مجله علوم باغبانی ایران
سال پنجاه و سوم شماره 3 (پاییز 1401)

In order to determine the desirability based on the qualitative and quantitative traits of the fruit, 11 cultivars of apple spore type along with control cultivar Golden Delicious were used. These cultivars were evaluated in Kamalshahr Horticultural Research Station of Karaj during two crop years (2011–2012) in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications and fruit related traits including fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit firmness, acidity percentage, TSS, fruit yield, fruit–set % and number of fruits per tree were recorded during two years. Combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of year was significant only for fruit diameter and fruit weight at the probability level of 5 % (P≤0.05). The effect of cultivar on all traits, except fruit–set %, was significant at the probability level of 1% (P≤0.01). The highest fruit yield was observed in Yellowspur cultivar with a value of 23.39 kg per tree. Using specific scores as the weight of traits, adjusted selection index of ideal genotype (ASIIG) was calculated and it was observed that Yellowspur cultivar with an index value of 78.16 % similar to the ideal genotype has the highest desirability among the cultivars and Yellowspur along with Golden Smoothie and Deliciousspur cultivars were more desirable than Golden Delicious cultivar. The graphs obtained from the adjusted selection index of ideal genotype with appropriate grouping of experimental cultivars identified only Yellow spur cultivar as a completely desirable cultivar.

Recently use of biochar and hydrochar have been considered as a suitable method for improving soil fertility, fixing soil pollutant and store carbon inside the soil. In this study the effect of different soil improvers at 5 levels including biochar at 1 and 2% w/w, hydrochar at 1 and 2% w/w and no soil improver and also salicylic acid at 3 levels (0, 200 and 400 mg-L) were applied on marigold plants. This experiment was a factorial based on complitly randomized design. Results showed that biochar and hydrochar at 2% w/w level increased flower life at 39 and 36%, respectively, but decreased ion leakage 22 and 21%, and also malondialdehyde at 36 and 29%, respectively compared to control treatment. Salicylic acid at 200 mg-L concentration increased flower life at 21% and decreased ion leakage and malondialdehyde by 19% compared to control treatment. Highest ratios of shoot dry weight, root dry weight, total chlorophyll content, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity were obtained by application of biochar or hydrochar at 2% w/w and salicylic acid at 200 mg-L. These results indicated the positive role of soil improvers.

Water shortage is one of important factors limiting yield and production of some crops in arid and semi-arid areas like Iran. Grafting crops on resistance rootstock can respond better to water shortage. In order to this object response of Citrullus lunatus cv. Crimson Sweet grafted on bitter apple and Shintosa rootstocks under water deficit conditions were studied. This experiment performed as split plot in randomized complete block design with four irrigation regime, 100, 80, 60 and 40 % of available water as main plot and grafting on bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad) and Shintosa (Cucurbita maxima Duch. × Cucurbita moschata Duch.) as sub plot with three replications. Based on the results, some traits such as fruit firmness, total soluble solids, total yield, root length, number of roots, flavonoids contents, antioxidant capacity and total phenolic compounds increased significantly in plants grafted on bitter apple rootstock comoare to other plants, under water deficiency. According to results, bitter apple could be suggested as suitable rootstock under low irrigation conditions, maintaining acceptable yield and fruit quality attributes compare to Shintosa.

The experiment was performed as a completely randomized factorial with three replications. Experimental treatments included Kobe and Memphis cultivars, four levels of nitrogen and three types of substrates. Nitrogen sources in the ratio of calcium nitrate to ammonium nitrate were 90:10, 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75, respectively. Culture media include; 1- Compost of coniferous bark (mainly pine) in the ratio of 2 parts of bark and one part of perlite, 2- Two parts of plantain leaf compost and one part of perlite, 3-  Peat moss with a ratio of 2 parts peat and one part perlite (as a control). The results showed that in the ratio of 75:25 calcium nitrate to ammonium nitrate, the highest amount of calcium, fresh and dry weight of aerial and underground organs and also, the longest post harvesting was obtained for 12.62 days. In the substrate with a combination of two parts of peat and one part of perlite, the highest wet and dry weight of shoots were obtained that it was statistically flush with the plane leaf. Overall, the results showed that the ratio of ammonium for feeding orchids in both cultivars should not be more than 25%. Two parts plane leaf compost to one part of a mixture with an aeration material such as perlite can be a good substrate for orchid production.

Application of regulators in production of pot plants have been increasing due to lowering growth, improving branching and the number of flowering branches. In order to study the effect of levels and application method of trinexapac-ethyl regulator on height control and morphophysiological characteristics and flowering of Zinnia elegans, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was performed. Zinnias seedlings were planted in polyethylene pots and subjected to trinexapac-ethyl with levels of zero, 2×10-3, 1×10-3, 0.5×10-3 and 4.5×10-4 g when the first bud emerged. Trinexapac-ethyl was applied in both foliar spray and soil application. According to the results, 1×10-3 and 2×10-3g trinexapac-ethyl caused significant reduction in plant height. As trinexapac-ethyl level increased, number of branches and flowers were increased accordingly most of which was under the latter treatment. Branch length and leaf number was not affected. The concentrations 1×10-3 and 2×10-3g increased chlorophyll and shoots sugars, but not on root. Similarly, soil application of Trinexapac-ethyl did not showed positive effects. In light of obtained results, foliar spray application of Trinexapac-ethyl may serve as a suitable way to produce dwarf and pot Zinnia elegans  ‘State fair mix’. Based on the obtained results, application of Trinexapac-ethyl as foliar application can control and reduce the height of the Zinnia elegans ‘State fair mix’.

Withania is one of the most important medicinal species from economical point of view and its application in pharmaceutical industries and stabilization of sand in desert areas. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of drought stress and foliar application of salicylic acid on some physiological and morphological characters of Withania at Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center under green house conditions. A two factorial experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor, four levels of foliar application of salicylic acid (control, 1, 1.5, 2 mM) and the second factor, four drought levels (100, 80, 60 and 40 percent of field capacity). The results showed that drought stress and salicylic acid had significant effects (P≤1 percent) on physiological (proline content, ion leakage percent, SPAD, chlorophyll fluorescence) and morphological (shoot height and leave sourface) traits. Mean comparisons showed that the highest value of proline (3.99 µmol g-1 FW) was obtained in 1.5 mM salicylic acid and drought stress 60 percent field capacity. The highest value of ion leakage percent was obtained in the control treatment of salicylic acid and drought stress 40 percent of field capacity. According our results, revealed that the withania was tolerance drought stress and can be tolerance to 60 percent of field capacity. at all levels of drought stress. Since withania plant is valuable, salicylic acid can be increase the tolerance of this plant to drought.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of biofertilizers and nutrition through a nutrient solution (base Hogland) on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Begonia semperflorens (two varieties, sprint rose and senator deeprose). The factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design (RCBD), with twenty treatments in three replications. Treatments include: nutrient solution (base Hogland), Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 169, Azotobacter chroococcum strain 12 and compound Pseudomonas and Azotobacter with different percentages of chemical fertilizer and two varieties of Begonia. Non-inoculated with nutrient solution and bio-fertilizer were considered as control. The results showed that the highest leaf area (36.69 mm2) was observed in Pseudomonas and Azotobacter and 75% of the nitrogen treatment. Maximum shoots fresh weight (117.18 gr) and maximum shoots dry weight (4.12 gr), were seen at the treatments of Pseudomonas and Azotobacter and 75% of the Nitrogen and Phosphorus. Most phosphorus in shoots (0.34%) was related to the treatments of Pseudomonas and Azotobacter and 100% phosphor and the highest chlorophyll of leaves (13.12 mg per gr of fresh weight) were related to the treatments of Azotobacter and 100% Nitrogen. Treatments of Pseudomonas and Azotobacter and 75% phosphor with 41.38 mg per gr of fresh weight, had the highest amounts of anthocyanins of petals. Overall, treatment of Pseudomonas and Azotobacter and 75% nitrogen, and then base Hogland treatment were the best treatments. Thus, it was shown that Pseudomonas and Azotobacter combination with reduced doses of nutrient solution, led to significant improvement of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Begonia. In addition, two varieties of Begonia (senator deeprose and sprint rose) in response to similar treatments, showed different reactions.

Post-drought stress phenotyping and cropping assessments of 93 apple cultivars and genotypes led to individuation of 14 commercials and two drought tolerant genotypes, capable to keep the crop til ripening. Further studies were achieved at post-stress stage. Scion tree vigor components as tree height, shading area, trunk diameter, internode length and thickness, leaf length and width, stock length and diameter, leaf page hair fitness, leaf area index, leaf axis angle, cortex color, stomata number of annual shoots, hair fitness on annual shoot apex to distinct the defense mechanisms of the evolved stable traits were invetigated. The proline and total carbohydrates contents of the leaf samples were measured as well as fruit biochemical traits of pH, TSS and TA of the tolerant and susceptible 'Golden Delicious' and 'Assali'. Positive correlation was found between reduced total photosynthetic area and drought tolerance so that tree vigor was ranked as weak in 12 Cvs, middle in 2 Cvs and only high in 2 Cvs. The tolerant CVs tree height, shading area, trunk diameter, leaf area index, leaf length and width, internode length demonstrated lower values but the annual shoots presented higher rates of leaf stalck length and diameter shoot diameter, and higher hair density of leaf and shoot apex. The mean if internode length, 9/91 mm, was lower in tolerant Cvs than controls as 19.31 mm. The leaf samples of tolerant Cvs had higher proline 1.55 mg/l, total chlorophyll contents of 27.48 than 1.35 and 22.56 related to the controls. The control Cvs showed increased leaf carbohydrates 162.57 mg/l than tolerant Cvs 125.7 mg/l.

In order to evaluate the tolerance of grafted watermelon plants on pumpkin, to oxygen deficiency conditions, a factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design in 5-liter plastic buckets containing Hoagland and Arnon's nutrient solution. The first factor was the amount of aeration of the nutrient solution in four levels (control, reduced aeration, no aeration and nitrogen injection) and the second factor was grafting in two levels (no grafting and grafting). The evaluations were based on the concentration of nutrients in leaves, and vegetative and physiological indicators. The results showed that although by reducing the oxygen in the nutrient solution or injecting nitrogen into the nutrient solution, the growth characteristics of the plant such as plant height, stem diameter, shoot fresh and dry weight, and root fresh and dry weight decreased significantly, but grafted plants, except for the stem diameter, had significantly better growth characteristics than non-grafted plants in other mentioned traits. With the decrease in dissolved oxygen of nutrient solution, the amount of proline and soluble sugars in the shoots and roots of grafted and non-grafted plants increased, but the concentration of proline and soluble sugars in grafted plants was higher than that of non-grafted plants. Oxygen deficiency stress decreased the amount of total chlorophyll, carotenoids and nutritional elements potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in shoot and root, but the concentrations of proline, soluble sugars and elements were higher in grafted plants than non-grafted plants. In short, according to the results of this research, grafting watermelon on pumpkin rootstock increased the tolerance of watermelon plant to oxygen deficiency conditions.

The Lippia genus which has over than 200 species and Lippia citriodora L. is medicinally important. In order to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics and elements of Lippia citriodora L. under the influence of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), vermicompost and biochar, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Alborz Research Station in field conditions, was implemented in 2017 on one-year seedlings. The  first factor included factors: vermi-compost at three levels (0, 6 and 12 ton/ha), the second factors was biochar  at three levels (0, 5 and 10 ton/ha) and the thirs factor was plant growth promoting rhizobacteria at two levels (non-inoculation and inoculation with combination of Azotobacter chroococcum strain 5, Azospirillum lipoferum strain OF and Pseudomonas putida). Comparison of means demonstrated that the highest essential oil percentage (0.86 %) was acquired from control treatment and the highest essential oil yield with 3.74 kg/ha was observed in treatment 12 ton/ha vermicompost, 10 ton/ha biochar and inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. The highest Fe (377.06 ppm) was observed in 12 ton/ha vermicompost, 10 ton/ha biochar and non-inoculation. Generally, application of 6 ton per hectare vermicompost, 10 ton per hectare biochar and PGPRs on Lippia citriodora can improve yield and qualitative traits of the plant through increasing growth, developing root and better absorbing water and nutrients from soil.

In order to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid and humic acid on some morph-phytochemical characteristics of Echinacea, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first Factor was salicylic acid at four levels (0, 100, 200, 400 mgl-1) and the second factor was humic acid at four levels (0, 100, 200, 400 mgl-1). The results showed that salicylic acid application significantly increased the plant height, number of lateral branches, leaf relative water content, phenol and flavonoid, also decreased leaf ion leakage. Humic acid application significantly increased (p≤ 1) plant height, number of branches, total chlorophyll, leaf relative water content, phenol and flavonoid content, and decreased leaf ion leakage. The results of the research showed that the foliar application of 400 mgl-1of salicylic acid with 100 mgl-1of humic acid improved the measured traits.

In order to study the effect of organic matter and type of culture medium on vegetative characteristics, enzymatic activity and essential oil of lemon balm under salinity stress, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications in Jahrom city of Fars province carried out. The first factor was the medium culture at three levels (compost + soil, vermicompost + soil and compost + vermicompost + soil (all in equal proportions)), the second factor was organic matter at two levels (humic acid (HA) and effective microorganisms (EM)( concentration of 5 per thousand) and the third factor was salinity at three levels (515, 3656 and 7312 μm / cm). The results showed that with increasing salinity, proline content and activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes increased and plant height, leaf number, chlorophyll and percentage of essential oil decreased. Co-addition of vermicompost and compost to soil on growth and physiological traits was more effective than either of these two substances alone. In general, the use of organic matter and effective microorganisms in the culture medium containing soil+ compost+ vermicompost reduced the negative effects of salinity on lemon balm and the use of organic matter and effective microorganisms can improved plant tolerance under salinity stress conditions and increased the growth characteristics and essential oil content of this medicinal plant.

Using organic agricultural wastes to produce vermicompost and compost is a sustainable way in order to reuse these wastes. In order to investigate the effects of different zinc-enriched vermicompost and compost on yield, quality, and nutrient content of lettuce, an experiment as factorial based on completely randomized design was carried out. The first factor was organic residues at three levels (carrot, sugar beet and date wastes), the second factor was zinc enrichment at three levels (zero, 1000, and 2000 mg / kg), and the third factor was mixing with weak soil at four levels of (zero, 2 , 4 and 6% by weight). Results showed that effect of organic residues enrichment on the growth and yield of lettuce plants was the positive and plants grown in vermicompost produced from carrot waste, had better results than those, which grown in vermicompost produced from beet or date waste. Carrot wastes had the highest amount of microelements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) among the three wastes used, and enriched with 2000 mg/kg zinc had the highest amount of these microelements. The highest amount of phosphorus (0.82%) and leaf area (157 cm2) were obtained in carrot wastes enriched with 2000 mg / kg. Among different levels of organic residues, 4 and 6% had the greatest effect on lettuce growth and yield. Overall, enrichment of organic residues with minerals can meet the nutritional needs of lettuce grown under greenhouse conditions.

A new group of colored shades called photo-selective netting shades are being developed, which can the affect the quality and quantity of light received by the plants, and at the same time provide optimal protection for them. Therefore, in order to investigate the use of colored shades (red, green and yellow) on the morphological and physiological characteristics of marigold, violet, croton and aglaonema, two separate experiments were carried out in winter and spring at Lahijan Flower and Ornamental Plants Research Station. The evaluated morphological traits included: plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoot and physiological traits included chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin, flavonoid, antioxidant capacity and catalase and peroxidase enzymes. The results showed that the yellow shade increased the vegetative power of the plants. The interaction effects of shade and plant species showed that the highest plant height, chlorophyll content and carotenoid content the plant were related to yellow shade and violet treatment. The results showed that the highest amount of anthocyanin, carotenoid and catalase was obtained under the red shade and the highest amount of total chlorophyll was obtained under the red and yellow shades in croton and aglaonema. The results of this research showed that the use of colored shades compared to not using shades created more favorable growth conditions for plants. Also, the yellow and red shades were better for the growth of the tested plants than the green shades and no shade and had a more favorable effect on the growth of the plants.

In order to investigate some characteristics of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) under water stress and application of  mycorrhizal, an experiment was performed in factorial arrangement within a completely randomized design with four replications in research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture at Yasouj University. The first factor was osmotic potential at three levels (zero, -4 and -8 bar), the second factor was the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae at two levels (with and without the use of fungi) and the third factor was cultivars at two levels (Bodegold and Soroksari). The studied traits included: (relative water content, soluble sugars, proline content, total chlorophyll, plant height, number of flowers per plant, Shoot dry weight, dry weight of flowers and harvest index). The results showed that osmotic potential at -4 and -8 bar caused a significant reduction in traits such as total chlorophyll, relative water content, plant height, number of flowers per plant, dry weight of shoot, dry weight of flowers and index harvested, but the amount of soluble sugars in the leaves and the content of proline increased. Mycorrhizal application increased the amount of these traits. Also, inoculation of mycorrhiza plants under drought stress conditions significantly increased proline content and soluble sugars of both cultivars. The results showed that the key trait of flower yield and yield components under drought stress and application of mycorrhiza in Soroxari cultivar showed more increase than Budgold cultivar. In general, application of mycorrhiza in both cultivars increased drought stress resistance in German chamomile.

Identifying distinctive traits in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars is one of the essential steps to prevent the propagation of different cultivars with the same name. This research aimed to assess morphology and pomology, and identifying distinctive traits of seven commercial cultivars and five genotypes for two years according to UPOV guidelines. Based on results, nine sweet cherry cultivars/genotypes including Shisheei-Mashhad, Pishras-Mashhad, Takdaneh-Mashhad, Sefid-90, Pishras2, Shabestar-6, Dovomras-Mashhad, Siyah-Daneshkade and Siyah-Mashhad had 19 morphological and pomological distinctive traits. Takdaneh-Mashhad cultivar with a fruit weight of 10.93 and stone weight of 0.88 g was distinguished from other cultivars and genotypes. Excusive traits of thickness and length of fruit stalk made a significant difference between Siyah-Mashhad and Shabestar-6 cultivars. The number of lenticels in the one year old shoot with very high visibility differentiated the Shisheei-Mashhad cultivar from other cultivars and genotypes. In addition to fruit weight, petal arrangement and ripening time, distinguished Takdaneh-Mashhad and Siyah-Mashhad cultivars. Among the studied traits, tree habit, petal arrangement, fruit ripening and skin color, were more significant traits to distinguish the sweet cherry cultivars that most of them were in accordance with asterisked characteristics in UPOV's guidelines.

This research was conducted to investigate the influence of plant growth biostimulants on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of potato (Solanum tubersom cv. Sante) in randomized complete blocks design with eight treatments and three replications at Behbahan Agricultural Research Station in one year (2019-2020). Treatments included: control (no application of plant growth biostimulants), humic acid, free amino acid (L), amino acid-Zn, amino acid-K, amino acid-Ca, amino acid-K-Ca and combine application of humic acid, amino acid-Zn and amino acid-K-Ca. The results showed plant growth biostimulants (except free amino acid) significantly increased total and marketable tuber yield as compared with control. The treatment of combined significantly increased total and marketable yield in comparision to other treatments. Biostimulants significantly decreased unmarketable yield and its components (small tubers, cracked tubers and tubers with secondary growth) as compared with control. Application of biostimulants significantly increased the tuber protein percentage and concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus (except amino acid-K, amino acid-Ca and amino acid-K-Ca) and potassium tubers (except amino acid-Ca). Amino acid-Ca and the treatment of combined significantly increased dry matter content. Application of growth biostimulants (except amino acid-K and amino acid-Ca) significantly decreased concentration of tuber nitrate. According to the results, application of combined plant growth biostimulants for cultivation of Sante cultivar is recommended.

The aim of this study was to optimize different concentrations of some growth regulators and introduce the effective explants which lead to increase callus induction and regeneration efficiency in Catharanthus roseus L. and recognize growth stage which produce the highest amount of vincristine. The experiment was conducted as a factorial with a completely randomized design. The first factor was explant type at eight levels and the second factor was different concentrations of growth regulators at nine levels. The results showed that the highest percentage of callus induction was observed the medium containing 8 μM 2,4-D with 2 μM BAP in single node (100 percent), hypocotyl (100 percent), leaf (100 percent), root (99.16 percent), ovary (98.33 percent), petiole (95.83 percent), anther (94.16 percent) and cotyledon (93.33 percent) explants, respectively. Calluses derived from hypocotyl, anther and ovary explants were able to produce highly efficient somatic embryos. 0.8 g L-1 casein hydrolyzate cause the highest percentage of embryogenesis. The maximum germination percentage was obtained from explants drived from hypocotyl (53.66 %), anther (51.00 %) and ovary (46.00 %). Also, the regeneration percentage of hypocotyl, anther and ovary explants was 78, 73 and 68 percent, respectively. The topmost amount of vincristine in comparison with different types of calluses and different stages of growth was obtained from plants regenerated from callus which derived from anther, ovary and hypocotyl explants and the amount was 1.4 μg g-1 dry weight more than non-embryonic callus of the mentioned explants.

In order to study the effect of different chemical and organic fertilizers on the morphological characteristics of physalis an experiment as split plot based on randomized compelet blok design was done in the greenhouse. The main plot includes organic fertilizer at four levels (control, farmyard manure, vermicompost and the combination of farmyard manure and vermicompost) and sub plot included different chemical fertilizers at six levels (control, NPK chemical fertilizer, potash chelate 28%, iron nano chelate 15%, superahyomic and biomass biofertilizer). The results showed that in the culture medium of farmyard manure + vermicompost and with the application of nano-biological biofertilizer, the highest fruit yield per plant (2.29 kg/plant), vitamin C (8.53 mg/g fresh weight), phenol (39.90 mg GA/DW) and total flavonoids (6.89 mg QA/DW), antioxidant properties and soluble solids (16.5 Brix) are obtained in the fruit. The highest and lowest concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of shoots were observed in the treatment of vermicompost + farmyard manure, respectively, along with nano-fertilizer, biofertilizer and control treatments. Considering the favorable effect of vermicompost in the culture medium and biological fertilizers in comparison with the control treatment and chemical fertilizer treatment, it can be considered in the cultivation and feeding programs of physalis in addition to maintaining and improving traits related to growth and yield a healthy product can be offered without chemical fertilizer residues.

Water and soil salinity is one of the reasons for the reduction of cucumber yield. In order to verify the feasibility of using two non-commercial rootstocks to increase salinity resistance in cucumber and compare it with the commercial rootstock of Cobalt RZ F1, an experiment was conducted in the research farm of agricultural faculty of Arak University in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design. The first factor was salinity stress at three levels (no stress, 30 mM and 60 mM NaCl) and the second factor was rootstocks at four levels included non-grafted cucumber, colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis), kiwano (Cucumis metuliferus) and Cobalt (C. maxima×C. moschata). The results showed that increasing the amount of salinity led to a significant decrease in the stem length, stem, leaf and fruit dry weight percentage. The Cobalt rootstock had the highest stem length, the highest length to fruit width ratio and the lowest increase in malondialdehyde content under salinity stress. The colocynth rootstock had better performance in terms of dry weight percentage of stem, total leaf chlorophyll, leaf carotenoid, relative leaf water content and reduction of leaf sodium content in saline conditions compared to other rootstocks and non-grafted cucumber. The highest amounts of total phenol content, leaf potassium content and percentage of leaf and fruit dry weight were observed in grafted cucumber on kiwano rootstock. The results showed that colocynth and kiwano rootstocks can be introduced as suitable and compatible rootstocks to increase salinity tolerance in grafted cucumbers.