016 to the end of 2019 comprehensively. To determine the topography of the study area, the digital elevation model was entered from the WEBGIS site in GTOPO30 / SRTM30 format.

The concentration of pollutants were simulated in 3 time averages, which includes 1 hour, 24 hours and seasonal period. During the spring, the prevailing wind in the studied area has been blown to the east and northeast. Als the wind direction in the area was widely to the south in the summer. According to windroses, during the cold period of the year (autumn and winter), the prevailing wind has been blown toward the southwest. Based on the windroses of the studied years, it is predictable that the distribution of gaseous pollutants can be hazardous for the population centers and agricultural activities in the region.The results of dispersion modeling of gaseous pollutions are classified seasonally; The results are presented based on the estimation of the maximum amount of pollution for the studied years for NOx and SO2 pollutants, respectively. CO2 emissions are also provided for all seasons in the reviewed years. According to the emission calculations based on the measurements, CO2 has the largest share of emissions compared to other pollutants. Based on the model plot for SO2 pollutant in the 1 hour averaging time, The maximum concentrations estimated in all seasons in the studied years when the steam units used fuel oil, especially in the winter of 2016, were relatively high, So that the average of these values was 5 times higher than the standard, And in the 24 hours averaging time, only in the autumn of 2017 and summer of 2019, the estimated maximum pollution were lower than the limits set by the WHO. The results of the maximum concentrations of NOx pollutants showed that in some seasons, especially in the fall of 2016, it was 356 micrograms per cubic meter above national and international standards (200 micrograms per cubic meter), And in the 24 hours averaging time, in the time periods that included autumn of 2017 and 2018 and winter of 2019 were lower than standard limit, And in other seasons of the reviewed years, the average value of the estimated maximum amounts was 12 micrograms per cubic meter higher than the WHO standard (25 micrograms per cubic meter).

According to the outputs, high concentrations of pollution that are beyond the standards are located in the south slopes of the southeast and south heights of the studied area, near the Behshahr and Neka cities. Accumulated pollution can be dangerous for people living in these areas and have irreversible effects on their health. Accumulated pollution can be dangerous for people who live in these areas and have irreversible effects on their health. Also, the accumulation of pollution in the highlands with the occurrence of acid rain can damage the tissues of forest cover, trees and plants and it will have a negative impact on their growth. Another area where the maximum concentration of pollution has been observed is the area near to the power plant, which is located in the southern part from east to west, and includes agricultural and rural lands, which are highly affected by the accumulation of pollution, and it will even cause problems in food supply by affecting the agricultural products of these areas. According to the results, producing pollution with maximum concentrations in the study area occurs when fuel oil consumption exceeds natural gas. Fuel oil consumption in the steam units due to sulfur dioxide emissions will have much more harmful effects on the environment. Therefore, proper management must be done to reduce its consumption, to protect the adverse effects on humans who live in the region, the ecosystem of the Miankaleh Peninsula, forest cover, as well as agricultural lands in the region. To achieve this target, two solutions must be considered, first, reducing the consumption of fuel oil with proper management, and second, refining and using fuel oil with very low sulfur content in the steam units. Also, using Mazut Nano-Emulsion as a fuel to reduce pollution will be effective.

Heavy metals such as uranium are among the most common pollutants in industrial effluents and water environments. Uranium is one of the most dangerous heavy metals in the environment due to its chemical toxicity and radioactivity. Removing toxic and radioactive pollutants from the environment for safe and efficient disposal of waste is a vital challenge that requires the development of selective and high-capacity separation materials. Since uranium contamination threatens surface and underground water, it is important to make more efforts for new materials and technologies to separate and remove uranium from aqueous solutions. The rapidly expanding field of nanotechnology is producing many exciting new materials with novel properties. Apart from all other applications, nanomaterials are expected to act as a new class of solid phase adsorbents for the separation of pollutants and heavy metals, including uranium, due to their unique surface and morphological characteristics. The present review has reported a summary of the types of nanosorbents for the purpose of separating and removing uranium ions. Adsorbent materials include magnetic nanoparticle, Fe3O4, hybrid nanomaterials, oxide and phosphate-based nanomaterials, and non-magnetic nanoparticles. According to reports, magnetic nanoparticles are used to remove elements such as: cadmium, cobalt, nickel, uranium, etc. This article has studied and reviewed various types of nanosorbents as very efficient structures for separating and removing uranium.

Temperature is one of the fundamental elements of the climate of an area, whose transformation can transform the climate structure of any place, for this reason, the study of the temperature trend in different temporal and spatial rules occupies a large part of climatology researches. Most of what is referred to as global warming or climate change includes mostly warming changes and the upward trend of the three components (average, minimum and maximum) of air temperature. Currently, climate threshold phenomena are in the center of researchers' attention because the risk of increasing the frequency, duration and sensitivity of climate thresholds has increased due to the increase of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere. The LARS-WG model is a model that downscales the output of GCM models.Researches that focus on the temperature parameter; It is increasing day by day, among them is the research related to the increase in frequency, intensity, recorded global warm periods and the continuity of heat waves, which was done by Perkins et al. (2012). Yu et al. (2019), in their study investigated the temperature changes in the world and the results showed that the temperature anomaly is higher in the oceans and southern latitudes compared to the land and northern latitudes. Hu and Huang (2020) investigated the high temperature anomaly and its relationship with the general circulation of the atmosphere, and the results of their research showed that the highest temperature anomaly occurred in the Arabian Peninsula. Rohbakhsh Sigaroudi et al. (2017) investigated the anomaly of the average minimum and maximum temperature of the warm period of Iran in the period (1951-2010) and concluded that the western half of the country had the largest decrease in the average minimum and maximum temperature. Karmi-Mirazizi et al. (2018) investigated the synoptic patterns that lead to temperature anomalies and thermal changes in the western and northwestern regions during the statistical period (1989-2018). Rababi Sabzevari et al. (1401), in the west and northwest of Iran, analyzed the synoptic patterns that lead to temperature anomalies for 1989 to 2018, and the results indicate the existence of the mid-latitude meridional current as the main cause of temperature anomalies.

Ardabil province is located in the northwest of the Iranian plateau with an area of 17,953 square kilometers and has the coordinates of 37 degrees 7 minutes to 39 degrees 43 minutes north latitude and 47 degrees 19 minutes to 48 degrees 55 minutes east longitude. In this research, in order to achieve the goal of the research, the long-term statistics of the minimum, maximum and daily temperature averages of the selected synoptic stations of Ardabil province (Ardabil, Pars Abad and Meshginshahr) were analyzed. For this purpose, first, the different intensities of the temperature anomalies of the stations were calculated based on the data of 1980-2020 using the Z index. Then, to generate the data of each station under the conditions of climate change, after the preparation and quality control of the data, the variables of minimum and maximum temperature, precipitation and sunny hours were entered into the LARS-WG model on a daily basis and following the evaluation of the ability of the LARS-WG model in simulating the data observed in these stations, the data of the future period (2021-2021) of these stations was produced, and the ability of the LARS-WG model in simulating the data observed in the synoptic stations of Ardabil province was evaluated. This process is divided into three stages, which include spatial analysis, model validation, and generation of synthetic weather data. The model used is CanESM2 under RCP scenarios. The daily minimum, maximum and average temperature data of synoptic stations during the past statistical period (from 1980, 1985 and 1995 to 2020, respectively) were used to evaluate temperature changes and anomalies in the coming decades (2021-2100) And the frequency of each of the temperature anomaly intensity ranges of the three studied variables was counted and their percentage was calculated. Temperature anomalies were calculated using Z index.

The comparative graphs between minimum and maximum temperature observation data values and their values produced by LARS-WG model for selected stations of Ardabil province confirm the existence of a small difference between these two data and show the high efficiency of this model in simulating Creating the studied variables and producing synthetic air data. The evaluation of the frequency of anomalies of the three components of temperature in this province under three RCP scenarios showed that in the hot months of the coming period, warm anomalies are predominant (more than 50%) and normal conditions are second (30 percent) and cold anomalies have the lowest percentage.The predicted frequency of temperature anomalies using the CanESM2 model fine-tuning under the average scenario (RCP4.5) is higher than the optimistic scenario (RCP2.6) and under the pessimistic scenario (RCP8.5) is higher than the average scenario. The difference between the estimates of the RCP8.5 and RCP2.6 scenarios and the maximum difference between the two hot and cold anomalies reaches its maximum in August. The highest and the lowest percentage of average warm anomaly frequency belong to Pars-Abad and Meshkin-Shahr, respectively. The highest percentage of cold anomaly was calculated in Ardabil and the lowest in Pars-Abad.The order of the different intensities of the temperature anomalies of the three studied components in Ardabil province under the RCP4.5 scenario, from the highest to the lowest percentage, is: normal conditions (31%), moderate heat (29.4%), weak heat (21.4 percent), very hot (6.5 percent), slightly cold (6.1 percent), moderately cold (4.2 percent), very cold, extremely hot and extremely cold (about 1.5 percent)). It can be observed that among the types of temperature anomaly intensities, there is a predominance of moderate heat and weak heat, and extremely hot and extremely cold anomalies are rare and include about 1%. In the other two scenarios, the percentage of warm anomaly prevails over normal conditions and cold anomaly.In the RCP2.6 scenario, the warm anomaly has the highest frequency in August and the lowest frequency in October, and the cold anomaly has the lowest frequency in August and the highest frequency in September. In the RCP8.5 scenario, the warm anomaly is more frequent in August and July and the cold anomaly is more frequent in May and June.

Snow as a climatic element due to the rainy season, its solidity, the area covered and the consequences it brings, deserves the study and attention of researchers and users of the environment. It has played a major and fundamental role, and in terms of microclimate, due to its weak heat conduction, it is considered a good protection for its vegetation against the cold (Kaviani, 2010). In the generally dry and semi-arid land of Iran, snowfall and snowy days have a great value, among which the amount of snowfall, the number of days of occurrence, its ratio with the days of precipitation, during the period of descent and its beneficial and harmful consequences, each of them can be the subject of There should be separate researches, while the average number of rainy days in Iran ranges from less than 10 to about 115 days, the maximum number of snowy days is on average in the northwest region and about 25 days a year (Alijani, 2016). On the other hand, the effects of heavy snowfall and avalanches, the destruction of rural homes, the disruption of road transport, communications, daily activities, and many other consequences on the natural and human environment have attracted the attention of some researchers. It is true that some of these researches have been in the field of temporal changes of snowfall in recent decades. Due to the fact that studying and knowing the factors disturbing human peace and well-being seems to be necessary and knowing the changes in the trend and factors that generate the atmosphere of natural phenomena can be a way forward, so in this study, the aim is to analyze the heavy snowfall in Ardabil from a synoptic point of view. And to investigate the trend of changes in the frequency of snowy days with non-parametric methods.

This research has been carried out in order to investigate the synoptic heavy snowfall in Ardabil city with an environmental approach to circulation and to investigate the trend of changes in snowy days with non-parametric methods. In this regard, first the data related to the daily snowfall parameter for Ardabil synoptic station was received from the General Meteorological Department. Nonparametric Mann-Kendall method and sense estimator were used to analyze the time series trend of this variable.Mann-Kendall test In the Mann-Kendall test, the assumption of zero indicates randomness and the absence of a trend in the data series, and accepting the assumption of one indicates the presence of a trend in the data series. This test was first presented by Mann (1945) and then expanded by Kendall (1975) based on the rank of data in a time series and is calculated in two ways: 1- Statistical test (T) I-Kendall 2- Graphical test I- Kendall The calculation steps of this test are as follows (Zinali, 2015: 90).Sense Estimator test The sense estimator method, like the Mann-Kendall method, uses the difference analysis of observations of a time series. This method is based on calculating a median slope for the time series and judging the significance of the obtained slope at different confidence levels, and the steps to do it are as follows (Hajam et al., 1387: 161).

The purpose of this research is the synoptic investigation of heavy snowfall from an environmental perspective and investigating the trend of changes in snowy days with non-parametric methods in Ardabil. The results of the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and sense estimator showed that the Test z value was -2.30 and the Qmed value was -0.931 at the confidence level of 95% and indicated a negative, downward and significant trend. Also, according to the results According to the analysis of satellite maps in the event of heavy snow on January 26, 1400, it was found that there are two high-pressure systems in the east and west of Iran, with their outward movement, they lead the nearby air mass towards the studied area, and the dominance of the high-pressure systems of Central Europe over the studied area. The study has caused the formation of weather conditions and has led to the stability of the air and its subsidence. This system has played a very prominent role in the transfer of cold air in the northern latitudes, and in addition, in the western part of Iran, it has formed a trough of atmospheric conditions in such a way that before the axis of the trough, the convective strengthening in the upper levels of the atmosphere leads the flow of cold northern winds to the lower latitudes. And especially the west of Iran. Due to the location of the studied area in the front part of the landing axis of the ship and the strengthening of the divergence in Wardspahr, the values of Tavai have become positive and the weather condition has become unstable. The movement of the westerly winds in the aforementioned nave channel has caused the moisture of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea and its flow towards the studied area. On the other hand, the intensification of the wind speed up to 35 meters per second in the atmosphere of the studied area has fueled atmospheric disturbances, as well as the influx of cold currents. North, a cold air mass has condensed in the Naveh axis in the northwest of Iran and has lowered the surface temperature of the studied area to -2 degrees Celsius. The rule of cold air over the northwestern part of Iran has also reduced the thickness of the atmosphere and caused the contraction of the atmosphere. The results of this research are also aligned with the results of other researchers, such as Saleh and Eskandari (2012) and Dargahian and Alijani (2016), pointing to the role of deep troughs in the northwest of Iran, which play a very important role in the transfer of cold air from northern latitudes towards Iran. had. Also, Emininia et al. (2009), in the study of changes in heavy snowfall in the northwestern region of the country, pointed out that heavy snowfall in all stations and during the common statistical period had high fluctuations and a decreasing trend.

Due to various reasons, Urmia Lake has been exposed to be dried in recent years and has severely affected the coastal areas and neighboring ecosystems and more importantly, the surrounding cities and villages. Considering that a large human population lives in the area around Urmia Lake and the livelihood of settlements in West and East Azerbaijan provinces is mostly based on agriculture, if the lake completely dries up and environmental and ecological crises occur, the economy of these areas will face with great problems. One of the basic solutions to reduce the vulnerability of social systems and thus strengthen the stability of local communities against environmental crises is to increase the resilience of these communities against the disturbance in ecological systems. Resilience is the ability of a social or ecological system to absorb and face disorder or disruption, so that it can maintain basic functional structures, re-organizational capacity, and adaptive capacity in the face of changes and tensions. The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the impact of Urmia lake restoration measures on the level of environmental resilience from the point of view of local communities.

The research approach is applied, descriptive, correlational and analytical. The method of data collection was carried out by using two methods of library studies and field monitoring and completing the questionnaire. The indicators for measuring the resilience of local communities were determined using exploratory interviews and review of literature (ethnography). The statistical population of the research is all heads of households living in Aghdash village. Aghdash village is one of the villages of Miandoab countyin West Azerbaijan province of Iran. The number of sample households was estimated through Cochran's statistic using the variance of the important characteristic and the calculated standard error of 62 households (utilizers). A questionnaire was used to estimate selected indicators from the point of view of local communities living in Aghdash village. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for different parts of the questionnaire was obtained on an average of 78%, which is in the desired range. It should be noted that the Likert scale was used to evaluate the impact of Urmia lake restoration measures on the resilience of local communities. In order to complete questionnaires related to households through the stratified random sampling method; with the priority of the village elders, local experts and active people related to the restoration of Urmia Lake were selected and finally, the household questionnaire was randomly completed for 62 household heads. Finally, the desired indicators were estimated using the usual methods.

From the point of view of local communities; in the environmental dimension, the actions of the restoration bureau of the Urmia Lake have resulted an increase in environmental awareness and an increase in the dry-farming. Also, in the field of livestock and rangeland management, the actions of the restoration bureau of the Urmia Lake have been evaluated as moderate. The average score of the examined indicators was 2.65, so the effectiveness of the actions of the rehabilitation headquarters in the environmental dimension is in the very low to medium range. Based on the results of the factor analysis model; the indicators of cropping pattern modification, modern irrigation systems, watershed management operations, water resources management, production performance, percentage of vegetation cover, land salinity control, environmental awareness and rangeland and livestock management were identified as 5 important factors, which in total explain 69.22 % of variance changes in the resilience of communities as a result of the actions of the restoration bureau of the Urmia Lake. It seems that considering the various consequences of the drying up of Urmia Lake in the region and the solutions proposed in various researches and considering the type of actions taken by the the restoration bureau of the Urmia Lake in the region; the indicators used in the research have been able to evaluate the actions of this bureau in order to improve environmental resilience. Executive organizations can use the indicators introduced in this research to improve the condition of villages affected by the water crisis and drought, and improve the resilience of local communities and move towards stability in all aspects of sustainable development.

The increasing importance of sustainable development at the urban level is due to the rapid increase of the urban population in the world. According to the World Bank report, by 2050, the percentage of the urban population will reach 68% from the current 55%, and 2.5 billion people will be added to the population of cities. Cities have assumed a central role in the discourse of sustainable development due to their demographic and economic importance and their high environmental impact. In many parts of the world, rapid urbanization is taking place on an unprecedented scale, and its severe effects on communities and the environment are evident. To combat the external effects of such rapid and partly uncontrolled development, many cities around the world have introduced various urban development policies. In sum, the discourses promoting sustainable urban development are convinced that environmental, social and economic challenges can be solved through prudent planning and are not conflicting goals. Urbanization is generally seen as positive and cities are portrayed as the frontline of sustainable development. Meanwhile, the spatial development patterns of cities is one of the most important issues in the field of urban sustainability, which is strongly influenced by these spatial development patterns. In these years, choosing this model has been one of the biggest challenges of city builders and planners. The search for an alternative model for urban development dates back to the 1970s. The energy crisis and accumulated government debt in the 1970s led to fiscal conservatism and austerity in the 1980s. The changing fortunes of cities had certainly begun, and many industrial cities showed clear signs of decline. The pioneers of new-urbanism stepped into the arena in this situation where the modern city was challenged. As a solution to the placeless suburbs, they came up with a new version based on traditional neighborhoods that followed historical principles. To alleviate the problems created by machine-oriented development, they advocated urban living in lively, mixed and diverse places. Over the past years, neo-urbanism has become one of the most prominent urban design movements in the United States; Newurbanism is potentially the most influential architectural movement in the United States in the post-Cold War era and is currently one of the most influential planning schemes. The main goal of new-urbanism is to change built environments in order to foster a different way of life. This movement began as an environmental and aesthetic critique of suburban sprawl. Since then, the movement has evolved to promote its design principles to address sustainability issues related to contemporary urbanization in the United States and beyond. The city of Tabriz, like most cities in Iran and cities in the developing countries of the world, has been affected by global changes and the industrial revolution and the influence of modernist ideas, especially in the preparation of urban development plans and the sudden growth and expansion of the city. In fact, Tabriz, like other big cities of the country, faced exogenous and uneven growth, which is the continuous migration from small cities on the one hand and the non-observance of the principle of sustainability in the use of urban resources on the other hand. The decrease in the efficiency of the road network and the main and arterial accesses, the increase in the conversion and change of the arbitrary use of gardens and agricultural lands in and around the city to residential, commercial and service uses, the inequality of the urban areas in meeting the levels and per capita of the general population and the urbanization of the suburbs of Tabriz has pursued residential quays and satellite towns and has contributed to the formation of Tabriz's urban system and spatial polarization of rich and poor in the north and east of the city. In the meantime, the town of Parvaz is one of the residential towns of Tabriz city, which was designed in the 60s and entered the population process, and in these years, with its different environment and design, it has been able to introduce itself as one of the most successful neighborhoods in Tabriz city. which manifests the manifestations of sustainable urban development. In this regard and considering the extreme instability of urban development in Tabriz city, finding a relatively appropriate model to promote urban development is of great importance, which is the necessity of such a research to evaluate the compatibility of the spatial development model of Tabriz flight town with sustainable models and to promote such models. It proves the direction of achieving sustainability.

In terms of type, this research is part of applied-developmental research and in terms of method it is part of descriptive-analytical research. To collect information from document studies based on the nature of the subject, all types of available documents including books, articles and magazines, theses and websites and databases and statistics and data from related organizations are used. Also, to complete the required data, field studies in the form of surveys and observations and the use of city maps with a scale of 1/2000, satellite images, global positioning device (GPS), field observations, etc. have been used. One of the most important tools used in this research is geographic information system software such as ARC GIS and AutoCAD Map 3D, which are used to analyze the spatial information of the research. The first step of this research is extracting the criteria and practical standards of new urbanism. At this stage, the criteria are extracted using documentary and library studies and using previous researches, but due to the lack of specific standards for these criteria, using the rules of urban planning local and international standards are defined for the criteria. In the next step, the criteria and standards extracted at the level of the studied area are checked and finally the conformity of the spatial development pattern of the area with the pattern of neo-urbanism is evaluated.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the spatial development of Tabriz flight town based on the principles of neo-urbanism. In this regard, the principles of new-urbanism were divided into seven general criteria and each of these criteria was divided into several other indicators and several standards were defined for each of them.Regarding the use mixing index, the presence of six neighborhood uses with the approximate observance of the governor's per capita, the protection index of open and green spaces, the proximity of the green space per capita to the governor's capita and the useful functional radius of green spaces, the index of creating distinct and attractive communities with a strong emphasis on the concept of place The location of the neighborhood center in the geographical center of the town and the useful functional radius of the center and the existence of the edges of the center, an indicator of creating various opportunities from transportation, the existence of a bus network on all main routes, an indicator of creating walkable neighborhoods, the useful functional radius of the center and shopping centers And the appropriate separation of space on the sidewalks, the index of the use of compact buildings and high density, and the index of creating different opportunities to choose housing, with the presence of different types of housing in the town, has created an environment that is highly compatible with the principles of neo-urbanism. Considering the problems mentioned for the city of Tabriz in the field of urban development instability, using the results of this research, the development model of parvaz town can be presented as a suggested model for other areas of the city so that some of its problems in the field of sustainable development can be reduced.

In recent years, climate change has affected the ecosystem and its inhabitants. Climate change affects various biological aspects of species, so it has become a major concern for the management and protection of biodiversity. One of the important effects of climate change is changes in the range of distribution and distribution of living organisms. Therefore, the study of climate change on the distribution of plant and animal species is necessary. Climate change causes the geographical range of plants to shift. Forecasting the effect of climate change on the distribution of valuable plant species is considered essential in order to protect and evaluate the level of threats and management. he prediction of the geographical distribution of the species in the future requires the collection of information related to the presence of the species at present, environmental variables and the combination of this information with new environmental conditions. Modeling the distribution of species is currently the only tool that can be used to evaluate the amount of changes in the distribution of several species in response to climate change. For this purpose, many methods and models have been developed, predictive modeling of the distribution of plant species, as a prediction of the potential distribution of a plant species. Throughout the landscape, it is defined based on the relationship between the occurrence points of the plant species and the effective environmental variables, and it is based on the hypothesis that environmental factors control the distribution of the plant species. The habitat prediction models determine the suitability of the habitat for the establishment of plant and animal species and help the managers of natural resources to identify the factors that threaten the populations, determine the important factors in conservation planning, and examine the climate change scenarios with less time and cost. Geographical distribution of species, favorable habitats of plant and animal species, etc In this research, the current and future distribution of Bromus tomentellus Boiss species in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province under two scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 for the next three decades was investigated.

First, by using 10 synoptic stations in and adjacent areas of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, the database including precipitation variables, minimum temperature, maximum temperature and average temperature of formation and 19 bio-climates were calculated (Table 1). Also, three physiographic variables, including slope, direction and height, were prepared using a digital elevation model (DEM) with an accuracy of 30 meters. Then, using maps of plant types of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province and field visits to the current habitat of the species under investigation, the presence and absence points of the species were determined. Using logistic regression (relationships 1 and 2), the growth behavior of this species at the level of the province was determined and the map was modeled and the relevant equations were calculated in the current conditions. A climate for 2050 was extracted from the worldclime site and by putting the extracted data into the equations of the current conditions, the future distribution map of the species Bromus tomentellus for the next three decades by the general circulation model MRI-ESM2-0 under two scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 was prepared in ArcGIS 10.5 software. The resulting map of the model contains the values of the probability of the presence of the species between zero and one for the desired habitat, which was evaluated using the kappa coefficient for the accuracy of the output map.

Species distribution prediction models can predict potentially favorable habitats for species distribution, therefore they play an important role in determining areas prone to pasture restoration (Pajehan, 2019). It is expected that the forecasting model in the present study will be effective for future protective strategies. In this research, the current range and potential future range of Bromus tomentellus species and for the next three decades (year 2050), under two climate warning models, a milder scenario and a more severe scenario (Rcp4.5 and Rcp8.5) using the model Logistic regression was predicted within the boundaries of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces located in central Zagros. The results showed that the spatial position of the target species in 2050 with the Rcp4.5 (balanced) scenario is almost the same as the current one. In the Rcp8.5 (pessimistic) scenario, the optimal habitat size of the selected plant will be reduced by 75-100%. Instead, in In some high areas, we will witness the appearance of habitats prone to the occurrence of species, and these areas will be suitable in terms of climatic conditions. So that this species can be seen in areas with an altitude of 2000 to 3200 meters, but in balanced conditions under the Rcp4.5 scenario, it changes its location to an altitude of 3350-2180 meters and in pessimistic conditions under the Rcp8.5 scenario to an altitude of 2400-3600 meters. Therefore, in the balanced and pessimistic scenario, 180 and 400 meters respectively, the habitat of this species will be moved to a higher altitude. In general, climate change and the consequent increase in temperature indices have caused the vertical expansion of Bromus tomentellus and its movement to higher latitudes along the altitude gradient. The results of Sanghoni (2016) also show that by 2080, more than 50% of the habitat area of Bromus tomentellus species will be reduced and it will migrate to higher altitudes. The results of the research on the mountain celery species in the Faridun Shahr area in the west of Isfahan province show that this species migrates to higher areas due to climate change and the habitat of this species will decrease by 80% in 2080. (Abolmaali et al. 2018) Also, the results of the habitat prediction map showed that as the temperature indices increase, the suitability of the habitat for the presence of the species will decrease in the future. Thuiller (2007) stated that on average, every 1ºc increase in temperature causes species of the northern hemisphere to move 160 kilometers towards The pole or 160 meters will be towards the heights. Of course, he said that the changes in different ecosystems are not the same and each ecosystem should be investigated with appropriate methods. As species move towards the poles or higher altitudes, they may disappear or become confined to a refuge away from others, while other species may expand their range.In general, plant vegetation range models are useful and cost-effective tools for the use of natural resource managers and increase their awareness of the effects of climate change on species. The maps obtained from the models show the areas sensitive to climate change and the possible shelters of the selected species in the future for use in the protection and grazing plans of these areas. Progress in understanding species distribution models against climate change and modification of the spatial database can lead to the development of conservation strategies. which is useful for the ecosystem and the species. The maps obtained from the present research can be used in vegetation protection and revitalization programs. Since globally, they want to preserve biodiversity in the central Zagros and it is very important from an ecological point of view and biodiversity Therefore, the predicted potential distribution for the studied species in the central Zagros area provides valuable information for identifying suitable cultivation sites and also for managing the species in the future.

Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) is one of the valuable and multi-purpose medicinal plants native to Iran.Sumac is known to be useful in the treatment of many diseases due to its rich antioxidant and phenolic and tannin content in this plant. Cultivation of sumac is very important in the livelihood of farmers in the region. Every year its fruits are harvested in the traditional way. Environmental stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and development of plants. Drought stress has different effects on plants and reduces the quality and yield of agricultural products. Photosynthesis is one of the first processes that are damaged under drought stress. Investigating the fluorescence kinetics of Chlorophyll a can provide useful information about the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus. In order to identify drought resistant cultivars, an experiment was conducted with four cultivars of sumac from two regions in the northwest of the Iran. Most of the parameters related to chlorophyll a fluorescence in different varieties showed significant results. Our data showed that the FV/FM ratio decreased in drought-exposed plants. The reduction of PIabs under drought stress was due to a decrease in the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II reaction centers and the rate of electron transfer (ETo/RC), accompanied by an increase in energy loss (DIo /RC). Among the cultivars studied, Aqboraz cultivar was reported to be resistant in all traits.The origin of the sumac plant is in the Middle East region, including Iran. Sumac is a valuable medicinal plant that is cultivated in the northwestern region of Iran. With the increase in the global average temperature, the frequency of drought events and heat waves increases, this issue has significant negative consequences for the production It will have agricultural products. Drought is considered one of the most important environmental stresses that plants are repeatedly exposed to periods of water deficit, which affects the growth and development of plants and subsequently the yield of agricultural products. Photosynthesis is one of the key processes that it is significantly affected by drought stress. The primary effect of water shortage is stomatal closure, which allows plants to limit transpiration. In addition, a decrease in relative water content (RWC) and leaf water potential has also been reported in case of water deficit. Photosynthesis is one of the most sensitive processes to drought, which by limiting the release of carbon dioxide in the stomata and mesophyll cells, reducing stomatal conductivity and changes in carbon absorption leads to a decrease in the internal concentration of CO2. In recent years, the measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence, especially the OJIP test, has become a popular method to evaluate the stability of photosynthesis under the influence of various stress factors from biotic and abiotic factors. Chlorophyll a fluorescence is a natural phenomenon that describes the loss and radiation of heat or the re-emission of a part of the absorbed energy that is not used to drive photosynthesis. Measurement of chlorophyll a fluorescence provides information on changes in photosynthetic efficiency and heat dissipation. It is an extremely simple, non-invasive, highly sensitive, rapid and accurate method that provides a quantitative assessment of oxygenic photosynthesis. Photosynthetic organisms change their photosynthetic activity to adapt to stressful conditions such as drought. When the protein-chlorophyll complexes of thylakoid membranes are damaged by stress or normal physiological changes (ripening, senescing, etc.), the fluorescence changes as a natural process of chlorophyll molecules. Chlorophyll fluorescence can be easily measured and analyzed by various techniques. One of the widely used techniques is the OJIP test, which provides parameters based on the theory of energy flux in thylakoid membranes. OJIP parameters describe photosynthetic reactions through algebraic equations and quantify the characteristics of the structure and function of photosystems. JIP parameters detect changes in photosynthetic efficiency at the cellular level even before visible signs of stress appear.In order to investigate the response of sumac leaves to the drying of leaf water content, this experiment was carried out in the physiology laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture of Tabriz University in the summer of 2022. The leaves of sumac plant collected from Arsbaran (Aqboraz and Horand) in East Azerbaijan province and Sardasht (Yasinabad and Mavolo) in West Azerbaijan province were used to assess their tolerance to drought stress. From each region, 50 fully developed sumac leaves were randomly selected and after being placed in insulated boxes with relative humidity close to 100%, they were transferred to the laboratory. The leaves were measured for chlorophyll fluorescence parameters after at least 30 min adaptation to darkness. This measurement was done every two hours up to 3 times. In all three periods, the weight of the leaves was measured in milligram with a three-zero scale. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis test called OJIP was measured by Handy PEA fluorimeter (Hansatech, UK). The parameters obtained from the fluorimeter are listed in Table No. 1. Abiotic stresses such as drought have a destructive effect on the physiological characteristics and growth of plants. Closing the stomata to prevent water loss is one of the primary responses to drought stress. Drought stress causes the destruction of one chlorophyll through premature leaf senescence, and as a result, photosynthesis affects the most important photochemical process of the plant. The main aim of this research was to measure and investigate the water loss of sumac plants and its effect on the photosynthetic system of the plant. The obtained data showed that the OJIP test parameters, including density of reaction centers per photosystem II antenna chlorophyll, energy dissipation flux per reaction center showed an increasing trend based on previous studies. The Maximum quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry, electron transport flux per reaction center, and performance index of photosystem II based to absorption also showed a decreasing trend according to previous researches and the findings of this research follow the previous studies. In general, the samples collected from Aqboraz region showing a better ability to cope with drought stress when compared to other cultivars. Making them promising candidates for use in future breeding programs. These results show that Aqboraz sumac landraces have a high resilience to water stress, opening new perspectives for screening landraces sumac cultivars for drought tolerance.

After the industrial revolution, following the increase of human interaction with nature and its exploitation, sociologists' attention to the natural environment increased in terms of its social consequences, and later environmental sociology became the research field of many sociologists. This article deals with the effects of the Tabriz thermal power plant establishment on the social life of the people of Esfahalan village with a qualitative method of in-depth interview and observation method, looking at the conflict of values approach and the production treadmill concept. The question of the research is what changes the presence of the power plant has brought about in the social life of the village people. The purpose of the research is to find the factors that caused the adverse environmental and social changes for the village. By understanding these factors, the bio-social threats of these changes, whose source is the thermal power plant, can be reduced. The necessity of research goes back to the necessity of maintaining natural resources (gardens) in villages. So that the result of the research shows that Tabriz thermal power plant has had the most adverse effect on the natural resources of the village (gardens) in the first place. In the second place, these changes have a socio-economic aspect.

Many cities around the world today face many challenges in different urban areas, including job cuts, innovative projects, the expansion of management issues, and partnerships. Factors that have already been formed with the development of cities, transportation, proximity to raw materials are less important. New problems and dilemmas are now on the agenda of cities, which is partly the result of the disappearance of old rhythms abandoned by life and work based on factory and office. But the competition that exists or will exist in the era of globalization between cities is in attracting experts (Hosseini et al., 2016: 210). In fact, the city should be an attractive environment to attract and strengthen talents, innovations and creative ideas, and the creativity of special people such as artists, scientists, writers, ordinary citizens and even dissidents to solve basic problems. The purpose is to use the existence and planning of creative development (Mafi et al., 2018: 34). There is no doubt that a successful urban environment is one that nurtures and attracts talent. A city producing research that is able to add new parts to the economic, cultural and social dimensions of urban management and thus create new opportunities for cities at the national and transnational levels (Nairi, 2017: 13(.Creative areas in urban places play an important role in increasing urban creativity. Places that show the cultural symbols of the city. Maintaining cultural, social, religious and national beliefs as a strong pillar for the development of creative thinking among the city's residents is vital in order to raise the culture of citizenship and the sustainability of urban places. Knowledge of creative city and creative region for city managers, city planners and planners causes their correct and better understanding of city and region, good analysis and providing appropriate solutions to the problems of city and region. Creative cities and regions can be identified by studying the concepts, elements, indicators and strategies of the city and the creative region. By knowing the creative cities and regions, we can have the right plans for the growth and development of the city and region (Zabihidan, 2019 : 105). The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of creativity indicators in the cities of Kermanshah province. And in order to achieve the goals seeks to find answers to the following questions:1. How are the cities of Kermanshah province in terms of creativity indicators compared to each other? 2. What are the most enjoyable and Low enjoyment cities of the province? 3. Which model is a better way to determine the status of cities?

The present study is applied in terms of purpose. It is also based on the method of work and descriptive-analytical nature. Its statistical population is 14 cities of Kermanshah province. In this research, by using the library method and referring to the documents related to the subject of creativity, the theoretical foundations, literature and scope of the study have been investigated and in order to check the status of creativity indicators, 42 indicators were studied and selected to achieve the desired goal To analyze the information and answer the research questions, multi-criteria decision models (WASPAS SAR and SAW) and the integration method and the percentage of changes have been used to determine which model is better for examining the status of creativity indicators ArcGIS software is also used to display the output results as a map.

The positive results of creative development in different cities of the world show the appropriate effectiveness of this new development approach in these cities .In fact, the concept of creative city can be considered as an alternative approach to revitalizing the city and alternative thinking to look at the city. Some say the economy may be important, while others say social welfare is important. But we need to know that the focal point of a creative city is culture, education, atmosphere or creative space. In response to the question, what is the level of creativity of the cities of Kermanshah province in terms of creativity indicators? After the amount of each city was obtained in three models, WASPAS SAR and SAW, they were merged together and an average was obtained for each city, which ranked the cities according to the results of the integration method and their level of enjoyment. Characterized. According to the results of the city, Qasrshirin, Dalahou, Paveh, Harsin, Kermanshah, Islamabad Gharb, Ravansar, Kangavar and Songhor are half-enjoyed and five cities are Sahneh, Gilan-e-Gharb, Sarpol-e-Zahab, Thalas-e-Babajani and Javanrood Low enjoyment.In response to the question, which are the richest and least privileged cities of the province? The results show that there is no prosperous city at all and the most prosperous city is Qasr Shirin with a rate of 0.497 which is in the first rank and the least privileged city is Javanrood with a rate of 0.157 which is in the last rank .Finally, in answer to the question, which model is the better way to determine the status of cities? The SAW model had the lowest change with 9.5% and the WASPAS and SAR models had the highest change with 11.9%. These results show that the SAW model is a better method than other models (SAR and WASPAS) to evaluate the status of cities because the results of this model have a lower percentage and intensity of change. At the end, suggestions for improving the situation of creativity indicators in the city of the province are presented:-Increasing activities related to local arts, creating spaces to increase citizen participation, holding local celebrations and ceremonies in the cities of the province according to their abilities- Supporting handicrafts and indigenous arts, providing appropriate conditions for activities related to urban creativity, focusing on the concept of artistic and cultural creativity in many other areas, including employment, industry, education and ... Utilizing the experiences of cities around the world in the field of creativity, providing and equipping cultural infrastructures, such as cinemas, libraries, theaters, cinemas, etc., training specialists in various fields