نشریه مطالعات زبان فارسی
پیاپی 11 (پاییز 1401)

One of the most important components of magical realism is the high frequency of elements such as sound, smell, light and such elements, which ultimately fills the space of the work with illusion and imagination and blurs the boundaries between reality and fantasy. The study of the novel "Night Harmony of the Wood Orchestra" by Reza Ghasemi shows that the sound element has a high frequency in this novel. In this regard, in the upcoming article, the prominence of the sound element in creating the atmosphere of the novel has been investigated. The results of the research show that the author has greatly benefited from the sound element to create the atmosphere of the novel, and considering his experience in performing arts such as theater and music, the sound element plays a central role in this novel and sometimes, the function of an ordinary voice in creating the atmosphere of the novel is equal to several sentences and even pages. In total, these sounds embody the harmony of an orchestra, which together induce the utmost fear and terror in the wooden building where the story takes place. Most of the sounds used in this novel are the sounds of human and animal characters, the sound of objects and the sound of musical instruments. In general, through these voices - which are often terrifying and mysterious - the author conveys issues such as identity crisis and immigration problems to the reader's mind in an artistic way and with maximum effect.

Marriage and related themes exist in the folk literature of all lands and regions; According to the cultural, social and climatic characteristics of each region, its components change. These themes have many reflections in the folk literature of Lamard region, which shows the importance of the marriage tradition and its related rituals in this geographical region. While examining 83 folk tales of Lamard region, the researchers analyzed the main themes of marriage and the scatter rate each theme in the folk stories of this human geography. From the results of the research, it appears that 24 stories have ritual themes of marriage, among them, themes such as defining the test and conditions for marriage, marriage by searching for signs, the journey of the hero of the story to find a wife, the opposition of the girl's father or brother to marriage, marriage Human with non-human, the king's daughter or son becoming interested in a person from the lower class of society, the exchange of a bride with another girl, choosing a wife by throwing fruit, and the freedom of girls in choosing a husband have been repeated in these stories. Among these themes, the king's daughter or son's interest in a person from the lower class and the marriage of a human with a non-human are the most frequent themes, and choosing a spouse by throwing fruit is considered the least frequent themes.

In contemporary literature, "female language and writing" and "modernism" have related meanings. Rule-avoidance, basic mentality, internal monologues and the psychological state of the language are presented as the characteristics of women's writing, which are also the elements and provisions of modern stories. Modernism in literature can be seen as the result of the tendency towards democracy and polyphony, which in the 20th century, the time of breaking with traditions and collapsing contracts, had turned into serious human issues. The theory of women's writing was also the model proposed by those who were trying to disrupt the formed structures that reinforce patriarchy with grammar avoidance and discontinuity in language. Therefore, both allow the existence of polyphony, pluralism and democracy. The effort of this research is to cast a new opinion on Shazadeh Ehtejab's novel and find new story details in it. So that first by explaining the elements of the mentioned novel, its modernist nature is justified and then by analyzing the characterization of the women in the story, their verbs should be explored in order to examine the extent of their independence or dominance, traditional or modern, in relation to the modern structure of the story. The result of the research showed that in this novel, Golshiri has created coherence in accordance with the modern characteristics of the active and indomitable female character of his story by using modern storytelling methods. His narrative arrangements introduce the reader to the characteristics of women's writing in which patriarchy is reduced in the text and a suitable platform is provided for a female character like Fakhr al-Nasa to challenge the rule of discrimination and guardianship with her authentic identity and her unconventional and libertarian actions.

In tyrannical societies and authoritarian governments, opacity is the best way to express social pains and is a channel for protesting and of course, it is prudent; This means that the inappropriate social conditions and the suffocating atmosphere of the lands lead the artist to conceal and express his beliefs in the envelope of opacity’s literary array: An indirect and effective statement that raises the awareness of the audience, and in a way, it can be considered as a way of the writer's or poet's pen struggle against the rulers and the deceptive and hypocritical people. In the 7th and 8th centuries of AH - which is one of the darkest periods in Iran's history - our land was attacked by the Mongols and their rule. The tyranny of the rulers during these two centuries resulted in heavy social suffocation; as it has been very influential on Persian poetry and especially the form of Sonnet and has caused the introversion of Iraqi style poets. In the current study - which examines the literary industry of opacity and its relationship with critical issues in Hafez's sonnets - data has been collected through document analysis and described in a qualitative manner. The result of this research shows that the use of idioms in order to criticize the actions of oppressive kings and hypocritical Sufis and ascetics in the court of Khajeh is a characteristic of the poet's style, and among the types of opacities, the frequency of opacities of proportion and singular opacities are more than other types.

Research in the field of children's literature with the premise of the audience - children has unique characteristics that are due to its different nature which can affect the research in this field. Understanding these features requires paying attention to the effects of children's expressions in the field of knowledge and then researching children's literature. Writers and critics of children's literature should pay special attention to linguistic features and the ability to understand their audience. This statement confirms the importance of the "audience-centered" theory among the three literary theories, namely "author-centered", "text-centered" and "audience-centered". By examining the characteristics of the linguistic elements and the content of children's works and matching them with the characteristics of the audience, and from the point of view of revising the function of literary criticism approaches based on the aforementioned three literary theories, the researcher seeks to find an answer that shows , the "audience-oriented" theory is especially important among the three literary theories in children's literature and this theory can be a criterion for the researcher to criticize children's literature by using it. In this research, the function of literary criticism approaches in children's literature has been investigated and analyzed by descriptive-analytical method and using library data. The results of this research prove the importance of the "audience-centered" theory, and the adaptation and examination of the works produced by children based on the above literary theory will determine and introduce the appropriate criteria of criticism for the authors of this field.

Fiction literature has wide branches, among which is folk or folk fiction. The novels "Toyor Eylul" written by Emily Nasrollah and "Kelidar" by Mahmoud Dolatabadi are considered as folk and rural novels, which are analyzed in this essay from the perspective of Arabic and Persian literature. In this research, the signs that can be used to consider a novel as folk and rural have been given and the goal is to check which signs have a high frequency in these two novels and what do these two novels have in common in these signs? The selected school of an author can be understood from the themes used in his works. The comparative doctrine in this article is the French doctrine. Therefore, in order to get familiar with the vision and approach of the two mentioned authors, their works have been briefly examined and the components of folk literature and its comparison in the two mentioned novels have been examined and described in several separate sections. This research is a descriptive and analytical method, considering the doctrine and the themes used in the two mentioned works, the type of character creation and characterization and the way the characters are expressed in the two stories, the method of using the description of the village and the environment has investigated and compared.

Intertextual studies explain the way and extent of influence of texts in the formation of each other, and by explaining the methods of reproduction of texts, it examines the process of deciphering and denoting texts. By expanding and systematizing the concepts arising from the opinions of theorists before him, Gerard Genette systematically investigated the relationships between texts and with a structuralist approach, he investigated and studied intertextual relationships and all its changes. He called the set of these relationships "tratextuality". Masnavi Manavi, as the greatest mystical masterpiece, has complex intertextual relationships with other texts and works before it, and many texts have appeared in this text in various forms. In this article, the intertextual relations between Mawlawi's Masnavi and Hakim Nezami's works have been investigated and analyzed using the descriptive-analytical and comparative method and using Genette's transtextuality theory. From the point of view of reflecting some stories, similes, and characters, and reflecting some theological and mystical concepts, Masnavi has intertextual relations with Nezami Ganjai. In his poems, Molavi was influenced by Hakim Nezami's thoughts on the subject of love, definition of life, definition of man and narrating a number of stories. Based on this research, no clear intertextual relationship was found between Maulavi's Masnavi and PanjGanj Nezami; However, Molavi's frequent reference to the story of Leili and Majnoon, the similarity of several Masnavi stories with the stories of Panjganj, the existence of religious and theological concepts and common parables in the works of Nezami and Molavi show that the works of these two poets are implicitly and There is implicit intertextual communication.