فهرست مطالب

مجله علمی پزشکی جندی شاپور
سال بیست و یکم شماره 2 (پیاپی 137، خرداد و تیر 1401)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1402/01/21
  • تعداد عناوین: 12
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  • بنین آذرنوش، زینت نیک آیین*، فریده اشرف گنجویی، زهرا حاجی انزهایی صفحات 152-163
    زمینه و هدف

    فعالیت جسمانی یکی از متغیرهای اصلی سبک زندگی مرتبط با سلامت می باشد. هدف از انجام این تحقیق بررسی اثر مداخله رفتاری بر اصلاح الگوی گرایش به رفتارهای مرتبط با سلامت در پسران نوجوان بود.

    روش بررسی

    در تحقیق حاضر 40 دانش آموز پسر به دو گروه 20 نفره مداخله و کنترل تقسیم شدند. ابزار تحقیق بسته آموزشی طراحی شده در 10 جلسه و 2 پرسشنامه (18 سوالی) مربوط به سازه های نظریه برنامه ریزی شده در گرایش به فعالیت جسمانی و پرسشنامه مربوط به سازه های نظریه برنامه ریزی شده در قصد حضور در رویدادهای ورزشی بودند.

    یافته ها

    با توجه به یافته های تحقیق مدل آموزش گذران اوقات فراغت 238/0 درصد تغییرات نگرش، 189/0 درصد تغییرات آگاهی، 247/0 درصد تغییرات هنجارهای انتزاعی، 071/0 درصد تغییرات کنترل رفتار درک شده و 561/0 درصد تغییرات قصد رفتاری و در کل 458/0 درصد تغییرات گرایش به فعالیت جسمانی دانش آموزان را تبیین کرد؛ همچنین 609/0 درصد تغییرات نگرش، 363/0 درصد تغییرات آگاهی، 017/0 درصد تغییرات کنترل رفتار درک شده و 15/0 درصد تغییرات قصد رفتاری دانش آموزان و در کل 731/0 درصد تغییرات قصد حضور در رویدادهای ورزشی دانش آموزان را تبیین می کند.

    نتیجه گیری

    یافته های این مطالعه نشان می دهد که اجرای برنامه آموزشی می تواند در ارتقاء و گرایش دانش آموزان به فعالیت جسمانی و بهبود قصد حضور در رویدادهای ورزشی و در نتیجه ارتقای سلامت آنها تاثیر داشته باشد.

    کلیدواژگان: نوجوان، سلامت، اوقات فراغت، فعالیت جسمانی
  • مهدیه السادات موسوی*، فرزانه آقاحسینی، هدا براتی، یلدا الهام صفحات 164-174

    زمینه و هدف:

     لیکن پلان ٬ بیماری التهابی پوستی مخاطی مزمن است و ب هطور شایعی مخاط دهان را درگیر م یکند. هدف از این مطالعه، مرور مطالعات مربوط به علامت خشکی دهان در بیماری لیکن پلان و مکانیس مهای احتمالی موثردر ایجاد خشکی دهان در این بیماری است.

    روش بررسی:

     برای یافتن مقالات مرتبط با ل کین پلان دهانی و خشکی دهان، جس توجو از سال 1965 تا 2021 در پایگاه های امباس٬ اسکوپوس، مدلاین و وب آو ساینس انجام شد. کلمات کلیدی استفاد هشده٬ حس خشکی دهان، لیکن پلان دهان، کاهش بزاق، ک مکاری غدد بزاقی و خشکی دهان بود. درنهایت٬ مقالاتی ارزیابی شد که دارای این 2 شرط باشند: 1. مطالعاتی بالینی که ارتباط بین ل کین پلان و  خشکی دهان یا زروستومیا را بررسی کرده باشند. 2. مقالاتی که روش بررسی متد و متریال آنها به درستی طراحی شده باشد.

    یافته ها:

     در این مطالعه، حدود 8 مقاله انتخاب و براساس معیارهای ورود بررسی شدند. این مقالات، به معاینات هیستوپاتولوژیک غدد بزاقی، تحلیل ترکیبات بزاق و جریان بزاق و بررسی احساس خشکی دهان ب هوسیله پرس شنامه پرداخته اند.

    نتیجه گیری:

     ارتباط بین لیکن پلان و خشکی دهان در بسیاری از مطالعات نشان داده شده است. در این زمینه، مکانیس مهای گوناگونی مطرح شده است که ازجمله آ نها م یتوان به وجود حس خشکی دهان مربوط به اختلالات موجود در سیستم اعصاب حسی مرتبط با مکانیسم التهابی و خودایمنی، تغییرترکیبات بزاق و تغییر جریان بزاق در بیماران اشاره کرد.

    کلیدواژگان: لیکن پلان دهان، حس خشکی دهان، غده بزاقی، بزاق
  • توحید پیری قراقیه*، شیدا بیرانوند، امیرحسین قدیری، سامه حاجی محمدی صفحات 176-193

    زمینه و هدف :

    ذا تالریه کووید- 19 یک عفونت حاد تنفسی ناشی از ویروس کرونای جدید است. این ویروس، یک RNA ویروس باهمولوژی بالا با کرونا-ویروس خفاش است.

    روش بررسی:

     در این مطالعه مروری، ابتدا ویژگ یه ایسلولی مولکولی، تکثیر و همانن دسازیویروس کرونای جدید بررسی شده و سپس به کمک مطالعات بیوانفورماتیکی انجام شده درخصوص تحلیل دامین حفاظ ت شده ویروس، مد لسازی همولوژی، داکینگ مولکولیو نقش های زیستی برخی از پروتیی نهای خاص ویروس کرونای جدید بررسی شد. ORF8 و گلیکوپروتیین سطحی ب هترتیب م یتوانندبه پورفرین متصل شوند. ORF1ab ،ORF10 و ORF3a م یتوانند با پروتیین هم روی زنجیره 1 - بتا در هموگلوبین هماهنگ شوند تاآهن را تجزیه و پورفرین را شکل دهند. این حمله باعث کاهش هموگلوبینی که اکسیژن و د یاکسید کربن را حمل م یکند،م یشود ودرنتیجه سلول های ریه به علت ناتوانی در مبادله کرب ند یاکسید و اکسیژن ملتهب می شود. التهاب سلول های ریه منجر به تصاویر بزرگتوده مانند در در تصویربرداری سی-تی اسکن م یشوند.

    یافته ها :

    باتوجه به تحلیل نتایج بیوانفورماتیکی، کلروکین م یتواند از عملکرد ORF1ab، ORF10 و ORF3a برای حمله به هموگلوبین برای تشکیل پورفرین جلوگیری کند. درنتیجه، تا حد معینی مانع از اتصال ORF8 و گلیکوپروتیی نهای سطحی به پورفرین م یشود.بدی نترتیب، کلروکین م یتواند ب هطور موثر علایم حاد تنفسی را تسکین دهد.

    نتیجه گیری:

     باتوج هبه هم هگیری کنونی،پژوهندگان براین باور هستند که نتایج تحقیقات بیوانفورماتیکی در پیشگیری از شیوع ذا تالریهویروس کرونا، توسعه داروها و واکس نها و درمان بالینی، ارزش بالایی دارند.

    کلیدواژگان: ویروس کرونا، روتئین غیرساختاری، گیلکوپروتئین، ٬O RF8 بیوانفورماتیک
  • فاطمه نجارزادگان*، سمیه حاجی احمدی، آتوسا ادیبی صفحات 194-203

    زمینه و هدف:

     هدف این مطالعه، بررسی توزیع فراوانی نتایج مثبت یافت ه های ا مآرآی لومبوساکرال در بیماران بالای 18 سال غیرتروماییدارای کمردرد بر اساس رشته تخصصی پزشک درخواس تکننده در یک بیمارستان فوق تخصصی سطح سوم بود.

    روش بررسی :

    در این مطالعه گذشت هنگر، 335 بیمار وارد شدند. اطلاعات جمعیت شناختی، نتایج ا مآرای و تخصص پزشک درخواست کننده در بیماران بالای 18 سال غیرترومایی با شرح حال درد قسمت تحتانی کمر با کمک سیستم اطلاعات تصویربرداری بیمارستان دریافتو ثبت شد. توزیع و فراوانی نتایج مثبت ا مآرآی لومبوساکرال٬ براساس رشته تخصصی پزشک درخواس تکننده به دست آمد و نتایج بینگرو ه های مختلف مقایسه شد. برای جلوگیری از سوگیری، تمام ا مآرآ یهای انتخا بشده با یک پروتکل تصویربرداری انجام شد و ریپور تهاتوسط یک نفر ثابت که متخصص رادیولوژی بود، انجام شد.

    یافته ها:

     از 335 نفر بیمار شرکت داده شده در مطالعه، 145 نفر) 3/ 43 درصد (مرد و 190 نفر) 7/ 56 درصد (زن بودند. از 335 پزشک درخواس تکننده ا مآرآی، 139 نفر) 5/ 41 درصد (جراح مغز و اعصاب، 114 نفر) 34 درصد (ارتوپد، 61 نفر) 2/ 18 درصد (نورولوژیستو 21 نفر) 3/ 6 درصد (متخصص طب فیزیکی بودند. ارزیابی 335 نمونه نشان داد تفاوت معن اداری در نتایج مثبت ا مآرآی در میانتخص صهای مختلف وجود نداشته است (05 /P<0).

    نتیجه گیری :

    در بیماران غیرترومایی دارای درد تحتانی کمر که تحت درمان توسط متخصصین ارتوپدی، نورولوژی، جراحی مغز و اعصاب وطب فیزیکی بوده اند، تفاوتی میان توزیع فراوانی نتایج مثبت ا مآرآی لومبوساکرال براساس تخصص پزشک دیده نشده است.

    کلیدواژگان: درد قسمت تحتانی کمر، ام٬آرآی، ناحیه لومبوساکرال، تنگی کانال نخاع
  • فرزاد محمدی* صفحات 204-216

    زمینه و هدف:

    داشتن شایستگی در مهارتهای بنیادی (FMS) پیش نیاز شرکت کودکان در فعالیتهای بدنی است. هدف مطالعه، بررسی ارتباط بین شاخص توده بدنی (BMI) و شایستگی حرکتی در کودکان 10-7 سال اهواز بود.

    روش بررسی:

    راهبرد تحقیق همبستگی و طرح تحقیق مقطعی بود. 828 کودک هفت تا 10 سال اهواز به صورت نمونه گیری خوشه ای انتخاب و ارزیابی شدند. ابزار تحقیق آزمون TGMD-3، ترازو و قدسنج بود. از روش های آماری توصیفی، ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و تحلیل واریانس دو عاملی استفاده شد

    یافته ها:

     شیوع اضافه وزن و چاقی در کودکان بالا و هشدار دهنده بود. بین BMI کودکان با شایستگی حرکتی مهارتهای جابجایی و کل آزمون ارتباط منفی معنی داری مشاهده شد (0/05>p) ولی بین BMI کودکان با شایستگی حرکتی مهارتهای توپی ارتباط معنی داری مشاهده نشد (0/05<p). اثر سن در هر دو خرده آزمون و کل آزمون معنی دار بود (0/05>p). اثر جنسیت برای خرده آزمون مهارتهای جابجایی معنی دار نبود (0/05<p) اما برای خرده آزمون مهارتهای توپی و کل آزمون معنی دار بود (0/05>p)

    نتیجه گیری:

     چاقی و اضافه وزن با شایستگی حرکتی پایین در مهارتهایی که نیازمند تحمل وزن هستند، ارتباط دارد. افزایش شایستگی حرکتی همراه با افزایش سن ماهیت رشدی بودن FMS را تایید می کند. با توجه به پایینتر بودن شایستگی حرکتی مهارتهای توپی دختران، آنها در خطر تاخیر در رشد حرکتی قرار دارند. پیشنهاد می شود برنامه های مداخله ای مناسب جهت بهبود شایستگی حرکتی مهارتهای توپی دختران به منظور رفع و جلوگیری از تاخیرهای رشدی احتمالی در آینده تدوین گردد.

    کلیدواژگان: مهارتهای حرکتی بنیادی، شایستگی حرکتی، شاخص توده بدنی، سن و جنسیت
  • مسعود فریدون نژاد*، سالار نصرتی صفحات 218-232

    زمینه و هدف:

     علی رغم تحقیقات گسترده و تلا شهای فراوان جهت کنترل عوامل میکروبی، بشر هنوز موفق به حذف این عوامل نشده است. مطالعات اخیر نشان داده است کمپلک سهای طلا، کاندیداهای نویدبخشی برای داروهای ضدمیکروبی هستند. در شیمی دارویی،علاق همندی به داروهای برپایه فلزات طلا، رو زب هروز در حال افزایش است. مهار آنزیم تیوردوکسینردوکتاز مه مترین هدف بیولوژیککمپلک سهای طلای ضدمیکروبی است.

    روش بررسی:

     در این مطالعه، فعالیت ضدمیکروبی 5 عدد از کمپلک سهای فسفین طلا) I(-تیولات، بر روی 2 گونه باکتری گرممنفی) پسودوموناس آیروژینوزا، اشرشیاکلی (2 گونه باکتری گرم مثبت) استافیلوکوک اوریوس، اسیلوس سوبتیلیس، یک گونه قارچ کاندیدا آلبیکنس و یک گونه مخمر ساکارومایسس سرویزیه (مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. مطالعات داکینگ مولکولی اینترکیبات با آنزیم تیوردوکسینردوکتاز ب هعنوان اهداف ترکیبات طلا با استفاده از نسخه 4،2 نرم افزار AutoDock بر روی ساختار PDB با کد 4CBQ انجام شد.

    یافته ها:

     این ترکیبات، فعالیت ضدمیکروبی مطلوبی از خود نشان می دهند. بهترین ترکیب از میان ترکیبات مجموعه  Au3 (دارای حداقل غلظت مهارکنندگی برابر با 89 / 3، 15 / 3، 36 / 4 ، 44 / 5 ، 13 / 6 و 37 / 8 میکروگرم بر میلی لیتر به ترتیب بر روی گون ه های پسودوموناسآیروژینوزا، اشرشیاکلی، استافیلوکوک اوریوس، اسیلوس سوبتیلیس، کاندیدا آلبیکنس، ساکارومایسس سرویزیه مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند.مطالعات داکینگ مولکولی این ترکیبات با آنزیم تیوردوکسینردوکتاز است. نحوه و چگونگی اتصال آ نها به آنزیم تیوردوکسینردوکتاز باداکینگ مولکولی بررسی شده است.

    نتیجه گیری :

    این ترکیبات به ویژه بر گون ه های گرم منفی و مخمر از داروی ضدروماتوییدی آرونوفین به مراتب بهتر و قدرتمندتر عملمیک نند. این ترکیبات و ب هویژه Au3 این قابلیت را دارند تا در مسیر آینده کنترل عوامل میکروبی بیشتر مورد توجه قرار گیرند.

    کلیدواژگان: کمپلک سهای دی فنیل پیریدین فسفین طلا) I(-تیولات، ارزیابی فعالیت ضدمیکروبی، داکینگ مولکولی، برهمک نش با آنزیم تیوردوکسین ردوکتاز
  • هانیه یوسف زاده، رزیتا فتحی*، الهه طالبی گرکانی، عباس حسینی صفحات 234-245

    زمینه و هدف:

     امنتین، آدیپوکاین جدیدی است که با پروفایل لیپیدی ارتباط دارد و به شکلی بالقوه حساسیت انسولینی را افزایش میدهد.یافته های محدودی در مورد تاثیر تمرین ورزشی بر غلظت سرمی امنتین - 1 وجود دارد. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تاثیر تمرین مقاومتی فزاینده بر سطوح پلاسمایی امنتین - 1 و کنترل گلیسمیک در مو شهای نر دیابتی است.

    روش بررسی:

     به این منظور 24 سر موش صحرایی نر از نژاد ویستار به طور تصادفی به 3 گروه کنترل، کنترل دیابتی و تمرین دیابتیتقسیم شدند. گرو ه های تمرینی٬ یک برنامه تمرین مقاومتی با استفاده از نردبان  3 روز در هفته، برای 4 هفته انجام دادند٬ سپس وزنبدن، غلظت گلوکز، امنتین - 1، انسولین و نی مرخ لیپیدی در سرم اندازه گیری شد.

    یافته ها :

    پژوهش حاضر نشان داد تمرین مقاومتی فزاینده به طور معناداری باعث افزایش غلظت پلاسمایی امنتین و تر یگلیسیرید درگروه تمرین دیابتی در مقایسه با گروه کنترل دیابتی شد (017 / P=0)، اما بین سطوح لیپوپروتیین با چگالی بالا 318 /  P<0/05 ،F=0P<0/05 ،F=0/612 ((و کلسترول) 049 / P<0/05 ،F=0 (در گروه تمرین دیابتی، کنترل دیابتی و کنترل تفاوت معناداری وجود ندارد.

    نتیجه گیری:

     یافته های مطالعه حاضر نشان داد تمرین مقاومتی سبب بهبود میزان امنتین- 1 و مقاومت به انسولین در مو شهای دیابتیم یشود.

    کلیدواژگان: تمرین مقاومتی، دیابت ملیتوس، امنتین - 1، مقاومت به انسولین
  • صدرالله رمضانی*، مرضیه دهقان شاسلطنه، محمدمهدی امیری خوری صفحات 246-262

    زمینه و هدف:

     گیاهان دارویی٬ منبع مهم مواد طبیعی با اثرهای درمانی مختلف هستند. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، تعیین ترکیبات شیمیاییاسانس گیاه اسطوخودوس و ارزیابی اثر آنتاگونیست آ نها بر روی گیرنده های ان متیل دی آسپارتیک اسید در مغز با استفاده از دستگاهکروماتوگرافی گاز یطی فسنجی جرمی و رویکردهای محاسباتی است.

    روش بررسی:

     اسانس سرشاخ ه های گلدار گل و برگ استخراج و ترکیبات شیمیایی آن توسط کروماتوگرافی گازی-طی فسنجیجرمیتعیین شد. داکینگ مولکولی و ارزیابی ساختارهای مولکولی روی 20 ترکیب مهم گیاه صورت گرفت. از اتوداک وینا مربوط به نر مافزارپایرکس برای انجام داکینگ مولکولی 20 لیگاند با NMDAR استفاده شد. ابزار وب SwissADME برای بررسی مقادیر توصی فکنندهمولکولی به کار گرفته شد.

    یافته ها:

     تعداد 41 ترکیب در اسانس گیاه اسطوخودوس شناسایی شد که 5/ 95 درصدکل اسانس را تشکیل م یدهند. بیشترین مقدارترکیبات ب هترتیب مربوط به ترانس کارویول، ایزوپولگول، 8،3،1 - پارا-منتاترین و ایزوبورنیول بود. مطالعات داکینگ نشان داد 3 مورد ازبهترین لیگاندها برای اتصال به گیرنده ان متیل دی آسپارتیک اسید شامل ترانس کارویول، ایزوپولگول و 8،3،1 - پارا-منتا ترین است که میل ترکیبی بیشتری نسبت به جایگاه فعال NMDAR نشان دادند. آیفنپرودیل ب هعنوان یک آنتاگونیست، مکا نهای اتصال مشترک را باکامفور، تیمول، آلفا فلاندرن، لیمونن، گاما - 3- کارن، بتا-توجون، ترانس کارویول و بتا-کاریوفیلن نشان دادند. کامفور، تیمول، بتا- توجونو ترانس کارویول بیشترین جذب گوارشی و ترانس کارویول کمترین انرژی اتصال با NMDAR را داشتند.

    نتیجه گیری:

     کامفور، تیمول، بتا-توجون و تران سکارویول م یتوانند ب هعنوان یک هدف اصلی بالقوه برای مهار NMDAR بهبود یادگیری وحافظه در بیمار یهای عصبی انتخاب شوند.

    کلیدواژگان: بیماری آلزایمر، اسطوخودوس، داکینگ مولکولی، آنتاگونیست گیرنده ان متیل دی آسپارتیک اسید
  • بتول هاشمی بنی، محمدعلی ایزدی، علی والیانی، ابراهیم اسفندیاری، حمید بهرامیان، مجید پورانتظاری* صفحات 264-276

    زمینه و هدف :

    مهندسی بافت غضروف، با استفاده از سلو لهای بنیادی، داربست و فاکتورهای رشد مناسب درصدد تولید بافت غضروفطبیعی است تا بتواند جایگزین بافت غضروف آسی بدیده شود و مشکلاتی را که در مسیر درمان آسی بهای غضروفی وجود دارد، برطرفکند. هدف از این تحقیق، مقایسه شرایط آزمایشگاهی و مدل حیوانی تمایز سلو لهای بنیادی مشتق از بافت چربی انسانی تحت تاثیرفاکتو رهای رشد تغییردهنده بتا 3، کارتوژنین و آووکادو/سویا، بر داربست فیبرین است.

    روش بررسی :

    در این مطالعه آزمایشگاه یتجربی، پس از استخراج سلو لهای بنیادی از بافت چربی انسانی، القای تمایز کندروژنیک به مدت 14 روز بر روی داربست فیبرین در محیط آزمایشگاهی انجام شد و سلو لهای تمایزیافته در داربست فیبرین، ب هصورت زیرجلدی درموش صحرایی نر به مدت 2 هفته پیوند شدند. مقایسه بررسی های هیستولوژی و ایمونوهیستوشیمی در 2 مدل آزمایشگاهی و حیوانیانجام شد.

    یافته :

    افزایش معن اداری در دانسیته تجمع رنگ تولوییدین بلو در گرو ه های فاکتور رشد تغییردهنده بتا 3، کارتوژنین و آووکادو/سویا در مدل حیوانی نسبت به مدل آزمایشگاهی مشاهده شد. در ارتباط با نتایج ایمونوهیستوشیمی کلاژن نوع 10 ، در گروه فاکتور رشد تغییردهنده بتا 3 میزان تجمع این نوع کلاژن در مدل حیوانی نسبت به شرایط آزمایشگاهی افزایش معن اداری داشته است، اما در گروه کارتوژنین وگروه آووکادو/سویا، تجمع کلاژن نوع 10 در مدل حیوانی نسبت به شرایط آزمایشگاهی، کاهش معناداری نشان داده است.

    نتیجه گیری:

     نتایج نشان داده است کاشت سلو لهای غضروفی تمایزیافته در محیط آزمایشگاه، قبل از انتقال به زیر پوست رت م یتواند بهبلوغ و کام لتر شدن ویژگ یهای غضروف ساخت هشده کمک کند.

    کلیدواژگان: فاکتور رشد تغییردهنده بتا 3، کارتوژنین، آووکادو، سویا، سلو لهای بنیادی مشتق از چربی، فیبرین، کندروژنز
  • ملیکا خوشبین، سعید نقیبی، محمد شریعت زاده جنیدی، مریم وطن دوست*، علی زارع بنادکوکی صفحات 278-291

    زمینه و هدف:

     هدف از انجام این تحقیق بررسی تاثیر شد تهای متفاوت تمرین هوازی بر بیان ژ نهای فاکتور رونویسی 4 و پروتیین همول10- C/EBP در بافت چربی زیرجلدی ر تهای نر ویستار بود.

    روش بررسی:

     در این مطالعه تجربی 32 سر رت نر نژاد ویستار با میانگین سنی 6 هفته و وزن 33 ± 237 گرم انتخاب شدند. سپ سب هصورت تصادفی در 4 گروه 8 تایی شامل گروه کنترل، تمرین هوازی با شدت متوسط، تمری نهوازی پرشدت، تمرین هوازی تناوبیپرشدت قرار گرفتند که گروه تمرین هوازی با شدت متوسط با شدت ثابت 65 درصد حداکثر اکسیژن مصرفی به مدت 47 دقیقه، گروهتمری نهوازی پرشدت دویدن ب ا سرع ت 20 متر در دقیقه با شیب فزاینده در مدت 40 دقیقه و گروه تمرین هوازی تناوبی پرشدت باشدت 90 تا 100 درصد حداکثر اکسیژن مصرفی به مدت 37 دقیقه تمرین کردند. باف تبرداری از بافت چربی 24 ساعت پس از آخرین جلسه تمرینی برای بررسی بیان ژن و پروتیین همولوگ فاکتور رونویسی 4 به روش واکنش زنجیر های پلیمراز در زمان واقعی انجام شد.

    یافته ها :

    نتایج بررس یها نشان داد اختلاف معناداری در بیان ژن پروتیین همولوگ C/EBP-10 در بافت زیرجلدی ر تهای نر ویستار فقطمیان گروه تمرین هوازی تناوبی پرشدت نسبت به گرو ه های تمرین هوازی با شدت متوسط و کنترل وجود دارد 004 / P=0 ؛ ب اای نحالمیان گرو ه های تمرین هوازی تناوبی پرشدت و گروه های تمرینی دیگر تفاوت معن اداری مشاهده نشد P=1 . همچنین مشخص شداختلاف معن اداری در بیان ژن فاکتور رونویسی 4 در بافت زیرجلدی ر تهای نر ویستار میان گروه تمرین هوازی تناوبی پرشدت نسبت به گروه کنترل 006 / P=0 وجود دارد. ب اای نحال، میان گرو ه های تمرین هوازی تناوبی پرشدت و تمری نهوازی پرشدت تفاوت معن یداریمشاهده نشد .P=1.

    نتیجه گیری:

     نتایج پژوهش نشان داد میزان ژ نهای آدیپوژنیک مورد مطالعه در پاسخ به تمرینات هوازی تناوبی پرشدت کاهش یافت. اینیافت ه ها نشان م یدهند فعالیت ورزشی ب همنظور کنترل میزان بیان ژ نهای دخیل در متابولیسم چربی موثر است.

    کلیدواژگان: بافت چربی، فاکتور رونویسی- 4، استرس شبکه آندوپلاسمی، تمرین هوازی
  • فریدون فرهی*، فرشاد استادیان، رویان فرهی صفحات 290-299

    زمینه و هدف :

    این مطالعه٬ ب همنظور ارزیابی تغییرات پارامترهای اتاقک قدامی بعد از انجام لیزر ایریدوتومی محیطی در بیماران مشکوکبه زاویه بسته اولیه با استفاده از پنتاکم است.

    روش بررسی:

     تعداد 86 چشم از 43 بیمار مشکوک به گلوکوم زاویه بسته اولیه با میانگین سنی 137 / 9 ± 16 / 55 سال وارد مطالعه شدند.مقادیر حجم اتاقک قدامی٬ زاویه اتاقک قدامی و عمق اتاقک قدامی از اندوتلیوم تا کپسول قدامی لنز(قبل و 1 ماه پس از انجام لیزرایریدوتومی محیطی از نقشه پنتاکم در نص فالنهار ° 0- 180 برای ارزیابی استخراج شد.

    یافته ها :

    تنها پارامتر اتاقک قدامی که پس از لیزر ایریدوتومی محیطی، افزایش قاب لتوجهی داشت، حجم اتاقک قدامی بود که میزان آناز 57/ 19 ± 26/ 99 میل یمتر مکعب به 712 / 19 ± 09 / 11 3 میل یمتر مکعب پس از لیزر ایریدوتومی محیطی افزایش پیدا کرد (100 / P>0) همچنین مشخص شد که رابطه بین تغییرات حجم اتاقک قدامی بعد از لیزر ایریدوتومی محیطی و سن، ازنظر آماری معن ادار است P=0/014؛ یعنی افزایش سن با افزایش تغییر حجم اتاقک قدامی پس از لیزر ایریدوتومی محیطی همراه است. رابطه بین تغییرات حجماتاقک قدامی و عمق اتاقک قدامی با میزان اولیه آن معن ادار بود، به طور یکه با افرایش اندازه اولیه حجم اتاقک قدامی و عمق اتاقک قدامی،میزان تغییرات آن کمتر خواهد بود، اما ب هعلت عدم افزایش قاب لتوجه عمق اتاقک قدامی در مرکز اتاقک قدامی پس از لیزر ایریدوتومیمحیطی، رابطه بین تغییرات آن پس از لیزر ایریدوتومی محیطی و میزان اولیه آن قاب لاستناد نیست.

    نتیجه گیری :

    نتایج این مطالعه نشان می دهد حجم اتاقک قدامی تنها پارامتر اتاقک قدامی است که پس از لیزر ایریدوتومی محیطی ب هطورمعن اداری تغییر پیدا م یکند و از این پارامتر م یتوان ب هعنوان یک مقیاس قاب لاندازه گیری برای وضعیت عنبیه برای ارزیابی و مانیتوربیماران مشکوک به گلوکوم زاویه بسته اولیه استفاده کرد. همچنین نتایج این مطالعه نشان داده است که از میان موارد مشکوک به گلوکومزاویه بسته اولیه، بیماران مس نتر و بیماران با حجم اتاقک قدامی اولیه کمتر، افزایش حجم اتاقک قدامی بیشتری پس از لیزر ایریدوتومی محیطی داشت هاند.

    کلیدواژگان: مشکوک به زاویه بسته اولیه، یاگ لیزر پریفرال ایریدوتومی، پنتاکم، حجم اتاق قدامی، عمق اتاق قدامی، زاویه اتاق قدامی
  • نسیم بزرگی*، زهره شاه حسینی، صغری خانی صفحات 300-312

    زمینه و هدف:

     بارداری برنام هریز ینشده در سال اول پس از زایمان در مادران پرخطر و نوجوان، م یتواند مر گ ومیر و عوارض ب یشماری به دنبال داشته باشد. بنابراین در این دوران، استفاده از رو شهای مطمین پیشگیری از بارداری ضروری است. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی استراتژ یهایبهبو ددهنده استفاده از رو شهای پیشگیری از بارداری در دوران پس از زایمان است.

    روش بررسی:

     این مطالعه کیفی، به روش گروه اسمی، در سال 2019 و در یک ژورنال کلاب جلسه آموزشی و با حضور اساتید و دانشجویان حوزه مامایی و سلامت باروری انجام شد. روش گروه اسمی شامل 5 مرحله است: ثبت راهکارهای پیشنهادی طی 5 دقیقه سکوت، طرح وروش نسازی تمام اید ه ها، اولوی تبندی 5 مورد از مه مترین آ نها توسط هر فرد، شمردن آرا و درنهایت انتخاب 5 اولویت اول.

    یافته ها :

    براساس 5 اولویت منتخب اول، شامل آموزش، مشاوره، ارایه رو شهای پیشگیری، تعدیل و بازنگری سیاست های جمعیتی و شناخت صحیح گروه آسیب پذیر، نتایج در 3 گروه طبقه بندی شدند: آموزش و مشاوره مبتنی بر شواهد درباره رو ش های پیشگیری از بارداری مناسبو چگونگی استفاده از آ نها در گروه آسی بپذیر در دورا نهای بارداری، پس از زایمان و ویزیت های کودک؛ ارایه این رو شها به گروه پرخطر به صورت رایگان، به سهولت و آگاهانه در مراکز بهداشت و تعدیل سیاست های   فرزندآوری در افراد دارای شرایط باروری.

    نتیجه گیری:

     براساس نظرات کارشناسان، استراتژ یهای مناسبی مانند آموزش، مشاوره، ارایه رو شها و نیز تعدیل سیاست های جمعیتی وجوددارند که م یتوان به وسیله آ نها بارداری را در زنانی که ب هطور موقت و در بره های از زندگی خود از حاملگی آسیب م یبینند، به تاخیر انداخت.

    کلیدواژگان: نوجوان، بارداری ناخواسته، روش پیشگیری از بارداری، پس از زایمان، کیفی
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  • Banin Azrnoush, Zinat Nikaeen *, Farideh Ashraf Ganjouei, Zahra Haji Anzahaei Pages 152-163
    Introduction

    Health promotion should be done in all age groups, because it can reduce the risk factors and prevent or treat the diseases [2, 8]. Sport activities in leisure time play an important role in improving health and fitness. The attempt to develop these activities are considered as a challenge at international level [9]. Low participation in physical activities can cause health-related problems including overweight among children and adolescents, which is a major concern [10]. Evidence indicates a decrease in regular physical activity in late adolescence, which is one of the public health problems in the world. Adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood and many life habits such as regular physical activity naturally start and continue in this period [11]. The use of behaviorist theories related to health-promoting issues such as physical activity is of particular importance. This study aims to evaluate the effect of an educational program regarding how to spend leisure time based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) on male school students’ attitude towards physical activity and their intention to participate in sports activities.

    Methods

    In this quasi-experimental study, 40 male high school students (aged 13-17 years) were randomly divided into two groups of intervention (n=20) and control (n=20). To develop the educational package, all theories and studies related to teaching how to spend leisure time on physical and sports activities were first reviewed. Then, based on the literature and TPB, the items affecting the education in adolescents were collected. The opinions of some professors in sports management were used to evaluate the validity of items. To design the educational package, the results of educational programs used in the studies by Wang and Wang (2015), Tölkes and Butzmann  (2016), Reysen et al. (2018), and Ramchandani et al. (2017) were also considered. The intervention was provided at 10 sessions. Two 18-item questionnaires of TPB related to attitude towards physical activity and intention to participate in sports activities were used. To check the homogeneity of demographic characteristics between the two groups, chi-squared test and independent t-test were used. To examine the research hypotheses, analysis of covariance, independent t-test, and paired t-test were used. Before conducting the analysis of covariance, its assumptions were examined. 

    Results :

    The results of chi-squared test showed no significant difference between both the two groups in terms of educational grade and favorite sport (P>0.05). Based on the results of independent t-test, the homogeneity of the groups in terms of attitude and intention regarding physical activity was approved (P>0.05). The paired t-test showed no significant difference in the mean score of intention to participate in sports activities before and after the intervention in the control group (P=0.322), while there was a significant difference in the intervention group (P=0.001). Moreover, the results of independent t-test comparing post-test scores between the two groups showed that in the intervention group, due to teaching how to spend leisure time based on the TPB, the intention to participate in sports activities increased significantly (P<0.001). The value of Eta squared coefficient in analysis of covariance showed that the educational program explained 45.8% of changes in the intention to participate in sports activities (P=0.002). Therefore, it can be said that the educational program based on the TPB had a significant effect on the student’s intention. Regarding their attitude towards physical activity, the value of Eta squared coefficient showed that the educational program explained a 23.8 % of changes in attitude towards physical activity.

    Discussion :

    The present study showed that the educational program based on the TPB had a significant effect on high school students’ attitude towards physical activity and intention to participate in sports activities. One major barrier to have physical activities is the lack of knowledge of the benefits of these activities and sports [21]. people’s perceptions and attitudes towards the barriers and benefits of participating in sports activities are important factors that can affect their participation in a regular and health-oriented activities [20, 21]. Therefore, evaluation of students’ perceptions and attitudes towards physical activity have received great attention [13]. There is a gap between intention and participation in an activity. Factors such as knowledge, ability, access, cooperation and unpredicted conditions can fill this gap. However, behavioral intention can be the most important factor in one’s participation in a sports activity. A comprehensive educational program based on a TPB regarding how to spend leisure time on physical activities can increase the physical activities and, as a result, cause an active lifestyle in adolescents and improve their quality of life and health.

    Keywords: Adolescent, Health, leisure time, physical activity
  • Mahdieh Sadat Moosavi *, Farzaneh Agha-Hosseini, Hoda Barati, Yalda Elham Pages 164-174
    Introduction

    Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous disease that commonly involve oral mucosa. In this disease, frequent lesions in different areas of the mouth can be seen bilaterally and mostly with a similar pattern. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies OLP as a potentially premalignant disorder with an uncertain risk of malignant transformation, and recommends that patients should be carefully examined. Xerostomia and hyposalivation are common complications of OLP. Saliva composed of water, electrolytes and organic micro and macro molecules and plays many roles. It is one of the main factors in maintaining the health and integrity of the oral mucosa and teeth. Helping to digest food and have a sense of taste, mechanical protection of the oral mucosa, and eliminating oral microbes are other important roles of saliva. The symptoms of xerostomia and hyposalivation include bad breath, burning feeling in the mouth, trouble swallowing or speaking, and altered sense of taste. As a result, xerostomia and hyposalivation can significantly reduce the quality of life of people with OLP. The main mechanism of xerostomia in OLP patients is still unknown, and there is scant research in this field. This study aims to review the studies related to xerostomia in patients with OLP and its related possible mechanisms.

    Methods

     To find articles related to OLP, a search was conducted in Medline, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science databases on studies related published from 1965 to 2021 using the keywords oral lichen planus, xerostomia, hyposalivation, salivary gland hypofunction, and Oral dryness. include articles were clinical studies on the relationship between OLP and dry mouth/xerostomia with well defined study design and methodology (e.g. diagnosis of OLP by clinical and histopathological studies, use of age- and gender-matched case and control groups since they can affect the characteristics of saliva, and correct saliva extraction).

    Results 

    In this study, 8 articles were finally selected based on entry criteria. These articles were about the histopathological examination of salivary glands, evaluation of salivary compositions, saliva flow rate assessment, and feeling of dry mouth using a questionnaire. Their specifications are presented in Table 1.

    Discussion :

    The relationship between OLP and xerostomia has been shown in many studies. Various mechanisms have been proposed in this regard. The mentioned mechanisms were the inflammatory and autoimmune disorders of the sensory nervous system, changes in saliva composition, and changes in saliva flow rate. The changes in the surface characteristics of the oral mucosa due to the presence of inflammation cause the sensation of dry mouth in patients with OLP. It was shown that the presence of inflammation in the oral mucosa causes xerostomia even with normal saliva flow rate in patients with OLP. Chronic mucosal inflammation in OLP can endanger the integrity and function of the oral mucosa by affecting the normal absorption and secretion of mucous fluid and electrolytes, which is effective in the occurrence of xerostomia. The loss of the epithelium of the oral mucosa, which is observed in the wounds, causes disturbance in the formation of oral mucosal pellicle, which has a role in making the oral mucosa slippery. The heat associated with the inflammatory response can increase the surface evaporation of mucus and eventually cause xerostomia. Therefore, patients with OLP experience some degree of xerostomia. The control of xerostomia in patients with OLP should be taken into consideration by the clinicians; it can greatly help relieve the symptoms of OLP.

    Keywords: Oral lichen planus, Xerostomia, Salivary Gland, Saliva
  • Tohid Piri Gharaghie *, Sheida Beiranvand, Amirhossein Ghadiri, Sameh Hajimohammadi Pages 176-193
    Introduction

    On December 31, 2019, an unknown coronavirus disease was reported from China that cause acute respiratory syndrome which was named COVID-19. This virus was highly contagious and turned into a pandemic in just 3 months. It seems that the high tendency to evolve and the similarity to other viruses of the beta-coronavirus family are the main factors in the susceptibility of this virus to mutation. In all genomes of this virus, the tendency of the virus to spread are varied. However, they are common in human-to-human transmission. The virus can infect one person quickly but not infect others. It can be said that this virus is selective in choosing its host, but the reports have indicated that it has a high rate of 90% in accepting a new host. The angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor is the receptor of SARS-COV-2 to enter human cells. Since the expression level of ACE2 in men living in East Asian countries is higher than in other countries, this population is more susceptible to the virus. In this review study, firs the molecular and cellular characteristics, proliferation, and replication of SARS-COV-2 are investigated. Then, by reviewing bioinformatics studies conducted regarding the analysis of conserved domain and homology and molecular docking, the biological roles of some specific proteins SARS-COV-2 are investigated.

    Methods

    In this study, 60 related articles were reviewed. Then, the information extracted from them were categorized including the types of SARS-COV-2 genomes in different parts of the world and the identified proteins and structural components of these viruses. In this regard, we first reviewed the studies conducted on the genome structure of the SARS-COV-2 and the genetic affinity of SARS-COV-2 to the known coronaviruses. Then, the function of structural and non-structural proteins of coronaviruses was reviewed. Finally, the bioinformatics studies on open reading frames (ORFs) of the virus and the possible origin of SARS-COV-2 were reviewed to know whether it is possible that this virus was created in laboratory or not. This section subdivided into two sections: (a) Bioinformatic study regarding that ORF8 and glycoprotein inhibit Heme metabolism by binding to porphyrin, and (b) bioinformatic study of the genome structure of SARS-COV-2 by examining the mutation in the receptor-binding domain of SARS-COV-2 and the polybasic cleavage site and O-glycan linkage.

    Results

    Analysis of SARS-COV-2 sequences showed that this virus had a typical genomic structure of beta-coronaviruses, including: Bat SARS-like-ZC45, Bat SARS-like-ZXC21, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. According to the phylogenetic tree of coronaviruses (Figure 1), SARS-COV-2 had a high genetic similarity to Bat SARS-like-ZC45 and Bat SARS-like-ZXC21, while SARS-CoV had the lowest similarity to them.In this study, it was found that ORF8 and surface glycoprotein can bind to porphyrin, and ORF1ab, ORF10 and ORF3a can attack the heme part of hemoglobin to dissociate iron and form porphyrin. This attack causes a decrease in the hemoglobin to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide. Lung cells become inflamed due to the inability to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen, which leads to large ground-glass opacities in CT scan images. The three-dimensional image of the structures of three viral proteins (surface glycoprotein, envelope protein, and nucleocapsid phosphoprotein) was downloaded from the PDB database. The structural model indicated the inability of the surface glycoprotein to bind to the porphyrin in Heme, while the envelope protein could bind to porphyrin. For the phosphoprotein nucleocapsid, the results indicated the ability of this protein to bind to porphyrin with the highest possible binding energy (5206.53 kcal/mol). Figure 2 shows the docking results, a two-dimensional view of the binding sections of the envelope protein and nucleocapsid phosphoprotein with human porphyrin. Figure 3 illustrated the two-dimensional view of the binding sections of viral non-structural protein ORF8 with human porphyrin.

    Discussion

    Based on the structural studies performed on SARS-COV-2, it seems that this virus can bind to the human cell receptor ACE-2. The S protein of SARS-COV-2 has a functional polybasic cleavage site called “Furin” at the S1/S2 boundary, which is formed by 12 nucleotides, resulting in three O-glycan binding sites around this polybasic cleavage site. Since the COVID-19 pandemic is a global problem, predictive methods to search for the protected domains of the virus are very important. Achieving the structure of protein molecules including ORF8 and nucleocapsid phosphoproteins (surface proteins) using bioinformatics study and analyzing the possibility and the method of their binding to human porphyrin in the heme part of hemoglobin is needed. According to the review of the bioinformatics studies, chloroquine can prevent ORF1ab, ORF10 and ORF3a from attacking hemoglobin to form porphyrin, and avoid the binding of ORF8 and surface glycoproteins to porphyrin to a certain extent, which effectively relieves acute respiratory symptoms. The results of bioinformatics studies are of high value in preventing the spread of COVID-19, developing drugs and vaccines, and clinical practice.

    Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, nonstructural protein, Glycoprotein, ORF8, Bioinformatics
  • Fateme Najarzadegan *, Somayyeh Hajiahmadi, Atoosa Adibi Pages 194-203
    Introduction

    Low back pain (LBP) is the most common musculoskeletal disorder and an important cause of disability. Although imaging techniques have been developed for LBP treatment, they have not been successful to improve its prognosis. Although MRI is necessary for diagnosing some diseases, their economic burden on the health system is high. It is challenging to set appropriate guidelines for the correct use of imaging methods in developing countries due to limited capacity and resources. This study aims to investigate the frequency of the positive results of lumbosacral MRI in non-traumatic patients aged >18 years with LBP.

    Methods

    This retrospective descriptive-analytical study was conducted from August 2016 to September 2017. The inclusion criteria were: having non-traumatic LBP, age >18 years, completeness file of medical records file, and having knowledge of the specialty of the referring physician. The MRI findings and demographic information including age and gender were collected from the imaging information system of Al-Zahra Hospital in Isfahan, Iran.MRI findings including disc herniation, spinal canal stenosis, spondylosis and spondylolisthesis were considered as the positive result. We also called the patients and asked about their need for medical or surgical intervention. The frequency of positive lumbosacral MRI results were estimated based on the specialty of the referring physician and the results were then compared between different groups. To confirm the validity and reliability of the data collection tool, all MRI images were performed with one single imaging protocol and the reports were made by the same radiologist.The final collected data were entered into SPSS software, version. All quantitative data were reported as Mean±SD and the qualitative data were reported using frequency and percentage. Chi-squared test, independent t-test and one-way analysis of variances (ANOVA) were used to determine if there was a significant difference in the frequency of positive MRI findings among the different groups based on the specialty of the referring physician. P<0.05 was statistically significant.

    Results

    Of 335 participants, 145(43.3%) were male and 190(56.7%) were female. Their mean age was 43.9±15.4 years. Among the referring physicians, 139(41.5%) were neurosurgeons, 114(34%) were orthopedists, 61(18.2%) were neurologists, and 21(6.3%) were physical medicine specialists. It was reported that 291(87.1%) of patients had no spinal canal stenosis, while 43(12.9%) had this pathology. More than 95% of patients had no any spinal deformity and spondylolisthesis, while 52.2% had spondylosis. Moreover, 201 cases (60%) had no disc herniation; among the reminding cases, 104(31%) had disc protrusion, 27(8.1%) had disc extrusion, and 3(0.9%) had disc sequestration.The MRI results of 335 patients based on the specialty of the referring physician are shown in Table 1. There was no significant difference among different specialties in the frequency of positive MRI results (P>0.05).Since the number of the physical medicine specialists was low and could affect the significance of the result for this group, data analysis was conducted one more time after removing this group. Based on the results, spinal canal stenosis was observed in 40 patients, of which 62.5% were related to neurosurgery group, 22.5% for orthopedics group, and 15% for neurology group. The difference was statistically significant (P=0.044). Regarding other positive MRI findings, no statistically significant difference was observed among different specialties of physicians. Table 2 shows the frequency of LBP managements (surgical and non-surgical) based on the specialty of the referring physician. Regarding the relationship between the LBP management in patients and the specialty of the referring physician, the correlation coefficient was obtained 0.227 which was statistically significant (P=0.032).

    Discussion

    There is no significant difference in frequency of positive lumbosacral MRI results in patients with LBP based on the specialty of the referring physician.

    Keywords: Low back pain, Magnetic resonance imaging, Lumbosacral Region, Spinal canal Stenosis
  • Farzad Mohammadi * Pages 204-216
    Introduction

    The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children is increasing, which is worrying because obese children are likely to become obese in adulthood and expose to its psychological consequences. To understand the cause of obesity in children, studies have investigated their physical activity (PA) profiles. Fundamental motor skills (FMS) have been known to be effective in children’s tendency to participate in PA. FMS is the building block of complex movements in sports, games, or participation in PA. Therefore, it is not surprising that their motor competence (MC) during childhood can predict their lifelong PA behaviors. The MC is defined as having skillful performance and improving the coordination, quality and basic control of movements in a wide range of PAs. With higher PA, children are more likely to have MC in FMS. According to the model proposed by Stodden et al. (2008), the synergistic correlation between PA and MC leads to positive (healthy weight status) or negative (unhealthy weight status) aspects of health. Body mass index (BMI) is also one of the other factors affecting children’s participation in PA. BMI is the most common way to estimate body weight. The correlation between BMI and children’s MC has not been reported in some studies. Considering these contradictory results, it is necessary to measure the correlation between children’s BMI and MC in FMS. This study aims to investigate this correlation of BMI, age, and gender with MC in FMS in children aged 7-10 years in Ahvaz, Iran.

    Methods

    This is a correlational study with a cross-sectional design. The study population consists of all children aged 7-10 years in Ahvaz city, out of whom 828 were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The test of gross motor development-3 (TGMD-3), a stadiometer (Seca model) with an accuracy of 0.1 cm, a digital scale (Seca model) with an accuracy of 0.1 kg were used to collect data, after receiving ethical approval (Code: IR.ABADANUMS.REC.1400.034), informed consent from the participants and their parents, and necessary arrangements with school principals, teachers, and trainers. BMI was calculated by dividing weight (kg) by height (meters squared). Then, the participants underwent TGMD-3 to measure motor skills. Pearson’s correlation test was used to analyze the relationship between MC in FMS and BMI. Two-way analysis of variance was used to investigate the effect of age and gender on the MC in FMS. The significance level was set at 0.05.

    Results :

    As shown in Table 1, the results of Pearson’s correlation test showed the significant relationship of BMI with the MC in locomotor skills (r=-0.179, P=0.001) and in total score of FMS (r=-0.070, P=0.045). In other words, children with a higher BMI had lower MC in locomotor skills and in total FMS. The results of Pearson’s correlation test showed no significant correlation of BMI with MC in ball skills (r=0.026, P=0.447).In locomotor skills, the results of two-way analysis of variance showed that the main effect of age was significant (F(818,3)=106.318, P=0.001, η2=0.281). The results of Bonferroni’s post-hoc test showed a significant difference between the MC of all age groups (P<0.05). The main effect of gender on MC in locomotor skills was not significant (F(818,1)=3.493, P=0.062, η2=0.004). The interaction effect of age and gender on MC in locomotor skills was not significant (F(818,3)=1.355, P=0.255, η2=0.005).In ball skills, the results of two-way analysis of variance showed that the main effect of age was significant (F(818,3)=218.784, P=0.001, η2=0.445). The results of Bonferroni’s post-hoc test showed a significant difference between the MC of all age groups (P<0.05). The main effect of gender on MC in ball skills was also significant (F(818,1)=140.842, P=0.001, η2=0.147). The interaction effect of age and gender on MC in ball skills was not significant (F(818,3)=0.115, P=0.952, η2=0.001).In total score of FMS, the results of two-way analysis of variance showed that the main effect of age was significant (F(818,3)=217.826, P=0.001, η2=0.444). The results of Bonferroni’s post-hoc test showed a significant difference between the MC of all age groups (P<0.05). The main effect of gender on MC in total FMS was also significant (F(818,1) =39.280, P=0.001, η2=0.046). The interaction effect of age and gender on MC in total FMS was not significant (F(818,3)=0.364, P=0.779, η2=0.001).

    Discussion

    MC in FMS is needed for children’s participation in sports and various PAs. Based on the results of this study, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children aged 7-10 in Ahvaz was high and worrying. A significant negative correlation was observed between children’s BMI and MC in locomotor skills and in total FMS, but no significant correlation was observed between their BMI and MC in ball skills. The main effect of age on the MC in locomotor skills, ball skills, and in total FMS was significant, which confirms the developmental nature of FMS. The main effect of gender was not significant on the MC in locomotor skills, but it was significant on the MC in ball skills and in total FMS, where girls had low MC compared to boys of the same age, indicating that they are at higher risk of delayed motor development. Therefore, it is recommended to improve their delayed motor development and MC in ball skills by developing appropriate interventions and providing opportunities to them to participate in PAs.

    Keywords: Fundamental Motor Skills, Motor competence, Body mass index, age, Gender
  • Masood Fereidoonnezhad *, Salar Nosrati Pages 218-232
    Introduction

    The spread of resistance to antimicrobial agents is currently considered as one of the major global health problems. Treatment-resistant hospital-acquired infections can cause an increase in mortality rate and treatment costs. Currently, Staphylococcus aureus, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans are the main causes of hospital-acquired infections. Due to the prevalence of fungal and bacterial infections in recent years, efforts are being made to design and synthesize novel compounds that are effective against these organisms. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the diphenyl pyridine phosphine gold(I)-thiolate compounds was first done by Robert Koch at the end of the 19th century, who showed that potassium dicyanidoaurate (I) with formula K[Au(CN)2], had antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the mid-20th century, gold(I) complexes were used clinically as anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of various rheumatic diseases, including psoriatic arthritis, juvenile arthritis, and palindromic rheumatism. Recent studies have shown that gold(I) compounds are promising candidates for making antimicrobial drugs. The interest in gold-based drugs is increasing. Inhibition of the thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzyme is the most important biological target for antimicrobial gold(I) compounds.

    Methods

    In this study, five diphenyl pyridine phosphine gold(I)-thiolate compounds underwent biological evaluation. All compounds contained the diphenyl-pyridinephosphine ligand. They were attached to chlorine in the Au1 complex and to thiolate ligands (2-mercaptopyridine, 2-mercaptopyrimidine, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and 2-mercapto-dihydro-thiazole) in Au2- to Au5 complexes. Bacteria and yeasts were stored as glycerol stocks at -80 °C. Before each experimental, they were gently placed on Mueller-Hinton plates. Colonies of new prepared plates were incubated overnight at 37 °C in 5 mL of media. The overnight culture medium was diluted to OD600<0.01 in 2 mL of new prepared media in sterile culture tubes. The compounds (auranofin and synthesized gold compounds) were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and a concentration of 1 mg/mL was prepared from them. Then, they were diluted at specific concentrations in cell culture tubes. Control tubes for each cell type were incubated with an equivalent concentration of DMSO. The 200-μL cultures were transferred to a 96-well plate. The plates were incubated at the appropriate temperature and were shaken in a microplate reader (ELx808, Biotek Co.). Growth measurements (OD600) were performed automatically every hour for 24 hours. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as the concentration at which there was a negligible increase in the OD600 value from the initial reading after 24 hours.Molecular docking studies of these compounds were performed on TrxR enzyme using AutoDock 4.2. In this regard, the best X-ray crystallographic structure of a TxrR enzyme with PDB code of 4CBQ was extracted from the protein data bank. The ranking was done only based on the ligand-receptor binding free energy data from the final AutoDock docking log file (dlg). MOE 2014 and ADT software were used to analyze the interaction of compounds with the receptor.

    Result

    The results from analyzing the antibacterial effects of the study compounds on standard and clinical samples of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are shown in Table 1. The antibacterial activity of all compounds were compared with the antibacterial activities of auranofin (an anti-rheumatoid gold-containing drug) and ciprofloxacin. These compounds had the MIC values ranged from 3 to 100 μg/mL. The most active compound (Au3) had an MIC of 3.89, 3.15, 4.36, 5.44, 6.13, and 8.37 μg/mL against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis, C. albicans and S. cerevisiae, respectively. Molecular docking was performed to find out their binding site and binding mode to the TrxR. In evaluating the effects of antifungal and yeast activity of gold complexes on C. albicans and S. cerevisiae, the highest antifungal activity observed was related to the Au3 compound.The structure-activity relationship of gold(I) compounds showed that the absence of thiolate ligand significantly reduced the antimicrobial activity. The presence of aromatic thiolate ligand significantly increased the antimicrobial activity.The binding of these compounds to the amino acids of the active site of the TrxR enzyme was also investigated. As shown in Figure 1, the Au2 compound formed a weak hydrogen bonding with amino acid Thr269 through sulfur attached to its pyridine ring. The binding of gold atom to amino acid Cys286, which is one of the most important binding compounds of TrxR inhibitors, was also observed. 

    Discussion

    In this study, the antimicrobial effects of five diphenyl pyridine phosphine gold(I)-thiolate compounds on two types of gram-negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa and E. coli), two types of gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. subtilis), one type of fungus (C. albicans) and one type of yeast (S. cerevisiae) were evaluated. These compounds showed good antimicrobial activity and had high potential in inhibiting the growth of microbial cells. The best compound complex was Au3. These compounds act much better especially on gram-negative and yeast strains compared to auranofin as antirheumatic drug. These compounds, especially the Au3, are potentially valuable for drug development and can be a promising antimicrobial agent.

    Keywords: Diphenyl pyridine phosphine gold(I)-thiolate, Antimicrobial activity, Molecular docking, thioredoxin reductase
  • Haniyeh Yousefzadeh, Rozita Fathi *, Ellahe Talebi Gorkani, Abbas Hosseini Pages 234-245
    Introduction

    Obesity is one of the main problems in the world [1]. A wide range of genetic, biological, behavioral, and environmental factors can lead to obesity [2]. Obesity is mostly related to chronic cardiovascular disorders and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in middle-aged and old people [1]. People with obesity, T2DM or metabolic syndrome face various problems when performing sports activities which are often recommended as a non-pharmacological treatment for obesity [3]. Omentin-1 is a recently found adipokine that is expressed in visceral adipose tissue. It is synthesized and secreted in the adipose tissue stem cells and can have a role in increased glucose transport in adipose tissue by insulin. It may also play a role in regulating insulin sensitivity in a paracrine or endocrine manner. In addition, it is involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism and body fat distribution. Diabetes is associated with decreased Omentin-1 levels. Pan et al. [12] showed that Omentin-1 level increases after weight loss. A study also reported that Omentin-1 level has a negative relationship with body mass index, fasting insulin, homeostasis model of insulin resistance, and plasma level of glucose [13]. Physical activities have been suggested to have a role in controlling Omentin-1 level and insulin resistance. This study aims to investigate the effect of progressive resistance training (PRT) on the lipid profile, Omentin-1 level, and insulin resistance in diabetic rats.

    Methods

    In this study, 24 male Wistar rats aged 8 weeks (Mean weight=22±228 g) were selected as samples. The animals were kept at a temperature of 22±2°C, a humidity of 50±5%, and in a 12:12 light cycle. One week after their transfer to the laboratory, diabetes was induced. Then, they were randomly divided into three groups matched for weight including diabetic (n=8), diabetic+PRT (n=8), and healthy control (n=8). The rats in the control group did not have any exercise. The PRT was performed for four weeks, three days a week. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, rats were anesthetized with ketamine, and their blood samples were taken directly from their heart to measure the serum concentrations of omentin-1, glucose, and insulin. Descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviation were used to describe the data, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the difference among the three groups, followed by the least significant difference (LSD) post hoc test. Analyses were done in SPSS software, version 22. The significance value was set at 0.05.

    Results

    The results of one-way ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference between the study groups in the levels of omentin-1 (F=16.788, P<0.05), glucose (F=249.13, P<0.05), insulin (F=15.68, P<0.05) P<0) and triglyceride (F=7.895, P<0.05), but not in the levels of high-density lipoprotein (F=0.318, P>0.05), low-density lipoprotein (F=0.612, P>0.05), and cholesterol (F=0.049, P>0.05). The results of the LSD post hoc test showed that there was a significant difference in the plasma concentration of omentin-1 between the healthy control and diabetic control groups (P=0.001), between the healthy control and  exercised diabetic groups (P=0.004) and between the diabetic control and exercised diabetic groups (P=0.017). Regarding the glucose level, the results of LSD post hoc test showed a significant difference between the healthy control and diabetic groups (P=0.001) and between the healthy control and diabetic+PRT groups (P=0.001), while no significant difference was found between diabetic+PRT and diabetic groups (P=0.92). Regarding the insulin level, the results of the LSD post hoc test showed a significant difference between the healthy control and diabetic groups (P=0.001) and between the healthy control and diabetic +PRT groups (P=0.001), while no significant difference was found between diabetic+PRT and diabetic groups (P=0.9). Regarding the triglyceride level, the results of the LSD test showed a significant difference between the healthy control and diabetic groups (P=0.001), between the diabetic and diabetic+PRT groups (P=0.001) and between healthy control and diabetic+PRT groups (P=0.017).

    Discussion

    The findings of the present study indicated an increase in the plasma level of omentin-1 in diabetic rats performed PRT compared to diabetic rats without training. This result may indicate the improvement of insulin sensitivity after training and the anti-inflammatory role of PRT. However, the PRT had no significant effect on glucose level and lipid profile. According to the effect of PRT on the omentin-1 level, it seems that PRT reduces adipokine factors and the resulting inflammation in diabetic people. In vitro studies have shown that omentin-1 increases insulin transduction by activating the Akt protein kinase B and increasing insulin-stimulated glucose transport in isolated human adipocytes [29]. Therefore, it can be assumed that omentin-1 improves glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity through the activation of Akt signaling [28]. Therefore, since about 82-85% of blood glucose is taken up by skeletal muscles and omentin-1 plays a role in stimulating the insulin receptors of skeletal muscles and glucose uptake [31], it seems that the increase in plasma level of omentin-1 after PRT in diabetic patients or those with insulin resistance are important in controlling hyperglycemia. The most important physiological event in diabetes is the increase in blood sugar (hyperglycemia), which can be reduced by regular exercise. However, the exact mechanism of the effect of PRT on the omentin-1 level in human and animal samples is still unknown, and there is a need for more studies in this field.

    Keywords: resistance training, Diabetes Mellitus, Omentin-1, insulin resistance
  • Sadrollah Ramezani *, Marzieh Ddehghan Shasaltaneh, MuhammadMehdi Amiri Khorie Pages 246-262
    Introduction

    Herbal plants are an important source of novel chemical drugs with therapeutic effects. Lavender is one of the most important herbal plants in the world that has many applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Its fresh and dried flowers are also used for cooking or making herbal tea. The lavender essential oil is known to have sedative, anti-flatulent, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-convulsant, anti-parasitic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, and anti-schistosoma properties and be mast cell degranulation inhibitor and imrpoves digestive disorders. It is used by aromatherapists as the holistic relaxant. Herbal components have been used for prevention and threatment of several diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease that is the most common age-related dementia in the word. The important characteristics of this disease include amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque, hyperphosphorylated tau, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and finally neuronal cell death. One of the most important enzymes involving in the conversion of glutamate to glutamine is glutamine synthetase. Its dysfunction leads to overactivation of N‑methyl‑D‑aspartate receptor (NMDAR) resulting in neuronal injury, activation of the mentioned enzymes, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, cell death, and alzheimer’s disease. NMDAR is a glutamate receptor and ion channel that plays important role in brain physiology and pathology, and has strong therapeutic potential in different pathologic conditions such as NMDAR receptor overactivation. Among the most promising NMDAR-targeting drugs are allosteric inhibitors of GluN2B-containing receptors. One of the important roles of lavender essential oil may be in inhibiting the production of oxygen reactive species (ROS) due to its antioxidant activity. It can activate several signaling cascade associated with hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The present study aims to determine the chemical compounds of extracted lavender essential oil (Lavandula angustifolia Miller) and assess the effect of their antagonists on NMDA receptors in the brain using Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and computational approaches.

    Methods

    Flowering inflorescences of lavender plant were harvested at full flowering stage from a cultivated farm and were dried in natural conditions for two weeks prior to the essential oil extraction. For the extraction of essential oil, the dried inflorescences (50 g) were distilled by hydro-distillation method for 3 hours using a one-liter full-glass Clevenger apparatus and the procedure proposed by European Pharmacopoeia for determining the oil content (v/w%) with three replications. To find the active constituents of lavender essential oil, a GC-MS was used. The GC-MS was done using an HP-5972 mass spectrometer with electron impact ionization (70eV) coupled with the HP-5890 series II gas chromatograph. Compounds were identified by calculating their retention index relative to n-alkanes (C9-C18) and the data for authentic compounds available in the literature and in our data bank, and also by matching their mass spectrum fragmentation patterns with corresponding data stored in the mass spectra library of the GC-MS data system. Crystal structure of GluN2B receptor was retrieved from Protein Databank (5EWJ.pdb). PyRx 0.8 virtual screening software in AutoDock Vina was used to perform molecular docking studies on the antagonist compounds of NMDAR in lavender. Twenty components that showed the highest frequency during the experiments were selected for molecular docking studies. Input coordinates for these 20 compounds were obtained from the PubChem website. In order to evaluate the binding affinity of these components (as ligands) with the amino terminal domains of the NMDAR subunit gluN2B, the scoring function (kcal/mol) in AutoDock was applied. The coordinates of the grid box were 24.45´29.90´37.61 Å, and the grid center had a dimension of 24.953´1.872´38.007 Å (x, y and z). Discovery studio v.16.1.0 software was used to prepare two-dimensional diagrams of docking model to show different interactions between NMDAR and ligands. In order to evaluate the results of docking, we used the NMDAR antagonist ifenprodil as a control. The interaction between GluN2B and ifenprodil was assessed using Discovery studio. The results of docking were compared with the residues in the active sites of ifenprodil to find the common residues and the best antagonist. Moreover, 20 lead compounds of phytochemicals were used for pharmacokinetic analysis in accordance with Lipinski’s rule of five.

    Results

    The essential oil obtained from the lavender inflorescence was yellow-green and its yield was 1.37% (v/w). The 41 compounds identified in the essential oil comprised 95.5% of the total essential oil. The main compound was trans-carveol (15.9%), followed by isopulegol (7.7%,), 1,3,8, -p-menthatriene (7.3%) and isoborneol (6.9%). The compounds of lavender essential oil were categories in seven groups including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, benzenoids, ketones, benzenes, alcohols, and aldehydes. The highest numbers of compounds was related to monoterpenes (n=22, 67%) followed by benzenoids (n=6, 12.9%) and sesquiterpenes (n=9, 11.6%). Twenty molecular structures of the lavender essential oil compounds were evaluated in SwissADME website. All compounds had a molecular weight of less than 500 Da. They showed H-bond acceptor <2 and H-bond donor <1. The obtained molar refractivity was in a rangeof 45 to 71. The topological polar surface area was in a range of 0 to 27 Å. The relative solubility as the partition coefficient (P) of the substance is traditionally given between octanol-1 and water. Log P in our study was in a range of 2 to 4. Beta-caryophyllene and germacrene-D compounds were not permeable in the blood brain barrier (BBB), while 1,3,8,-p-menthatriene, gamma-3-carene, gamma-terpinene, p-cymene, alpha-pinene, alpha-phellandrene, Limonene, beta-caryophyllene and germacrene-D were absorbed gastrointestinally in a small amount. Others had suitable permeability in the BBB and gastrointestinal absorption. Beta-caryophyllene and caryophyllene epoxide were CYP2C19 inhibitors; gamma-3-carene, alpha-pinene, limonene, beta-caryophyllene and caryophyllene epoxide inhibited CYP2C9; thymol was CYP1A2 inhibitor, and CYP2D6 was inhibited by p-cymene.

    Discussion :

    The essential oil of lavender plant cultivated in Alborz province, northern Iran has 41 compounds comprising 95.5 % of the total essential oil. The major identified component was trans-carveol followed by isopulegol, 1,3,8,-p-menthatriene, isoborneol and carvacrol acetate, while the amounts of linalool, citral, beta-ionone, eugenol, 1, octen-3-ol and 5-hepten-1-ol were very low. Camphor, Thymol, beta-Thujone and trans-Carveol compounds of lavender essential oil can lead to inhibiting NMDAR and improving learning and memory in neurodegenerative diseases.

    Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, lavender, Molecular docking, NMDA receptor, Antagonist
  • Batool Hashemibeni, Mohammad Ali Izadi, Ali Valiani, Ebrahim Esfandiari, Hamid Bahramian, Majid Pourentezari * Pages 264-276
    Background and Objectives

    Cartilage tissue engineering, by using stem cells, scaffolding and appropriate growth factors, seek to produce natural cartilage tissue to replace damaged tissue and solve the problems that exist in the treatment of cartilage damage. This study aims to compare chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells under the influence of the transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF-β3), Kartogenin, and avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) on the fibrin scaffold in the laboratory and animal models.

    Subjects and Methods 

    In this experimental laboratory study, after extraction of stem cells from human adipose tissue, induction of chondrogenic differentiation was done for 14 days on the fibrin scaffold in laboratory. The cells differentiated in the fibrin scaffold were transplanted subcutaneously under the skin of male rats for two weeks. Then, comparison of histological and immunohistochemical studies was performed in both laboratory and animal models.

    Results

    A significant increase in the density of Toluidine blue dye accumulation was observed in TGF-β3, Kartogenin and ASU groups in the animal model compared to the laboratory model. Immunohistochemical results for the collagen type X accumulation in the TGF-β3 group showed a significant increase in the animal model compared to the laboratory model. In the Kartogenin and ASU groups, the accumulation of collagen type Χ showed a significant decrease in the animal model compared to the laboratory model.

    Conclusion

    The implantation of differentiated cartilage cells in laboratory before subcutaneous transfer to the skin can help mature and complete the characteristics of the constructed cartilage.

    Keywords: TGF-β3, Kartogenin, Avocado, Soybean, Adipose-derived stem cells, Fibrin, Chondrogenesis
  • Melika Khoshbin, Saeid Naghibi, Mohammad Shariatzadehjoneydi, Maryam Vatandoost *, Ali Zare Banaadkouki Pages 278-291
    Background and Objectives

    This study aims to evaluate the effect of different intensities of aerobic training on the expression of transcription factor 4 (TCF4) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP10) genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue of male Wistar rats.

    Subjects and Methods 

    In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats with a mean age of 6 weeks and a weight of 237±33 gr were used. Then, they were randomly divided into four groups of 8, including control group, moderate-intensity aerobic training (MIT), high-intensity aerobic training (HIT), and highintensity interval aerobic training (HIIT). The MIT group trained at an intensity of 65% VO2max for 47 minutes. The HIT group running at a speed of 20 meters per minute with an increasing inclination for 40 minutes. The HIIT group trained at an intensity of 90-100% VO2max for 37 minutes. Adipose tissue sample was collected 24 hours after the last training session to evaluate the expression of TCF4 and CHOP10 genes by real-time PCR method.

    Results 

    There was a significant difference in the expression of CHOP10 gene in the subcutaneous tissue of male Wistar rats in the HIIT group compared to the MIT and control group (P=0.004). However, no significant difference was observed between HIIT and HIT groups (P=1). In addition, there was a significant difference in TCF4 gene expression in the HIIT group compared to the control group (P=0.006). However, no significant difference was observed between HIIT and HIT groups (P=1)

    Conclusion

    The expression level of adipogenic genes decreased after HIIT. These findings indicate that this exercise is effective in controlling the expression of genes involved in fat metabolism.

    Keywords: Adipose tissue, transcription factor 4, endoplasmic reticulum stress, aerobic training
  • Fereydoun Farrahi *, Farshad Ostadian, Rooyan Farrahi Pages 290-299
    Background and Objectives 

    This study aims to assess changes in anterior chamber parameters after prophylactic laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) in patients with primary angle-closure suspect (PACS).

    Subjects and Methods:

     In this study, 43 patients (86 eyes) with PACS (Mean age: 55.16±9.14 years) participated. The anterior chamber parameters including anterior chamber volume (ACV), anterior chamber angle (ACA) and central anterior chamber depth (CACD) were extracted from the Pentacam map at 0-180° meridian before and one month after prophylactic LPI.

    Results 

    The only parameter that had a significant increase after LPI was ACV, which increased from 99.26±19.57 mm3 to 113.09±19.712 mm3 after LPI (P<0.001). The relationship between age and ACV changes after LPI was statistically significant (P=0.014), indicating that the increase of age is associated with the increased of ACV after LPI. The relationship of ACV and ACD with their initial values was statistically significant, such that with the increase of the initial values of ACV and ACD, their changes decrease. Due to the lack of significant increase in CACD after LPI, the relationship between its changes after LPI and its initial value cannot be relied upon.

    Conclusion

    ACV is the only anterior chamber parameter that changes significantly after prophylactic LPI. This parameter can be used as a measurable scale to evaluate and monitor the eyes of patients with PACS. Among the PACS cases, older patients and patients with lower initial ACV have greater increase of ACV after LPI

    Keywords: Primary angle closure suspect, Yag laser peripheral iridotomy, Pentacam, Anterior chamber volume, Anterior chamber angle
  • Nasim Bozorgi *, Zohreh Shahhosseini, Soghra Khani Pages 300-312
    Background and Objectives 

    Unplanned pregnancy in the first year after delivery in high-risk and adolescent mothers can have numerous complications. This study aims to investigate the effective strategies for the use of contraceptive methods in the postpartum period by adolescent mothers in Iran.

    Subjects and Methods

    This qualitative study, using the nominal group technique (NGT), was conducted in 2019 during a journal club with the presence of professors and students in midwifery and reproductive health. The NGT included five steps: Recording of ideas during 5 minutes of silence, clarifying ideas, prioritizing important ideas, voting, and selecting the first five priorities.

    Results 

    Five priorities were education, counseling, providing the contraceptive methods, modification of population policies, and correct identification of the vulnerable groups. Accordingly, strategies were categorized as (a) evidence-based education and counseling on appropriate use of contraceptive methods during pregnancy, after delivery, and during postnatal visits, (b) providing contraceptive methods to the high-risk group of women for free in health centers, and (c) modification of population policies.

    Conclusion

    There are appropriate strategies for the contraceptive use such as education, counseling, providing the contraceptive methods, and modification of population policies that can temporarily prevent pregnancy in high-risk adolescent women in Iran.

    Keywords: Adolescent, Undesired pregnancy, contraceptive method, Postpartum, qualitative