مجله پژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی ایران
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 37، تابستان 1401)

Although the consequences of divorce for family members have always been noted, the diversity of residence patterns after separation is still not well comprehended. This is while divorce is one of the main factors in living arrangements with diversity in contemporary societies. The increase in the share of single-parent households, step-families, and one-person and composite households is one of the signs of this variety (Fallesen and Gähler, 2020). Increasing divorce rate is a global trend (Gonzalez et al., 2009) and Iran has followed this trend (Sadeghi Fasaei and Ithari, 2013). Despite all the social policies and cultural planning during recent decades, the number of divorces is increasing in Iran (Statistical Centre of Iran, 2021). The studies have also indicated that the share of single-person and solo households due to divorce has increased in the last decade (Bagi and Abbasi-Shavazi, 2019); however, the effects of divorce on the living arrangements of couples and their children is neglected. This research gap is rooted in the fact that the relevant literature has not yet fully recognized this heterogeneity despite the emergence of new family types and thus, less effort has been made to observe and investigate this issue. Another reason for this negligence is the lack of reliable data. Since there were no longitudinal surveys about living arrangements in Iran, we sought to determine the residence patterns of divorced people after separation by using cross-sectional survey data to fill part of this research gap. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of divorce on the residence pattern of divorced men and women. It was endeavoured to answer the following questions: How will the living arrangements be after divorce? What percentage of the divorced people plan to live alone? What are the main determinants of the decision to live alone? Are there any differences in the living arrangements of divorced males and females? And what are the characteristics of the parents, who have custody of the step-children?

We analyzed the data of National Divorce Survey by using the secondary analysis technique. The statistical population included the people, who had applied for registering their divorce in the provincial divorce offices. The sample size was made of 4054 people. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The data were collected by the questioner directly referring to the respondents.Two questions were used to specify the living arrangements of the divorced people after divorce: Will you live with someone after the divorce? And who will you live with? The answer to the first question had two options: yes and no. The second question was asked from those who chose yes, while those who chose the latter had planned to live alone.

Most of the divorced males preferred to live alone. The findings showed that 40% of the men and 18% of the women lived alone after divorce. It could be due to the cultural context of the Iranian society as living alone for women, especially the young divorced ones, was not acceptable.The older divorced males also had a more tendency to live alone compared to the older females. None of the older women wished to live alone, which could be due to the fact that older women need more economic support from family. Female economic participation and employment rates are low in Iran (Qavidel, 2018 and Keshavarz Haddad & Alaviyan, 2019) so that they do not have any salaries or pensions in their old ages. Therefore, economic dependence is one of the most important reasons that older women decide to live with their relatives instead of living alone.Living with relatives after divorce is common in countries that have high familism and appreciate strong family values like Iran. The results revealed that most of the divorced women had chosen to live with their paternal families (54.3%). Returning to father’s home is the second option for males. As Sweet (1972) points out, having relatives and availability of parents are a key variable. People whose parents are still alive are more likely to return to their homes after separation. We observed that more than 75% of the people, who decided to return to their fathers’ houses were less than 30 years old.One of the most important factors, which affect coresidence with relatives, is having a child. Custody of children has led parents towards living with their children and form single-parent families. Nevertheless, they usually have a poor economic situation. In particular, most mothers are unemployed and more than half of them do not have a fixed income and a personal house.Considering the upward trend in divorce rates and the increase in solo and single-parent households, supportive policies and programs are necessary, especially for female-headed households. Empirical studies conducted via longitudinal and qualitative methods are also essential for better understanding the consequences of divorce on living arrangements.

Suicide and attempted suicide have been declared significant public health and an antisocial behavioral issue at the World Health Organization (WHO) Summit in 1996. In addition to personal and family losses, this phenomenon is also considered a social loss. Suicide attempts aim to consciously harm oneself when he/she becomes more anxious, aggressive, and incapable of communicating socially. According to the definition provided by WHO, suicide attempt is an activity, in which a person intentionally and without the intervention of others performs an unusual behavior, such as doing self-harm or eating a substance more than the amount prescribed for treatment and aims to achieve the changes he/she expects. The rate of suicide attempts is 10-40 times higher than suicide that leads to death, while this rate is increasing due to the complexity of interactions and communications in all human societies. Although suicide attempt is as old as human life, what has made it a problem today is a significant increase in suicide statistics, which has turned it from a personal anomaly into a social problem. Due to the condemnation of suicide in some societies, access to accurate statistics is complex and the actual number of suicide cases is not usually reported in official statistics. However, in most countries where information is available, suicide is among the top 10 causes of death in all years of life. In some countries, suicide is one of the first 3 causes of death between the ages of 15 and 34 (Hosseini, 1999: 138). The published statistics suggest that suicide is more than an individual anomaly and has become a complex social problem. If we consider any social harm as a social germ, it can be said that each embryo occurs only in an environment where it is possible to grow and grow. Therefore, it seems that this damage is also in a society where It can manifest and grow in family, social, and economic contexts, etc.. Consequently, it is necessary to process research in this field to accurately and comprehensively understand this problem and provide practical and valuable solutions and treatments.

This study aimed to identify the causes and consequences of suicide in the semantic system of suicidal women. The method used to achieve the above goal was based on the grounded theory. The statistical population consisted of 18 self-immolated women, who were hospitalized in Imam Musa Kazem Burn Hospital in Isfahan selected by purposeful and theoretical sampling. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed by the triple coding technique. The results comprised 16 concepts, based on which 6 main categories emerged: violence, incompatibility and marital conflict, lack of socioeconomic capital, disagreement in the kinship network, drug abuse, and social isolation. By combining the mentioned types, "women's inability" was identified as the main category.

The theoretical and empirical data showed that the issue of women's powerless and critical inability and the attempt to empower themselves was among the essential factors in creating and perpetuating violence in families. Violence against women is more than just a private matter and is rooted in the depths of cultural and social practices. Social, economic, and legal affiliation has historically put women in an inferior position, making them vulnerable to male violence. Therefore, increasing women's power and empowering them in all aspects can be essential for eliminating domestic violence. There are also several factors involved in creating marital conflicts, including imposed marriages and disinterality in spouses, ongoing family disputes, misunderstanding, depression, and mental disorders resulting from family problems and diseases. Of course, it should be noted that depression can be both the cause and effect of incompatibility and family disputes. Also, lack of communication skills, such as effective dialogue, problem-solving, and confrontation skills, should be added to these factors.In addition, economic problems, such as poverty, unemployment, and low incomes, exacerbate and strengthen family disputes. Financial pressures reduce people's resilience and thus increase family conflicts. On the other hand, being deprived of socialcapital as an indicator of family support causes feelings of insecurity, frustration, and incompatibility with the existing conditions during being involved in the problems.Disagreement in the kinship network is another vital factor for differences between couples. The findings showed that most of the subjects not only did not express the role of family positively when their family disputes occurred, but also stated that their families had exacerbated the differences between them with their wrong solutions and suggestions. The cultural and social status of some countries, including Iran, is such that there is a great deal of dependence between the prominent family and thesubordinate family (after children’s marriage). Although the prominent family can effectively support the subordinate family, its misplaced involvement sometimes may lead to family problems.Subculture of drug use was one of the other categories of this study. Women, who have addicted spouses, have many problems both socially and in terms of personality and family. Psychological nature and issues of communication with others, lack of anger management, communication disturbances, revelation of anger and violence, reprehensible and degrading treatment of society family, lack of social support, and uncertainty about legal protection of women with addicted spouses are among the most critical social issues of women with addicted spouses (Mohammadifar et al., 2010). Another major complication of a husband's addiction is women’s suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide. In this study, husband's addiction and behaviors were the essential factors in several women’s suicide attempts. It can be said that living with an addicted spouse as an abnormal social factor provides the ground for several problems, while women's resilience decreases and their suicide attempts increase with the continuation of this situation.Finally, several factors are involved in isolated individuals, especially women. These factors include violence, deprivation of an efficient support network, wife addiction, imposed marriage, family disputes and conflicts, inappropriate patterns of action in the kinship network, etc. With the continuation of these conditions, the person feels helpless and finds himself/herself without a supporter. Instead of solving the problem, he/she tries to remove the face of the problem and finally attempts to commit suicide as the only way of escaping from human suffering.In this study, there was a strong bond between the extracted categories and the lack of empowerment among female victims. Violence, marital incompatibility, imposed marriage, and involvement of those around them were clear signs of the women's inability to manage their lives. These factors stemmed from the women's disability and lack of independence. Lack of agency as an essential element of empowerment had deprived the women from any choices and turned them into biological and unproductive beings, who had to finally embrace destiny. The right to have education, employment, acceptance, and collective support for this situation, which is subject to the first element of equity, i.e. resources, was also evident in some other categories. Being illiterate or not having primary education, as well as housekeeping (non-employment) had no consequence other than lack of awareness, poverty, and lack of support from families. In such a situation, the women were unwittingly possessed and merely transformed into service recipients. In addition, wife addiction and depression were also related to the women's inability. When a person lacks independence, he/she has no choice or has no control over the situation; he/she cannot naturally fall from the trap of high-risk spaces. In such circumstances, the victim inevitably experienced Gautagoni's methods of isolation and depression because he/she did not see a way out of the resulting situation and thus tries to eliminate the problem by inflicting self-harm.In the meantime, there could remain only one way: sacrifice. Suicide was the ultimate choice for the women in such a situation with tpurposes first, escaping the adversity of life and, in a sense, detaching from the world and second, deadly flipping those around for change.

Deprivation of education is a serious problem in developing countries and many children of school age are out of school every year. Out-of-school children may have never attended school or may have decided to drop out for any reasons a while after attending school. Despite the many efforts made to reduce the illiteracy rate in Iran, especially after the Islamic revolution, the statistics in recent years indicate a growth in the number of children missing out on education. To eliminate this lack of education, it is very important to identify the factors that cause it. The previous research has identified a wide range of factors. Since Iran is a vast country with climatic, cultural, and social diversities, it is necessary to identify the effective factors in different regions separately. Sistan and Baluchistan is the largest province of the country, which has had the highest rate of education dropout for many years. The special condition of this province in connection with the general condition of the country has made it in need of a special explanation. This study tried to provide an understanding of the structural process of the deprivation of education in Sistan and Baluchestan.

The present research investigated the dropout from education in Sistan and Baluchistan Province by using a qualitative method and a semi-structured interview technique. The participants in this research were 40 people involved in the issue of dropping out education and and their families, as well as those who were familiar with it, including a set of administrators, teachers, and civil activists in the field of education, and other educational professionals. The interviews with their different spectrums took place in different regions of this province, such as Zabul, Zahedan, Chabahar, Iranshahr, and Sarbaz. 5 managers of education, 15 teachers, 10 NGO activists, 5 parents, and 10 surviving children in the age range of 10-15 years formed a network of 40 interviews. The questions were structured around these axes: economic conditions, reasons for survival, and cultural and geographical issues. Since the interviews were conducted in a semi-open manner, the proposed axes and platforms in this process gave an exploratory characteristic to the present study. By focusing on the theme analysis model, we tried to extract the main concepts and themes and explain them in a conceptual format. For this purpose, the key concepts were extracted for each interview by examining the contents and themes of the interviews. Meanwhile, instead of focusing quantitatively on the interviews and counting the themes, we focused on the points emphasized by the interviewees.

Discussion of Results & Conclusions  :

Although dropout from education in Sistan and Baluchistan Province was influenced by the same factors that could be discussed in other parts of Iran, an attempt was made to gain a phenomenological understanding of the phenomenon of dropout from education in the province in this short essay. The causes of educational attrition could be divided into several categories. At the macro-structural levels, we could talk about the geographical areas and deep-rooted poverty, which made the structural background of many crises. At intermediate levels and in the form of cultural processes, we could talk about sectarianism, tribalism, and patriarchal culture. At micro levels, family size and negative attitudes towards official actions were identified. These of macro, mid-range, and micro levels reinforced each other in the cycles they created, one of the outputs of which was dropout from education.The problem of not being educated should be understood in the logic of reproduction. Reproduction is a process, during which the actors’ patterns of action lead to the strengthening and stabilization of the existing structure. In more precise terms, the process of reproduction means creating a cycle that stabilizes and repeats macro-economic and political, structures, etc. through the mediation of educational and cultural processes. Thus, although lack of education occurs at an individual level, it is meaningful within a cycle that links the factors of macro-structural level (rooted poverty, geographical situation, and center-periphery logic) to cultural processes (patriarchy, influence of the traditionalists’ local powers, tribalism, and sectarianism), which are linked and intersected at the micro levels with a traumatic family structure and negative attitudes towards official actions and education, ending up in educational failure. Being out of school again as an individual disability deprives a person, who has a set of opportunities, from education and throws him/her into poverty and inequality, which lead to the lack of facilities and development opportunities, while this cycle repeats itself continuously.On the one hand, we should focus on the individual factors of school dropout and on the other hand understand the processes of school dropout. Common analyses can prepare a list of factors affecting dropout from education, while understanding the relationship between these factors, the way of formation of the dropout structure, and the cycle of its repetition is much more important.

Introduction :

 According to the report of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2020), over 356 million people around the world suffer from drug use disorders. It is estimated that 4.4 million people in Iran use drugs continuously or intermittently. Although most of the theoretical and experimental literature in the field of using drugs has focused on the causes of drug use disorder and its effects, the other side of the coin -- successful quitting of substance use—seems to have received less attention. People affected by substance use disorder are not necessarily social deviants, but they are patients who, like other patients, need treatment to return to the normal life process. Quitting substance use needs taking actions that help a person return to the healthy social life. According to the global statistics, more than 93% of people, who stop using drugs, return to them, as well as psychedelics, after a year. This statistic is estimated between 80 and 97% in Iran. It has been clearly approved that even the strongest and most effective medicines like opioid antagonists that prevent the return of drug use disorder have shortcomings and limitations and are not sufficient to treat addiction alone. Therefore, emphasis on social factors, along with biological and medical factors, can be taken into consideration for successfully encouraging quit attempts  and treating psychotropic and psychoactive disorders. Social capital is one of the variables, which seems to be effective in this process. It is a type of investment in people’s social relationships to generate their expected benefits by engaging them in social networks and interactions. Social capital consists of various aspects of social organization, such as trust, norms, and networks, which can improve efficiency of the society by facilitating coordinated actions. Like other capitals, it is productive and provides the possibility of achieving specific goals that would be unattainable without it. Therefore, the current research sought to investigate the relationship between social capital and successful quitting of drug use.

This research was conducted by using a causal-comparative method, through which the two successful  and unsuccessful groups in quitting drug use were compared. Given the research type, these groups were homogenized in terms of some demographic variables like age, sex, education, and so on. In total, 444 people (222 individuals in group 1 and 222 ones in group 2) were selected by using the multi-stage random sampling method. The research tool for measuring social capital was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 3 dimensions: social trust, social participation, and social awareness. To determine the validity and reliability of the research instrument, construct validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were employed, respectively.

According to the research findings, the averages of social capital and its components were significantly higher in the successful  compared to the unsuccessful groups in quitting drug use. Furthermore, the results of logistic regression analysis revealed that social capital was significantly able to explain membership in the successfully quitting group. Based on the results, social capital approximately doubled the probability of membership in the mentioned group. This research finding was theoretically consistent with its theoretical framework. On the other hand, the findings were empirically in accordance with many pieces of research carried out by previous researchers. In general, this study concluded that social factors besides biological factors were effective in the treatment of drug use disorder as one of the basic problems of the society, which could be alleviated by paying more serious attention to them.

The current era has faced COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, with novel and far-reaching risks, such as experiencing risky jobs and livelihood situations. Iranian people have also experienced these conditions in a special way in their family, economic, and work conditions and have had different reactions accordingly. The experience of exposure to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is one of the concepts related to the citizens' lived experiences of social vulnerability in the era of COVID-19. It is very important to examine these experiences because it determines the citizens’ backgrounds and contexts of social vulnerability. After the discovery of the virus in Iran and its spread, each citizen has faced it in a special way and tried to manage it. Although there may be various and sometimes different forms of this encounter, it is possible to extract a common lived experience among the citizens in this field. This research examined their common lived experiences in the face of COVID-19. This study was conducted with the aim of studying and discovering the social activists’ experiences of living with the conditions of the corona crisis and providing a thick description of their experiences. The main questions addressed in this study were as follows: "What were the citizens' lived experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic? What understanding and interpretation did the citizens have about facing the COVID-19 pandemic? What strategies had citizens used to deal with and face the COVID-19 pandemic? And how had they adapted themselves to these conditions?

The qualitative method of "phenomenology" was used in this study and an in-depth semi-structured interview was used to collect the data. The city of Isfahan was studied as the research field. In this study, the statistical population included all the young and middle-aged people, both men and women, who were preferably born in the city of Isfahan or had lived in this city for at least 20 years. 30 citizens were selected by using purposive sampling for the in-depth semi-structured interviews. The data were analyzed by using Colaizzi's 7-step method (1978). This analysis was done to reach descriptive, interpretative, and explanatory codes. 

According to the participants, the spread of the coronavirus had suspended parts of social life and intensified the panic in the layers of the activists' minds. The crisis caused by the corona had been so widespread that a form of public panic and general fear had been formed in the society and challenged the citizens’ initial contacts. Part of this public fear originated from the ambiguity and mystery of Corona. Therefore, it could be claimed that its spread, like any other crisis, had caused a change in fundamental attitudes towards oneself, others, and the world. The participants of this research believed that Corona had reminded them of their vulnerabilities more than ever and in this way increased the media, as well as their economic and social fears. How do citizens try to manage their fears and anxieties in the face of COVID-19? Coping shows the state of social, cognitive, and emotional actions of a person in facing stressful elements and the resulting consequences. According to the analysis of the citizens' lived experiences, they used various techniques to deal with Covid-19 and manage their exposures to this disease.These techniques included compliance with medical instructions, observance of health protocols, and "coronavirus protocol". It can be accompanied by "Normalization of COVID-19" or "Religionization of Exposure to COVID-19" for some citizens. The people had to know that they were forced to cope with the corona situation.This result was consistent with the theory of Elrich Beck (1992) and Anthony Giddens (2015). The spread of corona virus was considered as a global risk and one of the consequences of modernity. It had certain psychological and sociological effects. The common concepts of safety and security are degraded from a sociological point of view and anxiety and insecurity become a complete part of modern conditions from the psychological point of view. In fact, according to the results of the research on the spread of the coronavirus, a high-risk society leads to the creation of a vulnerable society.

Human is a social being. Every person needs certain facilities in his life and requires suitable situations for growth. If a society can meet the needs of its people, the people of that society will grow and strengthen their skills, but if there is a mismatch between their levels of needs and facilities in the society, they will then show different reactions to this situation. One of these reactions to not meeting one's needs is lying. The main purpose of this research was to investigate lying in daily social life and the psychological and social factors affecting it among Yasouj citizens aged 18 to 65 years.

The current research was conducted via a survey method and the statistical population included the citizens aged 18 to 65 years in Yasouj City in 2022. 365 people were selected as the statistical sample. The sampling method was based on a multi-stage random cluster. Face validity was used to measure the research validity and internal consistency was applied to measure its reliability by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In this research, 4 independent variables and an intermediate variable were considered to explain the phenomenon of lying. The path analysis method was employed to measure the direct and indirect effects of the variables.

In this study, the rate of lying was lower than its average value. Meanwhile, the belief dimension of lying was more severe than its behavioral dimension. In other words, people told a lie less in practice, but believed more that lying was necessary in everyday life. The results showed that the rat of lying decreased with the increasing rate of social security. There was an inverse significant relationship between the two variables of self-esteem and lying among the citizens of Yasouj City. By using the path analysis, it was determined that the feeling of social security through self-esteem had a significant relationship with lying. Also, the more exposure to the lying situation there was, the more rate of lying occurred. Moreover, there was an inverse significant relationship between the variables of religiosity, age, and lying rate among the citizens. There were no significant differences in the levels of lying based on the variables of gender and level of education. The average rate of lying was shown to be higher in the single compared to the married people. The results of multivariate regression analysis revealed that the variables of social security, exposure to a lying situation, religiosity, self-esteem, and level of education could simultaneously explain 32.5% of the dependent variable.People learn deviant behaviors in the process of their growth in the society. This causes a disruption in the order of the society by itself and exposes the structure of the society to the danger of disorder. The results obtained from analysis of the findings showed that there was a rate of lying in the studied society although its level was below the average level. There were many factors that could answer the question of why lying occurred. In this research, it was the feeling of social security that influenced whether to tell a lie or not. People need security from the beginning of their life and search for it. According to Giddens, there is a need for existential security in the unconscious structure of the mind. Yet, people who want to achieve it look at their social environment; when they feel that this sense of security is threatened, they look for solutions for it. Lying can be a temporary means to meet the need for existential security. In general, it could be concluded that the variables of social security, exposure to lies, religiosity, and self-esteem played an important role in explaining the variable of lying. Lying becomes widespread when social security is endangered and gradually weakens people’s self-esteem on the one hand and the sources of external control lose their abilities in such a situation on the other hand. Regarding the variable of religion, it could be stated that this variable was an important deterrent factor for showing a deviant behavior. Religion always encourages people to do a correct act and be honest since a truthful and honest person has a high position in the eyes of God. This problem of lying is especially intensified when a person has had an experience of it in his childhood and his subconscious mind also accompanies him in this path. A person who has grown up in a poison or an environment, in which lying has been frequently practiced, will certainly carry out the same behavior in adulthood. Thus, there are a set of factors that may lead to a deviant behavior.